ENS 195 Prelim PDF

Ecosystems  Organism one individual living creature http://www.siyavula.com/gr7-9-websites/natural-sciences/gr8/gr8-ll-02.html  Population subset of individuals of one species that occupies a particular geographic area...

Ecosystems  Organism one individual living creature http://www.siyavula.com/gr7-9-websites/natural-sciences/gr8/gr8-ll-02.html  Population subset of individuals of one species that occupies a particular geographic area http://www.siyavula.com/gr7-9-websites/natural-sciences/gr8/gr8-ll-02.html  Community group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time biocoenosis biotic community biological community ecological community life assemblage http://www.siyavula.com/gr7-9-websites/natural-sciences/gr8/gr8-ll-02.html  Community Population interaction Competition Predation /herbivory Symbiosis Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism http://www.siyavula.com/gr7-9-websites/natural-sciences/gr8/gr8-ll-02.html  Ecosystem geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life Biotic + Abiotic factors http://www.siyavula.com/gr7-9-websites/natural-sciences/gr8/gr8-ll-02.html Abiotic Factors The abiotic factors determine the type of organisms that can successfully live in a particular area  Biotic Factors Biotic factors include the plants, animals, fungi, bacteria and any other living things that live in an area. Ecosystem Aquatic Terrestrial Aquatic Ecosystem Freshwater Lentic ecosystem entails a body of standing water ditches, seeps, ponds, seasonal pools, basin marshes and lakes Lacustrine ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem Freshwater Lotic ecosystem, waters are flowing and exhibit a longitudinal gradation in temperatures, concentration of dissolved material, turbidity, and atmospheric gases, from the source to the mouth. Two major zones: rapids, pools Riverine ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem Marine Estuaries Salt marshes Mangrove forests Coral reefs Open ocean Deep-sea ocean Terrestrial Ecosystem Desert Forest Grassland Taiga Tundra Terrestrial biome is an area of land with a similar climate that includes similar communities of plants and animals Terrestrial Ecosystem Desert The amount of rainfall is the primary abiotic determining factor of a desert ecosystem ⎯ less than 25 centimeters of rain per year Terrestrial Ecosystem Forest primary plant in this ecosystem is trees temperate deciduous temperate rainforest tropical rainforest tropical dry forest northern coniferous forests Terrestrial Ecosystem Taiga It covers a large range of land stretching around the northern hemisphere. It is lacking in biodiversity, having only a few species. Taiga ecosystems are characterized by short growing seasons, cold temperatures, and poor soil. Northern coniferous forest Boreal forest Terrestrial Ecosystem Tundra Experience cold temperatures throughout the year. Two types of tundra exist: arctic and alpine. Arctic tundra is located in the Arctic Circle, north of the boreal forests. Alpine tundras occur on mountain tops.  Biosphere Made up of the parts of Earth where life exists—all ecosystems http://www.siyavula.com/gr7-9-websites/natural-sciences/gr8/gr8-ll-02.html Biogeochemical cycles Pathway by which a chemical substance is turned over or moves through the biotic and the abiotic compartments of Earth. Biogeochemical cycles Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Water Biogeochemical cycles Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Water Biogeochemical cycles Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Water Biogeochemical cycles Carbon Nitrogen Phosphorus Water Energy and the Greenhouse Effect Of the solar energy that reaches the outer atmosphere: About one-quarter is reflected by clouds and the atmosphere. Another quarter is absorbed by carbon dioxide water vapor, ozone and a few other gases. About half reaches the earth’s surface. Energy and the Greenhouse Effect Surfaces that reflect energy have a high albedo (Reflectivity). Fresh clean snow 90% Dark soil 3% Net average of earth 30% Energy and the Greenhouse Effect Most solar energy reaching the earth is visible light. Energy reemitted by the earth is mainly infrared radiation (heat energy). Longer wavelengths are absorbed in the lower atmosphere, trapping heat close to the earth’s surface. Greenhouse Effect Increasing atmospheric CO2 due to human activities appears to be causing global warming. Greenhouse Energy for Life Food chains Food chains Important processes in ecosystems: Photosynthesis influenced by light intensity, temperature, and availability of water Decomposition reverse of photosynthesis, organic matter converted into inorganic compounds and organisms Herbivory the eating of plants by animals of various types Carnivory - the eating of animals by other animals Factors that influence the distribution of plants and animals? Temperature Water Light Fire Ectotherms vs Endotherms Hibernation - winter dormancy Estivation - summer dormancy Factors that influence the distribution of plants and animals? Temperature Water Light Fire Factors that influence the distribution of plants and animals? Temperature Water Light Fire Fire Cycle Fire Lodgepole pine cones are held closed with a resin. Fire melts the resin and allows the cone to open and release seeds Fire Lodgepole pine cones are held closed with a resin. Fire melts the resin and allows the cone to open and release seeds ENS 195 – ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING WITH SAFETY OUTLINE ▪ What is the environment? ▪ Why are we having environmental problems? ▪ What can we do about it?  