English 9 Exam Reviewer PDF

English 9 Exam Reviewer Difference of Poetry, Poem, and Poet Poetry - to make or create Poem - something created (works of an artist/poet) Poet - the creator Poetry - ancient art which was born as an oral form and accompanied by simple music and dance. It expresses what people regarded as meanin...

English 9 Exam Reviewer Difference of Poetry, Poem, and Poet Poetry - to make or create Poem - something created (works of an artist/poet) Poet - the creator Poetry - ancient art which was born as an oral form and accompanied by simple music and dance. It expresses what people regarded as meaningful in their lives. TOPICS OF POETRY : natural disaster births and deaths brave actions dangerous battles battles, etc. often part of religious rites poets and listeners enjoyed playing with words, choosing, and arranging them to produce music and meaning. Rhyming Words Repetition if similar sounds of words occuring within the line (Internal rhyme) or at the end of the lines (end rhyme) It is a tool that brings rhythm and musicality in poems. Offers a pleasing effect and mnemonic devices for memorization. Sound Devices Is a tool employed in verse plays, poetry, and prose to emphasize VARIOUS SOUNDS. TYPES OF SOUND DEVICES : Alliteration - repeats the consonant of the beginning of the word. - cabin, campfire, cat, cap  Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds within the word. - beat, meat, heat, seat, neat Consonance - repetition of consonant sounds at the middle or end of a word. Interjections - exclaim, protest or command. Wow! Yey! Yippie! Yuck! Ew! Uhm Oh Eh Alas Ouch! Transitional Devices 1. Chronological Order - telling someone the order of something. First, then/second/next/after that, Lastly/finally/in conclusion/to sum it all up/last but not the least 2. Spatial Order - telling someone the location of a thing/object. here, there, beneath, beyond, sidewards, onwards, upwards, forward, backward 3. Order of Importance - from most important to least important. 4. Comparison and Contrast - words that compare and contrast 2 different objects. like, similar to, also, unlike, similarly, in the same way, likewise, again, compared to, in contrast, in like manner, contrasted with, on the contrary, however, althoygh, yet, even though, still, but, nevertheless, conversely, at the same time, regardless, despite, while, on the other hand 5. Developmental Order * MONKEY'S PAW * THE SCARLET LETTER Common Text Types  Narrative Text - it tells a story and can either be fiction or nonfiction. These typucally have a beginning, middle, and end, and they can use characters, setting, and plot to create the story. Descriptive Text - creates a picture with words using vivid language to describe people, places, things, or events. These can be found in a variety of genres, including essays and poetry. Expository Text - explains or informs by presenting facts, definitions, or processes in a clear and concise way. It can be found in a variety of genres, including textbooks, news articles, and informational books for children. Procedural or instructional text - explains how to do somrthing through step-by-step explanations, often accompanied by numbered diagrams, illustrations, or photographs. Argumentative or persuasive text - tries to persuade the reader to agree with a particular point of view, by using evidence, logic, and reasoning to support the claims. It can be found in essays, editorials, and speeches. Text Structures - refers to the way authors organize information in text. It is the "skeleton" that gives "shape" and organizes the ideas within a text. Understanding how a text is organized makes it easier to understand the author's meaning -- and helps the students focus attention on key concepts and relationships. It can be taught by showing students examples of different text structures, using graphic organizers, and by teaching signal words that are clues to the structures. The 5 Common Text Structure Description Cause and Effect Compare and Contrast Chronology/Sequence Problem and Solution Text Signals - are clues to identifying the structure in a text, words, or phrases that indicate what kind of text structure a reader will encounter as they read. This can help readers understand the purpose of the text and how information is organized. Text structures found in different text types Narrative text - often the easiest for students to identify and understand. Most young readers are familiar eith the language of stories (sometimes callrd "story grammar") Exposition : includes the setting, characters, and conflict of the story. Rising Action : introduces the challenges and obstacles that the characters face. Climax : the turning point of the story, where the conflict is resolved. Falling Action : describes the afteath of the climax as the characters deal with the consequences of their actions. Resolution : ties up any loose ends and brings the story to a close. Narrative texts can include many of the common text structures; description, cause-effect, chronology/sequence, and problem-solution. Descriptive Text - mixes different text structures in creating a vivid, multi-sensory picture in the reader's mind. The most common text structures found in descriptive text are description and compare-contrast. Expository Text - can be more challenging for young readers than narrative text because it doesn't follow a typical sequence of events unfolding over time. It can also include all five of the common