Environmental Science and Engineering PDF

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ENGR. ALRONAVEE B. MAMBAJE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT  TOPIC OUTLIN E Topic 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 1.1 Ecosystems 1.2 Symbiotic Relationships 1.3 Food Chain...

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ENGR. ALRONAVEE B. MAMBAJE CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT  TOPIC OUTLIN E Topic 1. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 1.1 Ecosystems 1.2 Symbiotic Relationships 1.3 Food Chain/Web/Food Energy 1.4 Biogeochemical Cycles (water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulfur) INTEND ED LEARNIN G OUTCO MES ILO1. Describe the major components of an ecosystem. ILO2. Differentiate the relationships between component of an ecosystem. ILO3. Identify and explain the importance of the biogeochemical cycle in the discussions about environmental pollution. ECOSYST EMS  S C I EN C E systematized knowledge derived from and tested by recognition and formulation of a problem, collection of data through observation, and experimentation S CI ENC E S OCI AL S C IE NCE N AT UR A L SC I EN C E the study of people and how they disciplines as biology, live together as families, tribes, chemistry, geology, physics, communities, races, and nations, and environmental science and the latter deals with the study of nature and the physical world  W H AT I S E N V IR O N M EN TA L S C IE N C E ? Environmental science brings together the fields of ecology, biology, zoology, oceanography, atmospheric science, soil science, geology, chemistry and more in an interdisciplinary study of how natural and man-made processes interact with one another and ultimately affect the various biomes of Earth. The historical focus of study for environmental scientists has been, of course, the natural environment. By this, we mean the atmosphere, the land, the water and their inhabitants as differentiated from the built environment. Modern environmental science has also found applications to the built environment or, perhaps more correctly, to the effusions from the built environment.  W H A T I S E N V I R O N M E N TA L ENGINEERING? Environmental engineering is a profession that applies mathematics and science to utilize the properties of matter and sources of energy in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation. These include the provision of safe, palatable, and ample public water supplies; the proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid wastes; the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation; and the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and the social and environmental impact of these solutions.  H OW ENVI RO NME NTAL E NGI NEE RS AND E NVIR ONM E NTAL SC IE NT IS TS WO RK T O GE TH E R “Scientists discover things; engineers make them work.” From an educational point of view, environmental engineering is founded on environmental science. Environmental science and, in particular, quantitative environmental science provides the fundamental theories used by environmental engineers to design solutions for environmental problems. In many instances the tasks and tools of environmental scientists and environmental engineers are the same.  WHAT IS ECOLO GY? It is the study of how animals, plants, and other living things relate to each other and fit into their environment It is derived from the ancient Greek word “oikos” meaning “house” or “place to live”  ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZAT ION 1. Population: all the members of a species inhabiting a given location 2. Community: all the interacting populations in a given area 3. Ecosystem: the living community and the physical environment functioning together as an independent and relatively stable system 4. Biosphere: that portion of the earth where life exists a. The biosphere is composed of numerous complex ecosystems. b. An ecosystem involves interactions between abiotic (physical) and biotic (living) factors. The members of the community in the ecosystem and environment must interact to maintain a balance.  ECOSYSTEM A functional unit of nature where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment varies greatly in size from a small pond to a large forest or a sea TWO BASIC CATEGORIES OF ECOSYSTEM TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF ECOSYSTEM TERRESTRIAL NATURAL ECOSYSTEM Forest, grassland and desert Terrestrial & Aquatic AQUATIC MAN-MADE ECOSYSTEM pond, lake, wetland, river and Aquarium, zoo, garden, orchard estuary  Major Components of Ecosystem 1) Inorganic substances (ex. C, N2, S, P, O2,CO2, H2O, etc.) involved in material cycle 2) Organic compounds (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids) that link biotic and abiotic components 3) Climatic regime (temperature, humidity, sunlight, amount of water, etc.) 4) Producers (or autotrophic organisms) which are green plants that are capable of manufacturing their food from simple inorganic substances 5) Macro-consumers (or phagotrophs or also known as heterotrophic organisms) which are chiefly animals that eat or ingest other organisms or particulate organic matter 6) Micro-consumers (or saprotrophs or also known as osmotrophs) refers to bacteria and fungi which break down the complex compounds of dead remains of plants/animals HUMAN INFLUENCES ON ECOSYSTEM WHAT ARE THE INFLUENCES OF HUMANS TO THE ENVIRONMENT?  ENVI VOCABULARY! BIOTIC FACTOR CARRYING CAPACITY ABIOTIC FACTOR physical and chemical all the living things the maximum number of factors which affect the organisms the resources ability of organisms to that directly or of an area can support survive and reproduce indirectly affect The carrying capacity of 1. intensity of light and pH the environment the environment is 2. range of temperatures limited by the available 3. amount of moisture abiotic and biotic resources, as well as the 4. type of substratum ability of ecosystems to (soil or rock type) recycle the residue of 5. availability of inorganic dead organisms through substances such as the activities of bacteria minerals and fungi. 6. supply of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen 7. pH NUTRITIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 1. AUTOTROPHS - can synthesize their own food from inorganic compounds and a usable energy source cyaonob 9858 tree-christmas-tree-farm 2. HETEROTROPHS - can NOT synthesize their own food and are dependent on other organisms for their food plants_big monkey TYPES OF HETEROTROPHS Saprophytes: include those heterotrophic plants, fungi, and bacteria which live on dead matter - AKA decomposers Herbivores: plant-eating animals Carnivores: meat-eating animals Omnivores: consume both plants and meat TYPES OF CARNIVORES 250px-Lion_snarling Predators: animals which kill and consume their prey Scavengers: those animals that feed on other animals that they have not killed SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS Symbiosis: living together with another organism in close association Types of (symbiosis): MUTUALISM PARASITISM COMMENSALISM  SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS: COMMENSALISM 1. Commensalism: one organism is benefited and the other is unharmed EXAMPLES: barnacles on whales orchids on tropical trees  SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS: MUTUALISM 2. Mutualism: both organisms benefit from the association EXAMPLES. nitrogen-fixing bacteria on legume nodules certain protozoa within termites (also ruminants) SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS: PARASITISM 3. Parasitism: the parasite benefits at the expense of the host EXAMPLES: athlete's foot fungus on humans tapeworm and heartworm in dogs  FOOD CHAIN AND FOOD WEB MAIN SOURCE OF PRIMARY PRODUCERS PRIMARY CONSUMERS SECONDARY ENERGY - Also called - Also called CONSUMERS PHOTOAUTOTROPHS CHEMOHETEROTROPHS - Also called because they obtain because they obtain their CHEMOHETEROTROPHS, their carbon from energy from organic or can be a carnivore or an inorganic sources such inorganic carbon rather omnivore as carbon than from light dioxide (CO2) or bicarbonate (HCO3-)  FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEB A. Food chain: involves the transfer of energy from green plants through a series of organisms with repeated stages of eating and being eaten B. Food web: In a natural community, the flow of energy and materials is much more complicated than illustrated by any one food chain.  FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEB FOOD CHAIN FOOD WEB Since practically all organisms may be consumed by more than one species, many interactions occur along the food chains of any community.  FOOD WEB INTERACTIONS 1. Producers: (plants) -- the energy of the community is derived from the organic compounds in plants 2. Primary Consumer: (always a herbivore) - feeds on plants 3. Secondary Consumer: (always a carnivore / omnivore) -- feeds upon other consumers 4. Decomposers: break down organic wastes and dead organisms to simpler substances (ex. bacteria of decay) ** Through decomposition, chemical substances are returned to the environment where they can be used by other living organisms.  