What isthe What is the environment? environment? What is the environment? Welcome to the Anthropocene — Globaïa (globaia.org) What is the environment? Natural capital is the natural environment, and the biodiversity contained within that is necessary for the provision of the ecosystem goods and services “essential to basic human needs such as survival, climate regulation, habitat for other species, water supply, food, fiber, fuel, recreation, cultural amenities, and the raw materials required for all economic production” (Costanza et al., 2013, p. x). From: Ecological Modelling, 2017 Environmental Problems Environmental Problems Environmental Problems Environmental Problems Environmental Problems Environmental Problems TOP 10 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 1. Population 2. Climate Change 3. Loss of Biodiversity 4. The Phosphorus and Nitrogen Cycles 5. Water 6. Ocean Acidification 7. Pollution 8. Ozone Depletion 9. Overfishing 10. Deforestation What can we do??? What can we do??? What can we do??? Modelling and Forensics Management and Law Waste Management Environmental Process Engineering Environmental Process Engineering Environmental Process Engineering Environmental Process Engineering Pollution Prevention: History Sustainability: The Future of Engineering Sustainability: The Future of Engineering State of the Environment CASE STUDY: CATALYTIC CONVERTERS Thank You!  msuiit influencing the future ENS195: Environmental Science and Engineering with Safety ANTHONY O. MAPUTI, M.Sc. Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology  msuiit influencing the future LESSON POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology  Contents ▪ What is Pollution? ▪ What are the effects of Pollution? ▪ Pollution: Fate and Transport ▪ Environmental Health ▪ Risk Assessment Environmental Health  Pollution ▪ is the contamination of the environment by chemical or other agent such as noise, heat, and light that is detrimental to health, survival, or activities of humans and other organisms. It could be: The Buriganga River, Dhaka, Bangladesh is heavily polluted by both individuals and industry. Source: Pit Buehler, Myshot, National Geographic Natural (e.g. volcanic eruptions) Anthropogenic (from human activities) ▪ Pollutant: “a chemical out of place” Environmental Health  Sources of Pollution ▪ US-Environmental Protection Agency identifies two broad categories for regulation purposes. ▪Point Sources Contaminants that enter the environment from an easily identified and confined place ▪Non-Point Sources Opposite to point sources and are released in a wider area. Usually difficult to manage. https://www.tes.com/lessons/VTEci9WPntX6PA/point-and-nonpoint image Environmental Health  Pollutants: Fate and Transport Environmental Health  Movement and Fate in Aquatic Environment Environmental Health  Movement and Fate of Pesticides Environmental Health  Movement and Fate into the Organisms Bioaccumulation: buildup of a persistent toxic substance, such as certain pesticides, in an organism’s body, often in fatty tissues. Biological magnification: increased concentration of toxic chemicals, such as PCBs, heavy metals, and certain pesticides, in the tissues of organisms that are at higher levels in food webs Environmental Health Source: National Geographic  Environmental Disasters Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Meltdown Bhopal Gas Tragedy, Madhaya Pradesh, India Environmental Health  Environmental Disasters Aftermath of the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and triple nuclear meltdown in Fukushima. Almost 16,000 were killed and hundreds of thousands made homeless. Tons of contaminated wastes are still for disposal. Environmental Health  Household Pollution Unwarranted Chemicals in several households: ▪ Perfluorochemicals and Phthalates ▪ Bisphenol-A ▪ Dioxins ▪ Aldehydes from paints ▪ Pesticides ▪ Flame Retardants Environmental Health  Environmental Health according to WHO Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health supportive environments. This definition excludes behavior not related to environment, as well as behavior related to the social and cultural environment, and genetics. Environmental Health  Environmental Health according to WHO Environmental Health  Environmental Health according to WHO Environmental Health  Effects on Human Health Environmental Health  Emerging Issues in Chemicals and Waste Emerging issues in chemicals and waste –Nanomaterials and nanoparticles –Plastics –Electronic waste –Endocrine disruptors –Open burning Environmental Health  Environmental Health: Definition of Terms Toxicology. It is branch of science that deals with the study of the effects of toxicants on living organisms as well as the mechanisms that causes this toxicity, and the development of techniques that prevent or minimize the resulting effects. Epidemiology. Involves the study of how chemicals (toxicants), biological agents (disease), and physical hazards (accidents, radiation) affect the health of human populations. Vital to public health as it tackles the study of distribution and determinants of disorders within groups of people and their ways of prevention. Acute toxicity. Adverse effects that occur within a short period after high-level exposure to a toxicant. Chronic toxicity. Adverse effects that occur after a long period of low-level exposure to a toxicant. Environmental Health  Environmental Health: Definition of Terms LD-50 (Lethal Dose). Dose at which 50% of the population dies. Crude approximation, but useful in predicting toxic potential. ED-50 (Effective dose). Dose at which an effect is observed in 50% of the population TD-50 (Toxic dose). Dose that is toxic to 50% of the population. Used to indicate response (e.g. reduced enzyme activity), or onset of specific symptoms (e.g. nausea) Environmental Health  Environmental Health and Disease