ENGLISH-REVIEWER.pdf

ENGLISH REVIEWER < THE GODS AND GODDESSES OF GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY> p.2 1. Cronus ( saturn) - father of zeus, poseidon, hera, demeter, hades, hestia 2. Rhea (ops) - wife of cronus 3. Zeus (jupiter) - the supreme god 4. Hera(juno) - wife of zeus and queen of the go...

ENGLISH REVIEWER < THE GODS AND GODDESSES OF GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY> p.2 1. Cronus ( saturn) - father of zeus, poseidon, hera, demeter, hades, hestia 2. Rhea (ops) - wife of cronus 3. Zeus (jupiter) - the supreme god 4. Hera(juno) - wife of zeus and queen of the gods ; protector of marriage 5. Poseidon (neptune) - god of the sea 6. Hades (pluto/ dis) - god of the underworld 7. Demeter (ceres) - goddess of the earth/agriculture 8. Pallas Athena (minerva) - goddess of wisdom 9. hestia (vesta) - goddess of the hearth 10. aphrodite (venus) - goddess of beauty 11. Apollo (apollo) - god of poetry, music, medicine, and light; the most greek among gods 12. Hephaestus (vulcan) - the god of fire and craftmanship 13. ares (mars) - god of war 14. Persephone (proserpina) - the wife of hades; queeb of the underworld 15. Hermes (mercury) - messenger of the gods 16. Eros (cupid) - god of love 17. Dionysus (bacchus) - god of wine, music and fertitlity 18. artemis (diana) - goddess of hunt Mt. Olympus - home of the gods  Zeus - ultimate ruler of all. Thunder, eagle, bull, oak, aegis.  Poseidon - god of the sea.Storm and calm (earth shaker). Brother of zeus. First to give a horse and bull man. Trident. Wife amphitrite.  Hades - god of underworld. God of wealth. Has a dog with 3 heads called cerberus. Wife persephone. Has a invisibility helmet  Athena - has no mother. Gray eyed/ flashing eyed. Battle goddess, goddess of wisdom and handicraft. Zeus’s favorite child and virgin. Owl. Parthenon (temple)  Hera - sister and wife of zeus. Protector of marriage. Cow, peacock. Punishes many women zeus fell in love with  Apollo - god of music, poetry, medicine and light. Most talented and most greek among the gods. Gifted someone the gift of prophecy. Sun god, archer god  Artemis - goddess of hunt and moon, protector of the forest. Virgin. Twin of apollo.  Aphrodite - aphros(foam) goddess of love and beauty. Daughter of zeus. Husband is hepheastus but cheated on him with his brother ares. Dove, sparrow, and swan. Tree - myrtle  Hermes - son of zeus. Messenger of god/ master thief. Caduceus. Most cunning and shrewdest.  Ares -god of war and courage. son of zeus and hera. Vulture. Sister eris. Adultery with aphrodite  Hephaestus - god of fire. Offcial husband of aphrodite. Son of hera (sometimes son of zeus and hera)  hestia - virgin goddess. Sister of zeus. Goddess of hearth/ fire. Symbol of home. Vestals (six virgin priestesses) [LESSER GODS OF OLYMPUS]  Eros - God of love  Hebe - Goddess of Youth  Iris - goddess of rainbow  Graces - Aglaia (splendor), Euphrosyne ( Mirth), Thalia (Good cheer)  Muses - 9 Muses [ Lesser Gods of the water]  Ocean - Lord of the River  Pontus - deep sea  Nereus - old man of the sea  Triton - trumpeter ( great shell) of the sea  Proteus - sometimes Poseidon’s son, sometimes attendant  Naiads - water nymphs dwelling in smaller bodies of water [Lesser Gods of the underworld]  Tartarus - prison and Erebus - where the dead pass  Charon - carrying souls to underworld  Erinyes or Furies - punisher of evildoers [Lesser gods of the Earth]  Pan - the chief  Silenus - jovial fat - old man  Sileni - half man, half horse (2 legs)  Satyrs - goat men  Centaurs - half man, half horse (4 legs). Chiron chief of the centaurs  Gorgons - earth dwellers  Graiae - three grey women  Sirens - chanting voices  Fates - trio - Clotho (spinner), Lachesis (disposer of lots), Atropos (cuts the thread of death)  The Judgement of Paris occurred at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. The wedding was a grand event, and only one goddess, Eris, was not invited. Eris was the goddess of discord. She was angry about her slight and decided to send a gift. This gift was a golden apple, sometimes called the apple of discord. On it, she wrote, KALLISTI or "for the fairest." She did not say who the fairest was. Three goddesses became embroiled in a beauty contest because of the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. The three goddesses wen to Zeus. Zeus did not want to have to choose who was the fairest and gave the task to Paris, a prince of Troy who was exiled because of a prophecy that said he will cause destruction to his kingdom (Oenone - the wife of paris). He chose Paris because the man was known to make fair judgments and not to take bribes. And the goddesses went to him immediately. The goddesses, however, were not content to let their beauty be the ultimate determining factor. They each tried to bribe Paris. Hera offered the whole world to Paris; Athena offered to make him the greatest warrior (he will win all fight) and the most knowledgeable of all men; Aphrodite offered him the hand of the most beautiful mortal woman. Paris chose Aphrodite as the fairest. As such, she gave him the hand of Helen - of sparta who is married to King menelaus, the most beautiful mortal woman. Then the Illiad war began.  