EXAMPLE PROBLEM A deer eats 25 kg of herbaceous material per day. The herbaceous matter is approximately 20% dry matter (DM) and has an energy content of 10 MJ · ( kg DM)−1. Of the total energy ingested per day, 25% is excreted as undigested material. Of the 75% that is digested, 80% is lost to metabolic waste products and heat. The remaining 20% is converted to body tissue. How many mega joules are converted to body tissue on a daily basis? Calculate the percentage of energy consumed that is converted to body tissue.  ANSWER The dry matter content of the herbaceous material is calculated as: (25 kg herbaceous material · day -1) × (0.20 kg dry matter · (kg material)-1) = 5.0 kg DM · day-1 The energy content is calculated as (10 MJ · (kg DM)−1)(5.0 kg DM · day−1) = 50 MJ · day−1 The amount of energy digested is calculated as (0.75) × 50 MJ · day−1 = 37.5 MJ · day−1 1The amount of this energy that is then turned into tissue is calculated as (0.2) × 37.5 MJ · day−1 = 7.5 MJ · day−1 The percentage of “consumed” energy used for body tissue is 𝟕.𝟓 𝑴𝑱 · 𝒅𝒂𝒚 ( ) x 100 = 15% 𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑱 · 𝒅𝒂𝒚 Significance of ECOLOGY Ecology tells us that every natural thing in this planet has its own role no matter how big or small in maintaining a balance of a healthy environment for man and other organism to live in. The structural & functional components of nature interact and are interdependent with each other, thus their behavior/characteristics must be understood.  BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE Earth is a closed system for matter, except for small amounts of cosmic debris that enter the Earth's atmosphere. This means that all the elements needed for the structure and chemical processes of life come from the elements that were present in the Earth's crust when it was formed billions of years ago. This matter, the building blocks of life, continually cycles through Earth's systems, the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, on time scales that range from a few days to millions of years.  Biology. Life. Living things. These cycles all play a role in the lives of living things. The cycles might limit the organisms of Earth or they might happen along side, changing the environment. BIO Molecules. Reactions. Atoms. All cycles include these small pathways. Complete Earth. Rocks. Land. This refers to molecules are not always the non-living processes at passed from one point to the work. Oxygen cycles through next. Sometimes chemical many systems. It's in you and reactions take place that plants for the 'bio' part of the BIOGEOCHEMICAL changes the molecules and locations of the atoms. Think cycle. Oxygen might also wind about oxidation as an up in rocks. The 'geo' part of its example of the 'chemical' part cycle. of these pathways. GEO CHEMICAL GAS CYCLES SEDIMENTARY CYCLES GROUP ASSIGNMENT # 1 DEFINE THE SIGNIFICANT STEPS OF EACH CYCLE: 1. CARBON CYCLE 2. OXYGEN CYCLE 3. NITROGEN CYCLE 4. SULFUR CYCLE 5. PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE 6. WATER CYCLE AIR POLLUTION ENGR. ALRONAVEE B. MAMBAJE INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME ✓ Recognize the different types and source of air pollutants. ✓ Identify and explain the different techniques in controlling air pollution. ✓ Discuss RA 8749 ✓ Apply knowledge of engineering in solving air pollution problems.  AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. It is the presence of one or more contaminants in the atmosphere, such as dust, fumes, gas, mist, odour, smoke or vapor, in quantities and duration that can be injurious to human health. AIR POLLUTION WHO data show that almost all of the global population (99%) breathe air that exceeds WHO guideline limits and contains high levels of pollutants, with low- and middle- income countries suffering from the highest exposures.  AIR POLLUTANTS from RA 8749. National Ambient Air Quality Guideline for Criteria Pollutants SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION MOBILE SOURCES automobiles, other transportation vehicles, and recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles and watercraft SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION STATIONARY SOURCES such as power plants, oil refineries, industrial facilities, and factories SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION AREA SOURCES emissions associated with human activities that are not considered mobile or stationary such as agricultural areas, cities, and wood burning fireplaces SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION NATURAL SOURCES wind-blown dust, wildfires, and volcanoes CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS 1. PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS - emitted directly to the atmosphere - EXAMPLES: A. Particulate Matter (PM10 & PM12) B. Ozone (O3) C. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) D. Carbon Monoxide (CO) E. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS 2. SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS - formed in the atmosphere after emission of precursor compounds - EXAMPLE: PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG - the term originated as a contraction of smoke and fog - an example of secondary pollution that is formed from the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), the primary pollutants EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON HEALTH The major organs of the respiratory system are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.  EFFECT ON HEALTH UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT (URT) nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea together are called the upper respiratory tract primary effects of air pollution on the URT are aggravation of the sense of smell and inactivation of the sweeping motion of cilia, which remove mucus and entrapped particles  EFFECT ON HEALTH LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT (LRT) consists of the branching structures known as bronchi and the lung itself, which is composed of grape-like clusters of sacs called alveoli Airway resistance is the narrowing of air passages because of the presence of irritating substances. Bronchial asthma Chronic bronchitis Pulmonary emphysema Cancer of the bronchus (lung cancer)  THE DANGER OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) This colorless, odorless gas is lethal to humans within a few minutes at concentrations exceeding 5,000 ppm. CO reacts with hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). Hemoglobin has a greater affinity for CO than it does for oxygen. Thus, the formation of COHb effectively deprives the body of oxygen.  THE DANGER OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) At COHb levels of 5 to 10 percent, visual perception, manual dexterity, and ability to learn are impaired. A concentration of 50 ppm of CO for eight hours will result in a COHb level of about 7.5 percent. At COHb levels of 2.5 to 3 percent, people with heart disease are not able to perform certain exercises as well as they might in the absence of COHb. A concentration of 20 ppm of CO for eight hours will result in a COHb level of about 2.8 percent. Note that the average concentration of CO inhaled in cigarette smoke is 200 to 400 ppm! AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON VEGETATION  THREE COMPONENTS CELL WALL - Much like human skin, the cell wall is thin in young plants and gradually thickens with age. PROTOPLAST - the term used to describe the protoplasm of one cell; consists primarily of water, but it also includes protein, fat, and carbohydrates. INCLUSIONS CELL & LEAF ANATOMY CELL & LEAF ANATOMY INCLUSIONS The nucleus contains the hereditary material (DNA), which controls the operation of the cell. The protoplasm located outside the nucleus is called cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm are tiny bodies or plastids. Examples include chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts, and mitochondria. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophyll that manufactures the plant’s food through photosynthesis. Leucoplasts convert starch into starch grains. Chromoplasts are responsible for the red, yellow, and orange colors of fruit and flowers.  CELL & LEAF ANATOMY three primary tissue systems: the epidermis, the mesophyll, and the vascular bundle (veins)  The opening in the underside of the leaf is called a stoma. (The plural of stoma is stomata.) The mesophyll, which includes both the palisade parenchyma and the spongy parenchyma, contains chloroplasts. It is the food production center. The vascular bundles carry water, minerals, and food throughout the leaf and to and from the main stem of the plant. The guard cells regulate the passage of gases and water vapor in and out of the leaf. The guard cells open, which allows increased removal of water vapor that otherwise would accumulate because of the increased transport of water and minerals from the roots. CELL & LEAF ANATOMY  POLLUTANT DAMAGE Ozone injures 2 formation of red- brown spots that turn the palisade The chloroplasts white after a few days cells condense and white spots are called ultimately the cell fleck walls collapse 1 3 POLLUTANT DAMAGE Plant growth may be inhibited by continuous exposure to 0.5 ppm of NO2. Levels of NO2 in excess of 2.5 ppm for periods of four hours or more are required to produce necrosis (surface spotting due to plasmolysis or loss of protoplasm).  