Prevalence Environmental Health  Environmental Health and Disease Prevalence Environmental Health  State of the Environment Environmental Health  State of the Environment Environmental Health  State of the Environment Environmental Health  International Environmental Agreements –Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), New York, 1992, including the Kyoto Protocol, 1997 –Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna, 1985, including the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Montreal 1987 –Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants Stockholm, 2001 –Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, Basel, 1989 –United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Montego Bay, 1982 –London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, London, 1972 Environmental Health  PROPERTY OF DChET msuiit influencing the future ENS195: Environmental Science and Engineering with Safety PROPERTY OF DChET ANTHONY O. MAPUTI, M.Sc. Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology  msuiit influencing the future LESSON Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution 3 Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology  PROPERTY OF DChET Contents ▪ Water Resources ▪ Water Quality Parameters ▪ Water Pollution PROPERTY OF DChET ▪ Water Quality Standards Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Important characteristics of water 1) High heat capacity 2) Universal solvent 3) High surface tension 4) Solid form is less dense than liquid No species can live without water. 5) Transmits sunlight Plays a key role in shaping the earth’s surface, Moderating climate, removing and diluting wastes. PROPERTY OF DChET Takes huge amount to provide food, shelter and other needs. 71% of our planet Image sourced from Gaia Health under a Creative Commons Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Availability ▪ 71% of earth is water ▪ 97.4% of that is in oceans ▪ Most of the remaining 2.6% is in ice caps and glaciers. ▪ Only about 0.014% is easily available fresh water (194,000 km3). PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources ▪ Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful to humans ▪ Natural sources of fresh water i. surface water ii. under river flow PROPERTY OF DChET iii. groundwater iv. frozen water ▪ Artificial sources of fresh water treated wastewater (reclaimed water) desalinated seawater. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Fresh Water Supply ▪ Surface water: precipitation that remains on the surface of the land and does not seep down through the soil Runoff: movement of fresh water from precipitation (including snowmelt) to rivers, lakes, wetlands, and, ultimately, the ocean ▪ Groundwater: supply of fresh water under Earth’s surface that is stored in underground aquifers i. Aquifers: underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel, or rock in which PROPERTY OF DChET groundwater is stored. ii. Water table: the upper surface of the saturated zone of groundwater Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources: Groundwater PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Cycle: Renewing Water The water cycle continuously collects, purifies, recycles, and distributes moisture PROPERTY OF DChET between the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, and the atmosphere. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Watershed A watershed is an area or region of land where all the water, such as rainfall, snowmelt, or runoff, converges and flows into a common point, such as a river, lake, or PROPERTY OF DChET ocean. This area is defined by the topographical boundaries that determine how water drains and collects within it. Source: Kim Roberts, Center for Watershed Protection Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Watershed and Man PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Anthropogenic actions that alter the natural flow of water. PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Anthropogenic actions that alter the natural flow of water. PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Groundwater Contamination PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Anthropogenic actions that alter the natural flow of water. PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET IMAGE of Metro Manila showing movement of the ground. Blue areas correspond to land sinking up to 5.5 centimeters a year. Red areas mean the ground is moving upward PROPERTY OF DChET or laterally toward the radar satellite. Source: DOST Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Availability Water stress. Low per capita availability of water due to increasing population demands. ▪ Some regions get plenty of water, but not near where people live PROPERTY OF DChET ▪ Some regions get plenty of water, but not at the right time of year ▪ Some regions have no capacity to store water. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution PROPERTY OF DChET PROPERTY OF DChET  PROPERTY OF DChET Natural Capital Degradation A country where consumption exceeds more than 20% of available, renewable supply PROPERTY OF DChET is considered vulnerable to water stress. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resource Planning ▪ Build dams and reservoirs ▪ Water Transfers ▪ Groundwater Withdrawal ▪ Desalinization ▪ Reduce water waste PROPERTY OF DChET Large dams can produce cheap electricity, reduce downstream flooding and provide a year- round source of water, but they completely alter the river ecosystem. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Dams and Reservoirs: Trade-offs Downstream cropland and Flooded land destroys forests or estuaries are Large losses of water cropland and displaces people Downstream flooding is through evaporation deprived of reduced nutrient-rich silt. PROPERTY OF DChET Reservoir is useful for recreation and fishing Migration and spawning of some fish are Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) disrupted Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Diversions: A Case Study on Aral Sea PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Diversions: Aral Sea 2014 PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Other methods for water resourcing Reverse osmosis : desalination. Pumping saltwater under high pressure through a membrane to take out salt. Desalination is very expensive: only several oil- rich and water poor countries use large-scale desalinization. PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Other methods for water resourcing 2014 Cloud Seeding: releasing tiny particles into air to produce rain clouds. Using Oil Tankers Filled with water PROPERTY OF DChET Towing Icebergs: moving ice around world. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Use as an International Concern 2014 PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Conservation Initiatives 2014 Reduce losses due to leakage: we waste about 2/3rd of the water we use, but simple steps could reduce that to 15%. Reform water laws: Higher water prices Encouraging conservation PROPERTY OF DChET Reward people for using less water Higher penalties for polluters Improve irrigation efficiency: 60% of water applied to land does not reach crops. Evaporation Seepage Runoff Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Pollution 2014 Any chemical, biological and environmental change in water causes adverse effect on health of living beings is called water pollution. When certain substances are present in water PROPERTY OF DChET beyond their normal limit then the water is term as polluted. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Pollutants: ORIGIN 2014 MAN-MADE POLLUTANTS NATURAL POLLUTANTS Sewage which contains many pathogenic Natural impurities present in organism and decomposable organic wastes water represents natural pollutants. Agricultural wastes such as insecticides, Gases like H2S, NH3, CO2 etc pesticides etc get access to water during rain dissolved in water during raining. PROPERTY OF DChET and flooding Minerals such as Ca, Mg, As etc Industrial wates contains highly toxic dissolve in water from soil chemicals Various materials such as clay, Other pollutants; thermal pollutants, mud, organic wastes get radioactive substances etc suspended in water Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Pollutants: Effects 2014 Infectious pollutants Disease causing microorganisms present in water They are the most serious type of water pollutants in water because PROPERTY OF DChET they are directly related to health of consumers. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Pollutants: Effects 2014 Oxygen demanding pollutants: Decomposable organic matters added to water represents O2 demanding wastes. Microorganisms utilize oxygen PROPERTY OF DChET present in water to oxidize organic matter. Therefore, level of dissolved O2 decreases in water that seriously affects aquatic aerobic organisms such as fishes. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Pollutants: Effects 2014 Plant nutrients: Nitrate and phosphate are key plant nutrients. If the concentration of nitrate and phosphate increases in natural water system such as lakes, ponds etc, they facilitate heavy growth of aquatic plants like Algae. PROPERTY OF DChET The condition is known as eutrophication. Oligotrophic – nutrient-poor, clear, blue water Mesotrophic – clear, blue water with intermediate nutrients Eutrophic – murky with nutrient-rich, dark water Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Pollutants: Effects 2014 Thermal pollutants: Warm water (thermal pollutants) discharges in natural water system causes serious consequences. Thermal pollutants cause decreases in solubility of PROPERTY OF DChET Oxygen in water. Also rise in temperature of natural water sources facilitates growth of pathogenic organisms. Increased growth and activity of microorganisms causes depletion of dissolved oxygen as they utilize it for their metabolic activities. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Pollutants: Effects 2014 Radioactive pollutants Various radioactive elements can enter into water source from nuclear reactor and from laboratories. PROPERTY OF DChET Radioactive pollutants are highly toxic to living beings and they can induce mutation. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Pollution 2014 Inorganic pollutants: Inorganic pollutants like mercury, cadmium, Arsenic etc can enter into water source from various industries and from mining, ores. If these inorganic compounds present in PROPERTY OF DChET water beyond normal limit, they cause serious health effects to consumers. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Pollution 2014 Suspended solid wastes and sediments In water suspended solids come from erosion of soil, from mining etc. Suspended solids interfere with penetration of light into deeper layer of water system that PROPERTY OF DChET directly affects photosynthetic organism in bottom of water. Suspended wastes also provide attachment site for pathogenic microorganisms. Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Quality 2014 A measure of the suitability of water for a particular use based on selected physical, chemical, and biological characteristics (USGS) PROPERTY OF DChET Water Resources, Quality, and Pollution  PROPERTY OF DChET Water Quality 2014 Solids –Source: inorganic (e.g. clay, silt), organic (e.g. fiber, biosolids) –Size: suspended (>1mm), colloidal (0.001-1mm) , dissolved (