text structures, requiring readers to identify which structure is being used and for what purpose. " Considerate Texts " - a concept introduced by Bonnie Armbruster and her colleagues ( Armbruster & Anderson, 1988 ) -- is the text that is "user-friendly" and easy to read and comprehend by a wide range of readersm When a text uses structures that are easy for the reader to identtify, it's more likely the reader will grasp the central ideas of the text. "Considerate" texts also support comprehension through features such as a plain language introduction, a clear sequence of topics, headings and subheads, vocabulary defined in context, the use of cohesive eords and simple-to-understand tables, charts, and diagrams. Procedural or Intructional text - typically uses chronology/sequence text structure to describe a step-by-step process. Argumentative or Persuasive Text - also mixes the different text structures. The most common text structures found in argumentstive text are description, cause-effect, compare-contrast, and problem-solution. It usually follows the pattern: Claim : the main point of the argument. Reasons - the supporting statements that the author uses to prove their claim. Evidence : the data or information that the author uses to support their reasons. Counterclaims - the opposing arguments that the author addresses. Rebuttals - the responses that the author provides to the counterclaims. - TEXT STRUCTURES - Description - describes or explains a topic, idea, person, place, or thing to give the reader a menral picture. Example : a book about animals describes the different kinds of whales and their habitats or the life cycle of frogs. A book about deserts describe the unique flora and fauna of that ecosystem. Signal words, phrases and question Characteristics Location Appearance Signal Questions What (things, people, events, for example in front of looks like components, or steps) are described? What does it look for instance beside seems like? such as near appears What does it do? gives the is like next to How does it work? appearance of including on top of to illustrate below behind Cause and Effect - tells why something happened (cause) and what happened (effect). Example : a book about weather shows how specific weather patterns can cause extreme weather such as a blizzatd or a hurricane. a book about volcanoes describes how eruptions occur when an opening develops in the Earth's crust and the molten (magma) is forced through the crack. Signal Words, phrases, and questions.  Signal words or phrases Signal Questions Because what happened? as a result what caused it to happen? therefore why did it happen? consequently hence thus for this reason due to Compare and Contrast - examines the similarities and differences between two or more people, events, concepts, and ideas. Example: a book about ancient greece explains how the spartan women were different from the athenian women. a book about moths and butterflies describes how they are similar and how they are different. Signal Words, Phrases, and questions  Compare Contrast Signal Questions like differ What is being compared? alike but How are they the same? both in contrast to How are they different? also however similar on the other hand too unlike just like just as Chronology/Sequence - describes items or events in order, or explains the steps to follow. Example : a book about the american revolution lists the ecents leading to the war. a book about bees explains how bees make honey. Signal Words, phrases, and questions  Signal words or phrases Signal Questions First, second, third, etc. What happened first, next, last? What order or sequence did the author tell next you about the people, events, or steps? then Do they have to happen in this order? finally after before during while when Problem and Solution - sets up a problem or problems, explains the solution, and then discusses the effects of the solution. Example: a book about climate change explains what causes it wnd what we can do to reverse the dangers. Signal words, phrases, and questions  Signal Words or Phrases Questions and answers Signal Questions What is the problem problem is who here? dilemma is what Why is this a problem? Does the author solution is why describe a solution? Is anything being done one solution is where to try to solve the problem? What are some another solution is when possible solution/s? to solve the problem how in order to solve the which problem do you know BASIC STEPS IN TEACHING TEXT STRUCTURE : Before Reading Choose the assigned reading and introduce the text to the students. Introduce the idea that texts have organizational patters callrd text structures. Introduce the following common text structures. During and after reading Show examples of paragraphs that correspond to each text structure. Examine topic sentences and other text signals that clue the reader to a specific structure. Model the writing of a paragraph that uses a specific text structure. Have students try write paragraphs that follow a specific text structure. Have students diagram these structures using a graphic organizer. ADDITIONAL TIPS FOR UNDERSTANDING THESE TEXT STRUCTURES : Pay Attention to the title and headings. These often give clues about the text structures.  Think about the purpose of the text. What is the author trying to communicate? Ask yourself questions. What are the main points of the text? How are the ideas connected? NOTE : Text Structures and Text Types are not the same.