Sulfur dioxide injury is also typified by necrosis, but POLLUTANT DAMAGE at much lower levels. A concentration of 0.3 ppm for eight hours is sufficient. Lower levels for longer periods of exposure will produce a diffuse chlorosis (bleaching). Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's surface observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's atmosphere.  GREENHOUSE EFFECT 1. The atmosphere allows solar radiation from the sun to pass through without significant absorption of energy. 2. Some of the solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth is absorbed, heating the land and water. 3. Infrared radiation is emitted from the earth’s surface, but certain gases in the atmosphere absorb this infrared radiation, and re-direct a portion back to the surface, thus warming the planet and making life, as we know it, possible. GREENHOUSE EFFECT PRIMARY GREENHOUSE GASES WATER VAPOR CARBON DIOXIDE METHANE NITROUS OXIDE CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS TROPOSPHERIC OZONE  TROPOSPHERE Earth’s troposphere extends from Earth’s surface to, on average, about 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in height, with its height lower at Earth’s poles and higher at the equator. tasked with holding all the air plants need for photosynthesis and animals need to breathe also contains about 99 percent of all water vapor and aerosols (minute solid or liquid particles suspended in the atmosphere) the densest atmospheric layer, compressed by the weight of the rest of the atmosphere above it Most of Earth’s weather happens here, and almost all clouds that are generated by weather are found here  STRATOSPHERE Located between approximately 12 and 50 kilometers (7.5 and 31 miles) above Earth’s surface best known as home to Earth’s ozone layer, which protects us from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation also the highest part of the atmosphere that jet planes can reach  MESOSPHERE Located between about 50 and 80 kilometers (31 and 50 miles) above Earth’s surface, the mesosphere gets progressively colder with altitude Very scarce water vapor present at the top of the mesosphere forms noctilucent clouds, the highest clouds in Earth’s atmosphere Most meteors burn up in this atmospheric layer. Sounding rockets and rocket-powered aircraft can reach the mesosphere.  THERMOOSPHERE Located between about 80 and 700 kilometers (50 and 440 miles) above Earth’s surface is the thermosphere, whose lowest part contains the ionosphere aurora borealis and aurora australis are sometimes seen here The International Space Station orbits in the thermosphere.  EXOSPHERE Located between about 700 and 10,000 kilometers (440 and 6,200 miles) above Earth’s surface the highest layer of Earth’s atmosphere and, at its top, merges with the solar wind Most Earth satellites orbit in the exosphere. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FUNDAMENTALS I DEAL GA S LAW Although polluted air may not be “ideal” from the biological point of view, we may treat its behavior with respect to temperature and pressure as if it were ideal. Thus, we assume that at the same temperature and pressure, different kinds of gases have densities proportional to their molecular masses.  UNITS OF MEASURE MICROGRAMS MICRON/ PARTS PER MILLION PER CUBIC METER MICROMETER μm ◦ ppm ◦ μ / μm ◦ m3 ◦ Measures of ◦ Measures of concentration concentration ◦ used to indicate the ◦ used to indicate the concentration of a concentration of a gaseous pollutant gaseous pollutant PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FUNDAMENTALS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FUNDAMENTALS μm C O N V E R T IN G T O P PM m3 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FUNDAMENTALS STEP 1 : DETERMINE THE MOLAR MASS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE. STEP 2: CONVERT THE GIVEN TEMPERATURE FROM DEG C TO K. STEP 3: USE THE CONVERTION EQUATION.  AIR POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR STATIONARY SOURCES  ABSORPTION SCRUBBERS PACKED TOWERS Control devices based Can be dry on the principle of scrubbers or wet a thin film of absorption attempt to scrubbers liquid is used as transfer the pollutant Wet scrubber the absorption from a gas phase to a washes the medium liquid phase. particulates out of Examples of the dirty airstream Absorption devices: as they collide with (1) spray chambers and are entrained like scrubbers, (2) by the countless towers/columns tiny droplets in the spray ABSORPTION The amount of absorption that can take place for a nonreactive solution is governed by the partial pressure of the pollutant. CYCLONE  CYCLONE MECHANISM 1. A cyclone removes particulates by causing the dirty airstream to flow in a spiral path inside a cylindrical chamber. 2. Dirty air enters the chamber from a tangential direction at the outer wall of the device, forming a vortex as it swirls within the chamber. 3. The larger particulates, because of their greater inertia, move outward and are forced against the chamber wall. 4. Slowed by friction with the wall surface, they then slide down the wall into a conical dust hopper at the bottom of the cyclone. 5. The cleaned air swirls upward in a narrower spiral through an inner cylinder and emerges from an outlet at the top. 6. Accumulated particulate dust is periodically removed from the hopper for disposal. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR  ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) removes particles from a gas stream by using electrical energy to charge particles either positively or negatively. MECHANISM 1. The gas borne particles such as ash are ionised by the high voltage discharge electrode by the corona effect. 2. These particles are ionised to a negative charge and are attracted to positively charged collector Electrostatic precipitation is a commonly used method for removing fine particulates from plates. airstreams. RA 8749 What is RA 8749 and what are the main provisions of this Act? RA 8749, also known as the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, is a law in the Philippines that aims to promote and protect the country's environment by controlling air pollution. RA 8749 mandates the government and private sector to work together to minimize air pollution by setting air quality standards, implementing emission control technologies, promoting clean energy sources, and encouraging public participation in environmental protection. State the penalties violators will be facing when violating RA 8749. NOTE! fines herein A penalty of not more than One hundred thousand pesos prescribed shall be increased by at least ten percent (10%) (Php100,000.00) for every day of violation against the owner or every three (3) years to operator of a stationary source. compensate for inflation and to maintain the deterrent In addition to the fines, the PAB shall order the closure, suspension of function of such fines development, construction, or operations of the stationary sources until such time that proper environmental safeguards are put in place: Provided, That an establishment found liable for a third offense shall suffer permanent closure immediately. State the penalties violators will be facing when violating RA 8749. For Motor Vehicles, a testing result indicating an exceedance of the emission standards would warrant the continuing custody of the impounded vehicle unless the appropriate penalties are fully paid, and the license plate is surrendered to the DOTC pending the fulfillment of the undertaking by the owner/operator of the motor vehicle to make the necessary repairs so as to comply with the standards. What government agencies are responsible for implementing RA 8749, and what are their roles? The DENR is responsible for implementing and enforcing RA 8749, including the development of air quality standards, monitoring and assessment of air quality, and issuing permits and licenses for air pollution sources. What government agencies are responsible for implementing RA 8749, and what are their roles? Establish a National Research and Development Program for the prevention and control of air pollution. The Department shall give special emphasis to research on and the development of improved methods having industry-wide application for the prevention and control of air pollution. What government agencies are responsible for implementing RA 8749, and what are their roles? shall implement the emission standards for motor vehicles set pursuant to and as provided in this Act What are the sources of pollution covered in RA 8749? RA 8749 covers all sources of air pollution, including motor vehicles, power plants, industrial facilities, and other sources.  How significant is RA 8749 in addressing climate change? RA 8749 is important in addressing climate change because air pollution is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, which cause global warming and climate change. By reducing air pollution, RA 8749 helps mitigate the impacts of climate change on the environment and public health. WATER POLLUTION ENGR. ALRONAVEE B. MAMBAJE  WATER QUALITY ❖ Generally water quality is referenced in a technical manner, meaning the overall 'scientific' quality of the water. ❖ Water quality is the ability of a water body to support all appropriate beneficial uses. ❖ Beneficial uses are the ways in which water is used by humans and wildlife; drinking water and fish habitat are two examples. ❖ If water supports a beneficial use, water quality is said to be good or unimpaired. If water does not support a beneficial use, water quality is said to be poor or impaired.  WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ❖ PH YS IC AL PROPE RT I ES - include water temperature, depth, flow velocity, flow rate, and turbidity - useful in analyzing how pollutants are transported and mixed in the water environment, and can be related to habitat requirements for fish and other aquatic wildlife (For instance, many fish have very specific temperature requirements, and cannot tolerate water that is either too cold or too hot) ❖ CH E MI CA L P RO PE RT IE S - include a wide range of chemicals and chemical properties - studies therefore focus on the chemicals that are most important for the problem at hand ❖ BI OLOGI CAL P ROPE RT IE S  WATER POLLUTANT S SOURCES 01 POINT SOURCES 02 NON-POINT SOURCES WATER POLLUTION POIN T generally collected by a network of pipes or channels and conveyed to a single point SOURCES of discharge into the receiving water  Occurs from many diverse areas of human activity within watersheds transported by the storm water system or other surface water flows to local streams and bays NON-POIN T SOURCES  WATER POLLUTION IN RIVERS EFFECTS OF OXYGEN-DEMANDING WHAT ARE OXYGEN-DEMANDING MATERIALS? Anything that can be oxidized in the receiving water with the WASTES ON RIVER consumption of dissolved molecular oxygen is termed oxygen- demanding material. This material is usually biodegradable organic matter but also includes certain inorganic compounds. THEORETICAL OXYGEN DEMAND The amount of oxygen required to oxidize a substance to carbon dioxide and water may be calculated by stoichiometry if the chemical composition of the substance is known. This amount of oxygen is known as the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD). DO IT YOURSELF! C H E M IC AL O X YG EN D E M A ND measured quantity that does not depend on knowledge of the chemical composition of the substances in the water In the COD test, a strong chemical oxidizing agent (chromic acid) is mixed with a water sample and then boiled. The difference between the amount of oxidizing agent at the beginning of the test and that remaining at the end of the test is used to calculate the COD. B I O L O G I CA L O X Y G E N D EM AN D the oxidation of an organic compound is carried out by microorganisms using the organic matter as a food source, the oxygen consumed is known as biochemical oxygen demand, or BOD (pronounced “bee oh dee”) The actual BOD is less than the ThOD due to the incorporation of some of the carbon into new bacterial cells.  B O D R AT E EQ U AT IO N 𝑳𝒐 is often referred to as the ultimate BOD (the maximum oxygen consumption possible when the waste has been completely degraded) 𝑳𝒕 is oxygen equivalent of the organics remaining at time t, mg/L NOTE! that lower case k is used for the reaction rate constant in base e and that capital K is used for the constant in base 10. They are related: k = 2.303(K). DO IT YOURSELF PT. 2 ! B O D R AT E CO N S TAN T DO IT YOURSELF PT. 3 ! WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT  WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS STEP 1. SCREENIN G AND PUMPING The incoming wastewater passes through screening equipment where objects such as rags, wood fragments, plastics, and grease are removed. The material removed is washed and pressed and disposed of in a landfill. The screened wastewater is then pumped to the next step: grit removal. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS STEP 2. G R I T R E M O VA L In this step, heavy but fine material such as sand and gravel is removed from the wastewater. This material is also disposed of in a landfill. STEP 3. PRIMARY SETTLLING The material, which will settle, but at a slower rate than step two, is taken out using large circular tanks called clarifiers. The settled material, called primary sludge, is pumped off the bottom and the wastewater exits the tank from the top. Floating debris such as grease is skimmed off the top and sent with the settled material to digesters. In this step, chemicals are also added to remove phosphorus. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS STEP 4. A E R AT I O N / A C T I VA T ED S L U D G E In this step, the wastewater receives most of its treatment. Through biological degradation, the pollutants are consumed by microorganisms and transformed into cell tissue, water, and nitrogen. The biological activity occurring in this step is very similar to what occurs at the bottom of lakes and rivers, but in these areas the degradation takes years to accomplish.  STEP 5. SECO ND ARY SETTLING Large circular tanks called secondary clarifiers allow the treated wastewater to separate from the biology from the aeration tanks at this step, yielding an effluent, which is now over 90% treated. The biology (activated sludge) is continuously pumped from the bottom of the clarifiers and returned to the aeration tanks in step four. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS STEP 6. F I LT R AT I O N The clarified effluent is polished in this step by filtering through 10 micron polyester media. The material captured on the surface of the disc filters is periodically backwashed and returned to the head of the plant for treatment. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS STEP 7. D ISIN FEC TION To assure the treated wastewater is virtually free of bacteria, ultraviolet disinfection is used after the filtration step. The ultraviolet treatment process kills remaining bacteria to levels within our discharge permit.  WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS STEP 8. D ISIN FEC TION The treated water, now in a very stabilized high quality state, is aerated if necessary to bring the dissolved oxygen up to permit level. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS SLUDGE TREATMENT The primary sludge pumped from the bottom of the primary clarifiers in step three, along with the continuous flow of waste activated sludge from the aeration / activated sludge process in step four, must be treated to reduce volume and produce a usable end product. GROUP ASSIGNMENT Town CIT discharges 17,360 m3 /d of treated wastewater into the Creek B. The treated wastewater has a BOD5 of 12 mg/L and a k of 0.12 d^-1 at 20 deg C. Creek B has a flow rate of 0.43 m^3 /s and an ultimate BOD of 5.0 mg/L. The DO of the river is 6.5 mg/L and the DO of the wastewater is 1.0 mg/L. The stream temperature is 10 deg C and the wastewater temperature is 10 deg C. Compute the DO and initial ultimate BOD after mixing. SOLID WASTE MANAG EMENT  WHAT IS SOLID WASTE OR REFUSE? Solid waste refers to all discarded household waste, commercial waste, non-hazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agricultural waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.  Under RA 9003, solid waste shall not include: 1. Waste identified or listed as hazardous waste (either solid, liquid, gaseous or in semisolid form) which may cause or contribute to death, serious or incapacitating illness, or acute/ chronic effect on the health of persons and other organisms; 2. Infectious waste from hospitals such as: a) Equipment, instruments, utensils and disposable fomites (things that may carry infectious organisms such as used gauze, surgical gloves, syringes) from patients suspected to have or have been diagnosed as having communicable diseases; b) Laboratory wastes such as pathological specimens (i.e., all tissues, specimens of blood elements, excreta, and secretions obtained from patients or laboratory animals) and disposable fomites that may harbor or transmit pathogenic organisms; c) Surgical operating room pathologic specimens and attendant disposable fomites; and d) Similar disposable materials from outpatient areas and emergency rooms. 3. Waste resulting from mining activities, including contaminated WHAT IS SOLID WASTE? soil and debris.  WHAT IS A GARBAGE? Garbage is the animal and vegetable waste resulting from the handling, preparation, cooking, and serving of food. It is composed largely of putrescible organic matter and moisture; it includes a minimum of free liquids. Garbage originates primarily in home kitchens, stores, markets, restaurants, and other places where food is stored, prepared, or served. The term does not include food processing wastes from canneries, slaughterhouses, packing plants, and similar facilities, or large quantities of condemned food products.  WHAT IS RUBBISH? Rubbish consists of a variety of both combustible and noncombustible solid wastes from homes, stores, and institutions, but does not include garbage. Trash is synonymous with rubbish in some parts of the country, but trash is technically a subcomponent of rubbish. Combustible rubbish (the “trash” component of rubbish) consists of paper, rags, cartons, boxes, wood, furniture, tree branches, yard trimmings, and so on. Noncombustible rubbish is material that cannot be burned at ordinary incinerator temperatures of 700 to 1,100 °C. It is the inorganic portion of refuse, such as tin cans, heavy metals, glass, ashes, and so on. WHAT IS ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT? It is the systematic management of solid waste which provides for: 1. Waste reduction at source; 2. Segregation at source for recovery of reusable, recyclables and compostable; 3. Segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste; and 4. All other waste management activities which do not harm the environment.  