Helen of sparta - real mother and father is zeus and lethe and adopted father is king tyndareus. All the young prince in greece wanted to marry her, there were so many suitors and from powerful families, that his father was afraid to select one among them, fearing that the chosen husband would unite against him. So king tyndareus made them an oath from all that they would champion the cause of Helen’s husband, whoever he might be, if any wrong was done to him through his marriage. It was, after all, to each man's advantage to take the oath, since each was hoping he would be the person chosen, so they all bound themselves to punish to the uttermost anyone who carried or tried to carry Helen away. Then Tyndareus chose Menelaus. the brother of Agamemnon, and made him King of Sparta as well. RECOLLECTION: The war has its roots in the wedding of King Peleus and the sea- nymph Thetis. When the gods decide not to invite Eris, she is angered and introduces Discord to the banquet hall in the form of a golden apple inscribed with the words “For the Fairest.” The vain goddesses argue over who deserves the apple, and the field is narrowed down to Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite. Paris, the son of King Priam of Troy, is selected to judge. All three try to bribe Paris: Hera offers power, Athena offers success in battle, and Aphrodite offers the most beautiful woman in the world—Paris chooses Aphrodite. STARTS :Unfortunately, the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen, is already married to King Menelaus of Sparta. Visiting Menelaus, Paris, with Aphrodite’s help, betrays his host’s hospitality and kidnaps Helen back to Troy. All the Greek kings have at one time courted Helen, so her mother has made them all swear to always support whomever she might choose. When Helen is abducted, the only men who resist conscription are Odysseus, who does not want to leave his home and family so he pretended to be crazy (sowing the field with salt instead of seed), and Achilles, whose father knows he is fated to die at Troy and holds him back. In the end, however, they join the rest of the Greeks (kasi nabuking sila, ginamit nung messenger sa greek yung anak ni odysseus na si telemachus kaya na prove na hindi sya baliw tas kay achilles naman ay pinapunta sa court ng Lycomedes ng kanyang nanay at pinasuot ng damit ng babae at pinatago among sa mga maidens tas pinadala si odysseus para hanapin si achilles, nahanap sya ni odysseus kasi naglalaro sya ng swords and daggers) and sail united against Troy. Thousand ships are on their way to troy, they met at one place called Aulis with strong wind tides. En route, the fleet angers Artemis (the greeks slayed a hare), who stops the winds from blowing. To appease her, they need a royal sacrifice who is also a maiden, the chief of the Greeks, Agamemnon, is forced to sacrifice his own daughter, Iphigenia (Agamemnon wrote a letter to her wife saying their daughter was marrying Achilles but the moment Iphigenia reached the altar she died). They now begin to sail again and there was a place called Simois (it is said that the first man to step and leave this place will die). Protisilaus was declared as a hero because he jump on the shore and the moment he arrived there was a trojan spear that went to him and he died. Hermes was called to bring the soul of Protisilaus for her wife Laodamia who killed herself to be reunited with Protesilaus. The battle goes back and forth for nine years. The Trojans, led by Priam’s son, Hector, finally gain an advantage when Agamemnon kidnaps the daughter of the Trojan priest of Apollo. Achilles has warned against this, and he is justified when Apollo’s fiery arrows nearly destroy the Greek army. Calchas, a Greek prophet, convinces Agamemnon to free the girl, but Agamemnon demands a replacement in the form of Achilles’ prize female captive, Briseis. Furious, Achilles withdraws his troops from battle. Without Achilles, the Greeks seem doomed. The gods have been evenly split thus far: Aphrodite, Ares, Apollo and Artemis on the side of the Trojans; Hera, Athena, and Poseidon take the Greek side. But Thetis persuades the hitherto neutral Zeus to help the Trojans. Menelaus defeats Paris in combat, however. Aphrodite saves Paris’s life, and the armies agree to a truce. But Hera is bent on war, so she makes a Trojan named Pandarus break the truce. When the battle starts again, the great Greek warrior Diomedes nearly kills the Trojan Aeneas, whom Apollo saves. Diomedes even wounds Ares himself.The Greeks hold their own until Zeus remembers his promise to Thetis and comes down to the battlefield. The Trojans drive the Greeks back toward their ships. That night, Agamemnon agrees to return Briseis, but when Odysseus goes to ask Achilles to accept the apology, he receives a flat refusal. The next day the Greeks lose again without Achilles and are driven even closer to their ships. But then Hera decides to seduce Zeus and give the Greeks an advantage. While the two divinities are indisposed, the great Greek warrior Ajax nearly kills Hector. Discovering the deception, Zeus angrily commands Poseidon to abandon the Greeks, and the Trojans press forward. As the Greeks near defeat, Achilles’s best friend, Patroclus, can restrain himself no longer. He convinces Achilles to lend him his armor, thinking that even if Achilles refuses to fight, he himself can help the Greeks by pretending to be Achilles and thus frightening the Trojans. Leading Achilles’ men, the Myrmidons, into battle, Patroclus fights valiantly but is killed by Hector’s spear. Achilles grieves terribly and decides to return to battle to avenge this death. Thetis, seeing she can no longer hold her son back, gives him armor made by Hephaestus himself.The Trojans soon retreat inside their impenetrable walls through the huge Scaean gates. Only Hector remains outside, clad in Achilles’ own armor taken from Patroclus’s corpse. Hector and Achilles, the two greatest warriors of the Trojan War, finally face one another. When Hector sees that Athena stands by Achilles’ side while Apollo has left his own, he runs away from Achilles. They circle around and around the city of Troy until Athena disguises herself as Hector’s brother and makes him stop. Achilles catches up with Hector, who realizes the deception. They fight, and Achilles, aided by Athena, kills Hector with his spear. Achilles is still so filled with rage over Patroclus’s death that he drags Hector’s body over the ground, mutilating it. He takes it back to the Greek camp and leaves it beside Patroclus’s funeral pyre for dogs to devour. Such disrespect for a great warrior greatly displeases the gods, who convince Priam to visit Achilles and retrieve Hector’s body. Priam speaks to Achilles, who sees the error of his ways. The Iliad ends with Hector’s funeral.