MAIN OBJECTIVES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. to remove discarded materials from inhabited places in a timely manner 2. to dispose of the discarded materials in a manner that is environmentally responsible SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES POLICY MAKING PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR minimize a Solid waste system well-defined cost policy making function or to maximize profits CONSTRAINTS 1. Criteria of effectiveness against which public efficiency might be measured (the frequency of collection, types of waste collected, location from which waste is collected, method of disposal, etc.) 2. Institutional factors (include such things as political feasibility of the system, legislative constraints, and administrative simplicity 3. Environmental factors 4. Resource conservation SIX FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF MANAGEMENT OF WASTES TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT WASTE GENERATION Those activities association with those activities in which materials are (1) the transfer of wastes from the smaller identified as no longer being of value and are either collection vehicle tothe larger transport equipment thrownaway or gathered together for disposa and (2) the subsequenttransport of the wastes, usually over long distance, to thedisposal site. ON-SITE HANDLING, STORAGE AND PROCESSING PROCESSING AND RECOVERY activities associated with the handling, storage, and Those techniques equipmentand facilities used processing of solid wastes at or near the point of both to improve the efficiency of the generation. otherfunctional elements and to recover useable materials, conversion products, or energy from solid wastes. COLLECTION those activities association with the gathering DISPOSAL ofsolid wastes and the hauling of wastes to the Those activities associated with ultimate location wherethe collection vehicle is emptied disposalof solid wastes MA IN SOURCES OF SOLI D W AST E GENERATI ON RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRUCTION TREATMENT PLANT INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURAL DEMOLITION SITES  P H I L I P P I N E S OL I D W A S T E A T A G L A N C E https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/publications/SEPO/AAG_Philippine%20Solid%20Wastes_Nov2017.pdf ❖ In designing a solid waste collection system, one of the first decisions to be made is where the waste will be picked up: the curb or the backyard. CO L LE CT I ON VARI AB LE S 1. Choice of storage container 2. Crew Size 3. Selection of Collection Trucks ❖ Another key decision is frequency of collection. Both point of collection and frequency of collection should be evaluated in terms of their impact on collection costs. C O L L E CT I O N  C O L L E CT I O N Elected representative Who will collect the wastes? what type of solid private firms that private firms that wastes are to be City employees contract with city contract with private frequency of collection collected (municipal government residents and from whom collection) (contract collection) (private collection) C O L L E CT I O N  COLLECTION METHODS The first decision to be made is how the solid waste container will get from the residence to the collection vehicle. THREE BASIC METHODS 1 2 3 CURBSIDE SET-OUT, SET- BACKYARD (ALLEY PICKUP) BACK PICKUP COLLECTION C OL LECTION METHODS CURBSIDE or ALLEY PICKUP ✓ quickest and most economical point of collection is from curbs or alleys using standard containers ✓ the most common type of collection used ✓ It costs only about one-half as much as backyard collection When curbside removal is chosen, automatic and semiautomatic collection vehicles can be utilized. In an automated system, residents are provided with large specialized containers (approximately 90 gallons), which they roll to the curb. These containers are then lifted by powerful hydraulic arms that empty the contents of the container into the truck’s hopper. In a semiautomatic system, the crew wheels the cart to the collection vehicle, lines the cart up with the lifting device and activates the lifter. A hydraulic device lifts and tips the cart, allowing the contents to fall into the hopper of the truck.  SET-OUT,SET-BACK COLLECTION C OL LECTION METHODS Consists of the following operations: (1) the set-out crew carries the full containers from the residential storage location to the curb or alley before the collection vehicle arrives, (2) the collection crew loads the refuse in the same manner as the curb method, and (3) the set-back crew returns the empty cans. This method has not been shown to be more economical or advantageous than the backyard method, and it is more costly and time-consuming than curbside pickup.  BACKYARD PICKUP Consists of the following operations: (1) the collector enters the resident’s property (2) the collection crew dumps the container into a tote barrel (3) carries it to the truck (4) dumps it The primary advantage of this system is in the convenience to the homeowner. The major disadvantage is the high cost. Many homeowners C OL LECTION METHODS object to having the collectors enter their private property. C O L L E CT I O N TRUCK ROUTING  TRUCK ROUTING METHODS METHODS DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES 1. If the route is not finished, the crew will work overtime, which will increase 1. The homeowner knows when the In this method the crew the expense. refuse will be picked up. has a definite route that 2. The crew may have a tendency to become 2. The route sizes can be adjusted must be finished before careless as they try to finish the job sooner. for the load to maximize crew and going home. When the 3. Frequently the result is underutilization of the DAILY ROUTE METHOD truck route is finished the crew crew and equipment due to the utilization. can leave, but if necessary, increased incentive of the crew. 3. The crew likes the method they must work overtime 4. A breakdown seriously affects operations. because it provides an incentive to to finish the route. 5. It is hard to plan routes if the load is variable, get done early. because of the disposal of yard wastes and the like. 1. If the route is not finished, the crew will work Implemented in one week, overtime, which will increase the crew is left 1. The homeowner knows when the the expense. on its own to decide when refuse will be picked up. 2. The crew may have a tendency to become to pick up the route. 2. The route sizes can be adjusted careless as they try to finish the job sooner. Usually some time off at for the load to maximize crew and 3. Frequently the result is underutilization of the LARGE ROUTE METHOD the end of the week is the truck crew and equipment due to the goal of the crew. This utilization. increased incentive of the crew. method is only good for 3. The crew likes the method 4. A breakdown seriously affects operations. backyard pickup because because it provides an incentive to 5. It is hard to plan routes if the load is variable, the residents don’t know get done early. because of the disposal of yard when pickup will be. wastes and the like.  METHODS DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES 1. The biggest advantage of this method is that it can minimize The routes are travel time. planned to get a full 2. A full day’s work can be The major disadvantage is that it is truck load. Each crew provided for maximum hard to predict the number of SINGLE LOAD METHOD is assigned as many utilization of the crew and homes that can be serviced before loads as it can collect equipment. the truck is filled. per day. 3. It can be used for any type of pickup. As its name implies, the crew With this method, the crew and Regularity is sacrificed with this DEFINITE WORING DAY METHOD works for its the equipment get maximum method, and residents have little assigned number of utilization. idea when pickup will occur. hours and quits. TRUCK ROUTING METHODS REC YC LE AN D REUSE There are different ways and practices of converting wastes in to useful assets. For example: Human or animal urine contains the element nitrogen, which is used as fertilizers. Farmers in rural Ethiopia use manure and other waste for fertilizer. ƒ Animal bones can be made to be a very important animal feed after processing. ƒ Rural communities know and use dung for plastering of houses and as an energy source for open fire burning. ƒ Some people in bigger towns in Ethiopia collect bottles, old shoes, clothes, metal products, which is one form of recycling or reuse. In general, waste recovery and reuse is economically and socially feasible and acceptable. REC YC LE AN D REUSE M AT E R I A L S R E C O V E R Y F A C I L I T Y ( M R F s ) RA 9003 mandates the establishment of a MRF in every barangay or cluster of barangays in barangay owned, leased land or any suitable open space designated by the barangay. The MRF shall be designed to receive, sort, process and store compostable and recyclable material efficiently and in an environmentally sound manner. Any resulting residual waste shall be transferred to a proper disposal facility.  COMMON SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD  C O M P OS T I N G Composting is one of the means of waste minimization. The mechanism implies a biological waste treatment process. The action of microorganisms breaks down complex organic compounds into simpler ones. Composting is not final disposal method but converting waste into a useful product. CONT ROL LED TIP P IN G / BU RYI N G Controlled tipping is a simple, effective and relatively cheaper method of refuse disposal. This method involves preparation of hole in the ground with a depth of 1-2 meters and width and length of 60 centimeters for a household. The method can be used as a one-time or a daily operation. Incineration is a high temperature dry oxidation process that reduces organic and combustible waste to inorganic, incombustible matter and resulting in a very significant reduction of waste volume and weight Characteristics of wastes suitable for incineration: Content of combustible matter above 60% Content of non-combustible solids below 5% Content of non-combustible fines below 20% Moisture content below 30% I NCI NERATI ON  MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW) A municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill is defined as a land disposal site employing an engineered method of disposing of solid wastes on land in a manner that minimizes environmental hazards by spreading the solid wastes to the smallest practical volume, and applying and compacting cover material at the end of each day. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SITE SELECTION  SITE PREPARATION Steps to be carried out before the operation of MSW Landfill: 1. Grading the site area - grades should not exceed equipment limitations (For loaded vehicles, most uphill grades should be less than 7 percent, and downhill grades should be less than 10 percent.) 2. Constructing access roads and fences - On-site access roads should be of all-weather construction and wide enough to permit two-way truck travel (7.3 m) 3. Installation of signs, utilities and operating facilities - All MSW landfill sites should have electric, water, and sanitary services. Remote sites may have to use acceptable substitutes, for example, portable chemical toilets, trucked-in drinking water, and electric generators. Water should be available for drinking, fire-fighting, dust control, and sanitation. Telephone or radio communications are desirable. EQUIPMENT The size, type, and amount of equipment required at an MSW landfill depends on the size and method of operation, quantities and time of solid waste deliveries, and, to a degree, the experience and preference of the designer and equipment operators. Another factor to be considered is the availability and dependability of service from the equipment. The most common equipment used on MSW landfills is the crawler or rubber- tired tractor (Figure 11-9). A tractor is versatile and can perform a variety of operations: spreading, compacting, covering, trenching, and even hauling the cover material.  OPERATION the solid waste is deposited on the surface, a trench is excavated; the solid waste is placed in it compacted, then covered with a layer of and compacted; and the soil that was taken from the compacted soil at the end of the working day trench is then laid on the waste and compacted.  ❖ CELL - waste and the daily cover placed in a landfill during one operational period (usually one day) ❖ WORKING FACE - waste is dumped by the collection and transfer vehicles onto the it ❖ COVER MATERIAL- The cover material may be native soil or other approved materials. Its purpose is to prevent fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging. SECTI ONA L VI EW OF MSW LA ND FIL L EN VI RO NM ENTA L CO N SI DE RATI O NS During the early life of the landfill, the predominant gas is carbon dioxide. As the landfill matures, the gas is composed almost equally of carbon dioxide and methane. LAN DFILL GA SES EN VI RO NM ENTA L CO N SI DE RATI O NS Liquid that passes through the landfill and that has extracted dissolved and suspended matter from it is called leachate. The liquid enters the landfill from external sources such as rainfall, surface drainage, groundwater, and the liquid in and produced from the decomposition of the waste. Until the landfill becomes saturated, some of the water infiltration will be stored in both the cover material and the waste. The quantity of water that can be held against the pull of gravity is referred to as field capacity. LEA CH ATE  RA 9 0 0 3 E CO LO G I CA L SO L I D WAS T E M AN AG E M E N T AC T O F 2 0 0 0 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT systematic administration of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment  SOME RA 9003 T E R M I N O L OG I E S AGRICULTURAL WASTE - refer to waste generated COLLECTION - shall refer to the act of from planting or harvesting of crops, trimming or removing solid waste from the source pruning of plants and wastes or run-off materials or from a communal storage point from farms or fields COMPOSTING - shall refer to the controlled BULKY WASTES - shall refer to waste materials decomposition of organic matter by micro- which cannot be appropriately placed in organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a separate containers because of either its bulky humus-like product size, shape or other physical attributes BUY-BACK CENTER - shall refer to a recycling DISPOSAL - shall refer to the discharge, center that purchases or otherwise accepts deposit, dumping, spilling, leaking or recyclable materials from the public for the placing of any solid waste into or in any purpose of recycling such materials land;  ASSIGNMENT 2 Looking around CIT-U campus, there are a lot of wastes generated each day. As a group, identify one solid waste generated by the students. Discuss among yourselves the following: 1. Possible source of your chosen solid waste. 2. As students of this institution and upcoming engineers, how can you help in the reduction of this solid waste. 3. Think of ways how to recycle the chosen solid waste. 4. Create steps how to make new materials out of this solid waste. 5. Submit final powerpoint to me (to be done by group leader) via pm in teams. 5. Next meeting, let’s have sharing of per group’s presentation. Prepare powerpoint presentation.  NOISE P O L LU T I O N  W H AT IS N O IS E? ❖ commonly defined as unwanted sound, is an environmental phenomenon to which we are exposed before birth and throughout life ❖ an environmental pollutant, a waste product generated in conjunction with various anthropogenic activities ❖ any sound—independent of loudness— that can produce an undesired physiological or psychological effect in an individual, and that may interfere with the social ends of an individual or group. These social ends include all of our activities—communication, work, rest, recreation, and sleep.  R E A S ON S WH Y N OI S E IS C ON S ID E RE D A N E N VI RO N ME NT AL P O L L UT AN T ❖ In the first place, noise, if defined as unwanted sound, is a subjective experience. What is considered noise by one listener may be considered desirable by another. ❖ Secondly, noise has a short decay time and thus does not remain in the environment for extended periods, as do air and water pollution. By the time the average individual is spurred to action to abate, control, or, at least, complain about sporadic environmental noise, the noise may no longer exist. ❖ Thirdly, the physiological and psychological effects of noise on us are often subtle and insidious, appearing so gradually that it becomes difficult to associate cause with effect. Indeed, to those persons whose hearing may already have been affected by noise, it may not be considered a problem at all.  SOUND & S O U N D W AV E S  H O W IS SO U N D PR O D UC ED ? ❖ Sound is produced when an object vibrates, creating a pressure wave. This pressure wave causes particles in the surrounding medium (air, water, or solid) to have vibrational motion. As the particles vibrate, they move nearby particles, transmitting the sound further through the medium. The human ear detects sound waves when vibrating air particles vibrate small parts within the ear. ❖ Unlike light, sound waves can only travel through a medium, such as air, glass, or metal. This means there’s no sound in space!  H O W IS SO U N D PR O D UC ED ? MEDIUM ❖ sound can travel through gases, liquids, and solids ❖ Sound moves most quickly through solids, because its molecules are densely packed together. This enables sound waves to rapidly transfer vibrations from one molecule to another. ❖ Sound moves similarly through water, but its velocity is over four times faster than it is in air.  H O W IS SO U N D PR O D UC ED ? MEDIUMS AND THE SPEED OF SOUND ❖ The speed of sound is dependent on the type of medium the sound waves travel through. ❖ In dry air at 20°C, the speed of sound is 343 m/s! In room temperature seawater, sound waves travel at about 1531 m/s! SHOCKWAVE - a disturbance that expands faster than the local speed of sound Generally, sound waves travel faster in warmer conditions.  T YP E O F S O UN D INFRASONIC WAVES (INFRASOUNDS) ❖ have frequencies below 20 Hz, which makes them inaudible to the human ear ❖ detect earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, to map rock and petroleum formations underground, and to study activity in the human heart ❖ Despite our inability to hear infrasound, many animals use infrasonic waves to communicate in nature. Whales, hippos, rhinos, giraffes, elephants, and alligators all use infrasound to communicate across impressive distances – sometimes hundreds of miles!  T YP E O F S O UN D ULTRASONIC WAVES (ULTRASOUNDS) ❖ Sound waves that have frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz ❖ Because ultrasound occurs at frequencies outside the human hearing range, it is inaudible to the human ear ❖ most often used by medical specialists who use sonograms to examine their patients’ internal organs ❖ Some lesser-known applications of ultrasound include navigation, imaging, sample mixing, communication, and testing ❖ In nature, bats emit ultrasonic waves to locate prey and avoid obstacles  S O UN D WAV E S ❖ Sound waves result from the vibration of solid objects or the separation of fluids as they pass over, around, or through holes in solid objects. ❖ The vibration and/or separation causes the surrounding air to undergo alternating compression and rarefaction  C O M P R ES SI O N & R AR E FA C TI O N COMPRESSION RAREFACTION happens when molecules are densely happens when molecules are distanced packed together from one another there is high pressure there is low pressure The wavelength of a sound wave is made up of one compression and one rarefaction. PROPERTIES OF SOUND P E R I O D , F R E Q U E N C Y, A M P L I T U D E & W A V E L E N G T H PERIOD (P or T) ❖ time between successive peaks or between successive troughs of the oscillation ❖ time it takes to complete a cycle ❖ Unit: s FREQUENCY (f) ❖ the number of times a peak arrives in one second of oscillations ❖ Inverse of period ❖ Unit: Hz (hertz) = 1/s WAVELENGTH (λ) ❖ Distance between cycles ❖ Unit maybe in m, ft, in AMPLITUDE (A) ❖ the height of the peak or depth of the trough measured from the zero pressure line  P E R I O D , F R E Q U E N C Y, A M P L I T U D E & W A V E L E N G T H PROPERTIES OF WORKING FORMULA UNIT SOUND WAVE PERIOD (T) T = time / # of cycles s FREQUENCY (f) f = 1/T Hz or 1/s WAVELENGTH (λ) λ = c/f , where any unit for distance c = speed of sound AMPLITUDE (A) A = (max – min)/2 any unit for distance SPEED OF SOUND (c) c = λ/T or λf any unit for speed E x a m p l e P r o b le m Consider the graph below. Determine the period, frequency, and amplitude. a. Period T = time / # cycles T = 12 s / 4 cycles T=3s b. Frequency f=1/T f=1/3s f = 0.33 Hz c. Amplitude A = (max – min)/2 A = [(5) – (-5)]/2 A=5m  C H A R AC T ER I ST IC S O F S O UN D ▪ Loudness - amplitude of sound waves ▪ Intensity - the rate at which power (rate of energy transfer, or work per unit time) is transferred across a given area (Power/Area, or rate of energy transfer per unit area; units of watts/m2).  Pitch - refers to how low or high a sound is, depends on its frequency (Frequency of Sound is the number of pressure variations per second and is measured in Hertz (Hz) which is defined as cycles per second)  Timbre or Quality of Sound - characteristic of sound which allows the ear to distinguish same or different sounds  C L AS SI F IC ATI O NS O F NO I SE There are 2 kinds of noise pollution. A. Community Noise/ Environmental Noise (non industrial noise pollution). Air craft noise Roadway noise pollution Under water noise pollution B. Occupational Noise( industrial noise pollution)  S O UR C E S O F N O ISE P O L L U TI O N TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS SOCIAL EVENTS COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES HOUSEHOLD SOURCES E F F E C TS O F NO I SE  E F F E C TS O F NO I SE P O L L U TI O N H E AR I NG P RO B L E MS S L EEP IN G D IS O RD ER Any unwanted sound that our ears have not been built to filter can cause problems within the body. Loud noise can certainly hamper your Man made noises such as jackhammers, horns, sleeping pattern and may lead to irritation machinery, airplanes and even vehicles can be too and uncomfortable situations. loud for our hearing range. Constant exposure to loud levels of noise can easily Without a good night sleep, it may lead to result in the damage of our ear drums and loss of problems related to fatigue and your hearing. performance may go down in office as well as It also reduces our sensitivity to sounds that our ears at home. pick up unconsciously to regulate our body’s rhythm. It is therefore recommended to take a sound sleep to give your body proper rest.  E F F E C TS O F NO I SE P O L L U TI O N C A R D I O VA S C U L A R I S S U E S EFFEC TS ON P LA NTS Blood pressure levels, cardio-vascular disease and The reproductions of plants which are pollinated by birds or stress related heart problems are on the rise. animals get reduced due to noise pollution. Birds or animals generally avoid noisy atmosphere, hence Studies suggest that high intensity noise causes high pollination of the plants which are grown in noisy areas blood pressure and increases heart beat rate as it cannot be possible by them. disrupts the normal blood flow. Mostly the seeds of different plants are dispersed by the birds and animals. Bringing them to a manageable level depends on our understanding noise pollution and how we tackle it. Plants growing in a noisy atmosphere hardly get any animals or birds to disperse their seeds.  NOISE CONTROL Noise control or noise mitigation is a set of strategies to reduce noise pollution or to reduce the impact of that noise, whether outdoors or indoors.  METHODS TO CONTROL NOISE POLLUTION SOURCE-PATH-RECEIVER CONCEPT to examine the problem in terms of its three basic elements: that is, sound arises from a source, travels over a path, and affects a receiver or listener 1. SOURCE - may be one or any number of mechanical devices that radiate noise or vibratory energy 2. TRANSMISSION PATH - simply a direct line-of-sight air path between the source and the listener 3. RECEIVER / LISTENER - a single person, a classroom of students, or a suburban community Solution of a given noise problem might require alteration or modification of any or all of these three basic elements: 1. Modifying the source to reduce its noise output 2. Altering or controlling the transmission path and the environment to reduce the noise level reaching the listener 3. Providing the receiver with personal protective equipment  METHODS TO CONTROL NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL OF NOISE BY DESIGN -it simply means placing certain restrictions on the use of certain devices ▪ Reduce impact noises ▪ Reduce Speed and Pressure ▪ Reduce Frictional Resistance ▪ Reduce Radiating Area ▪ Reduce Noise Leakages ▪ Isolate and Dampen Vibrating Elements ▪ Provide mufflers or silencers  NOISE CONTROL IN THE TRANSMISSION PATH Sound insulation: prevent the transmission of noise by the introduction of a mass barrier. Common materials have high- density properties such as brick, thick glass, concrete, metal etc. Sound absorption: a porous material which acts as a ‘noise sponge’ by converting the sound energy into heat within the material. Common sound absorption materials include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams and fiberglass  NOISE CONTROL IN THE TRANSMISSION PATH Vibration damping: applicable for large vibrating surfaces. The damping mechanism works by extracting the vibration energy from the thin sheet and dissipating it as heat. Vibration isolation: prevents transmission of vibration energy from a source to a receiver by introducing a flexible element or a physical break. Common vibration isolators are springs, rubber mounts, cork etc.  NOISE POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL TIPS Construction of soundproof rooms for noisy machines in industrial and manufacturing installations must be encouraged Noise producing industries, airports, bus and transport terminals and railway stations to sighted far from where living places Community law enforcers should check the misuse of loudspeakers, worshipers, outdoor parties and discos, as well as public announcements systems  Community laws must silence zones near schools/colleges, hospitals etc. Vegetation (trees) along roads and in residential areas is a good way to reduce noise pollution as they absorb sound. People can be educated through radio, TV, street play etc. about noise pollution. D O IT YO U R S EL F ! 1. Indoor pests such as mice and other rodents are sensitive to ultrasonic sound waves (sound waves above the human range of frequency detection). Some companies have produced (allegedly) rodent repellant devices that emit ultrasonic waves with frequencies of approximately 45 kHz. Assuming a speed of sound of 344 m/s, determine the wavelength of these sounds waves. 2. On a recent PE-sponsored adventure education program, students went hiking at Devil's Head State Park. At one point, Jeremy let out a holler which reflected off a nearby rocky cliff and was detected as an echo 1.80 seconds later. Determine the distance to the rocky cliffs. Assume a speed of sound of 344 m/s. ASSIGNMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM I NTEN DED LEA RNI N G OU TC OMES ❖ Students will be able to explain the concepts of EMS (Environmental Management System) ❖ Students will be able to discuss the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) process ❖ Students to identify the environmental aspects and the potential impacts in their particular industries  EN VIRONMEN TAL MAN AGE MEN T S YS T EM ❖ What is EMS? - a framework used by an organization to identify, manage and reduce environmental impacts of its operations and activities to deliver services - it also serves as a tool to address risk associated with threats and take advantage of opportunities in the workplace ❖ What is ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 14001:2015 and its relevance to EMS? - a certification that aims to provide organization a structure for EMS to ensure that all operational processes are consistent, effective and will achieve its environmental objectives ❖ Is the DENR implementing the EMS? - In December 2015, the DENR became the first government agency in the country to be certified under the new version of ISO 14001:2015 - In December 2018, the agency was recertified, audited and awarded with Certificate No. PH16/1341, valid until January 2022  EN VIRONMEN TAL MAN AGE MEN T S YS T EM ❖ Why are we implementing EMS? 1. Ensure that processes and activities are in accordance with good environmental management consistent with ISO 14001:2015; 2. Become a role model of and influence other government agencies and the private sector to practice sound environmental performance in their offices. 3. Be more efficient; and 4. Practice self-regulation. ❖ What are the benefits and advantages of EMS? Through EMS, environmental aspects can be controlled hat will lead to: 1. Prevention of environmental liability; 2. Improvement of environmental performance; 3. Provision of assurance to stakeholders; 4. Lower environmental risk; 5. Favorable experience in Quality Management System; and 6. Competitive advantage.  KEY EMS CONCEPTS To build and sustain an effective EMS, management must communicate to all employees the importance of : making the environment an organizational priority (thinking of effective environmental management as fundamental to the organization’s survival) building environmental management in everywhere (thinking about the environment as part of product and process Most EMS models (including the recently issued ISO 14001 Standard) are built on the “Plan, Do, development, among other activities) Check, Act” model. This model endorses the concept of continual improvement. looking at problems as opportunities (identifying problems, determining root causes and preventing their recurrence) STEP-BY-STEP ACT ION PL AN The first step in the EMS-building process is gaining top management’s commitment to supporting the EMS. The champion should have the necessary authority, an understanding of the organization, and project management skills. Costs will likely include staff and employee time, training, some consulting assistance, materials, and possibly some equipment (such as a computer or word processor). The schedule should consider the various tasks described below, among others. A team with representation from key management functions and production or service areas can identify and assess issues, opportunities, and existing processes. Employees are a great source of knowledge on environmental and health & safety issues related to their areas as well as on the effectiveness of current processes and procedures.  STEP-BY-STEP ACT ION PL AN Evaluate your organization’s structure and its procedures, policies, environmental impacts, training programs, and other factors. The modified plan should describe in detail the key actions needed, who will be responsible, what resources are needed, and when the work will be completed. This might involve modifying existing environmental procedures or adapting other business procedures (such as quality or health & safety management procedures) for EMS purposes. In some cases, you might need to develop new procedures While you will likely need to modify your EMS over time, try to avoid making your EMS so rigid that you must change it frequently to reflect the realities of your operation. As a first step, train your employees on the EMS, especially with regard to the environmental impacts of their activities, any new / modified procedures, and any new responsibilities. Assessment of EMS performance provides the opportunity to improve the system and your environmental performance over time. KEY ELEMENTS OF EMS E N V I R O N M E N TA L P O L I C Y ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY EXAMPLES E N V I R O N M E N TA L A S P E C T S A N D I M PA C T S Your EMS should include a procedure to identify the environmental aspects that your organization: can control, and over which it can have an influence.  TECHNIQUES FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS  TECHNIQUES FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS SC OR IN G GU ID E FOR EN V I RO NM EN TA L ASP EC TS EVA LUAT I ON  EN V IRON MEN TAL I MPAC T SYS TEM EIS (Environmental Impact Statement) supplementary document, which is prepared for every proposed ECP or project found within an ECA contains the probable impacts of the project which have been discerned from conducting the EIA full-blown study that establishes detailed baseline characteristics of the land, air, water, biota and people in the host site and vicinities of a proposed project Shall provide detailed statement on the following:  W H AT I S A N E I A ? ❖ Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process that involves predicting and evaluating the likely impacts of a project on the environment (land, water, air, flora, fauna and people) at various stages (construction, commissioning, operation and abandonment) of the project development. ❖ Detailed study to determine the type and level of effects an existing facility is having, or a proposed project would have, on the environment. ❖ It also involves the development of appropriate preventive, mitigating and enhancement measures that will protect the environment from the identified impacts. These measures are formulated into environmental management and monitoring plans.  W H AT I S A N E I A ? ❖ EIA process is implemented by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Environmental Management Bureau(EMB) - Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PEISS) PD 1586 (PHILIPPINE EIS SYSTEM) established on 11 June 1978 Established to facilitate the attainment & maintenance of a rational & orderly balance between socio‐economic growth & environmental protection introduced the concept of Environmentally Critical Projects (ECP) and projects within Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA) as projects requiring the submission of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) No person, partnership or corporation shall undertake or operate any such declared ECP or project within an ECA without first securing an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)  ENVIRONMENTALLY CRTICI AL PROJECTS AND AREAS PRESIDENTIAL PROCLAMATION 2146 - “Proclaiming Certain Areas and Types of Projects as Environmentally Critical and Within the Scope of the Environmental Impact Statement System under PD 1586” - issued on December 14, 1981 - identified the ECPs and categorized into (1) heavy industries; (2) resource extractive industries, and (3) infrastructures projects, and ECAs ENVIRONMENTALLY CRTICI AL PROJECTS AND AREAS  ENVIRONMENTALLY CRTICI AL PROJECTS AND AREAS Environmentally Critical Areas. An area is considered an environmentally critical area (ECA) if it exhibits any of the following characteristics: (i) areas declared by law as national parks, watershed reserves, wildlife preserves, and sanctuaries; (ii) areas set aside as aesthetic, potential tourist spots; (iii) areas which constitute the habitat for any endangered or threatened species of indigenous Philippine wildlife; (iv) areas of unique historic, archeological, geological, or scientific interests; (v) areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural communities or tribes; (vi) areas frequently visited and or hard-hit by natural calamities (geologic hazards, floods, typhoons, volcanic activity, etc.); (vii) areas with critical slopes; (viii) areas classified as prime agricultural lands; (ix) recharged areas of aquifers; (x) water bodies; (xi) mangrove areas; and (xii) coral reefs.  W H AT I S A N E C C ? ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE CERTIFICATE CONTENTS OF THE ECC Outlines the commitments of the proponent ▪ Scope of project or undertaking which are necessary for the project ▪ Conditions conformed by the proponent to ▪ to comply with existing environmental implement mitigating measures for regulations or potentially negative impacts and ▪ to operate within the best environmental enhancement measures for potentially practice that are not currently covered by positive impacts existing laws ▪ Recommendations to concerned permitting, deciding and monitoring VALIDITY OF THE ECC entities ▪ Once project is implemented, ECC remains valid and active for the lifetime of the project (unless otherwise specified); EXPIRATION OF THE ECC ▪ Not implemented w/in 5 years from ECC ▪ The continued validity of the ECC sustains issuance the active commitments of the Proponent to comply with ECC conditions and with environmental