English Reviewer: Linear and Non-Linear Text PDF

**ENGLISH REVIEWER** **LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR TEXT** Reading Path -- the way the text or the text plus other features can determine or order the way that we read it LINEAR TEXT \- traditional text; needs to be read from beginning to end \- also called linear reading \- most common type of readi...

**ENGLISH REVIEWER** **LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR TEXT** Reading Path -- the way the text or the text plus other features can determine or order the way that we read it LINEAR TEXT \- traditional text; needs to be read from beginning to end \- also called linear reading \- most common type of reading \- readers makes sense of the text according to the grammatical and syntactic (syntax: the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences) arrangement of the words - follows an order of sequence - examples: textbooks, newspapers, journals, magazines, novels etc. NON-LINEAR TEXT - non-sequential - readers make sense of the text in many different paths - any text that is read not from beginning to end - includes text with visuals or graphs - follows skimming (a reading technique meant to look for main or general ideas in a text, without going into detailed and exhaustive reading) to obtain specific information - does not follow an order or sequence - examples: pie chart, tables, graphs, histogram etc. - one good feature of non-linear text is to do away with lengthy stories - only takes the most essential information through visual representation like graphic organizers - way of organizing key details from a text - has 8 lines that represents different aspects of the story - includes the plot of the story - objective, verifiable, states reality, logical and rational, accurate information, accurate information - statement that can be proven true - can be verified or checked for accuracy by everyone - subjective, unverifiable, personal ideas, interprets reality, based on one's experiences - something that someone thinks or feel - subjective and relative - words or phrases used to show feelings, emotions and attitude towards something - helpful clues in the form of words and phrases that assist in identifying opinion statements - found mostly at the beginning of sentences and introduce one's opinion - express opinions - value judgement and interpretations - often loaded with emotion **MULTIMODAL TEXTS** - refers to communication that involves the use of multiple modes of forms of expressions, such as written language, images, sound and gestures 3. TYPES OF MULTIMODAL TEXTS 1. LIVE: presented in real-time - Dance: expression through movements - Oral presentation: delivery of ideas in public 2. DIGITAL: created and presented digitally, can be static or interactive - Film: series of moving images - Animation: figures that appear to be moving - Slideshow - E-story - Digital story 3. PAPER BASED: presented on physical paper, often combines text with visual text - Infographics: combination of images, charts and data to present quick and clear information - Graphic text: presented information through the use of words in diagrams and drawings - Poster: large printed pictures or notice for advertising and decorations - Comic: medium of narration using images and text - Picture: image or drawing representing a topic - Multimodal text is a valuable tool for effective communication, learning and inclusion. By combining various modalities, it can enhance understanding, engagement and accessibility, making it a powerful medium for conveying information. **DIFFERENT VIEWING GENRES** - Genre is a French word which means "kind" or "type", and is a way of categorizing films and TV programmes. Also used in classification and literary works, films, broadcast programs and popular music either by their content or by their specific audience. - **News:** shows that are used to inform public about the latest updates in the world, country and community - **Animated:** cartoons you see om TV, their themes may vary as well as the target age group (some are for toddlers and kids, while some are for teenagers) - **Drama:** shows that are highly emotional and the story always had sad parts (conflict in families, betrayals etc.) However, not all endings are sad. Usually, the protagonist prevails the end. - **Variety show:** shows that includes games, song-and-dance performances and other segments - **Horror:** these shows are intended to scare people, usually by employing supernatural beings like ghost. - **Comedy:** these shows are intended to entertain viewers through jokes and pranks - **Educational:** shows that are highly informational and can be intended for children, teenagers or adults. - **Fantasy:** shows that uses unrealistic character and plots, usually including magic and supernatural creatures. - **Children:** shows for children and are almost always educational, may or not be animated. IMPORTANCE OF VIEWING GENRES - Categorizing movies, shows into their genres can make it easier for the viewer to discover what he/she likes, will want to want to see and what to avoid. **COMPARE AND CONTRAST CONVICTIONS** COMPARISON WORDS \- comparison words signal that the author is pointing out a similarity between two objects, they tell you that the second idea is like the first one in some way. Here are some comparison words: Also equally In like manner Like alike similarly Just as In the same way CONTRAST WORDS -signal a change in the direction of the writer's thought, they tell you the author is pointing out a difference between two subjects or statements. Here are some contrast words: but however in contrast variation yet differ conversely difference still on the contrary on the other hand otherwise Another way of expressing comparison and contrast is by using graphic organizers - Venn Diagram: kind of graphic organizer that uses overlapping circles to show comparison and contrast of ideas - T-chart: used to analyze similarities and differences between two things by placing individual characteristics **POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE MESSAGES** POSITIVE MESSAGE - A type of communication that provides good news, acceptance, encouragement or congratulations - This message helps in maintaining good relationships to other people because of its pleasant effect to the receiver of the message NEGATIVE MESSAGE - Rejections or discouragements that can create a hardship for a person emotionally - This is sometimes delivered with rudeness, although, some people use this message unaware of its effect to the receiver of the message INDIRECT APPROACH - An approach where negative statement is delivered with a positive buffer statement before proceeding with the negative message DIRECT APPROACH - An approach where the main point of the speaker is said in straightforward manner. This is used in news and in giving information or direction. BUFFER - It is a sentence that is used to cushion bad news in a negative message Example: the underline word is a buffer "[We are genuinely sorry for the inconvenience], but we have to transfer you to another bus." WAYS TO TRANSFORM NEGATIVE MESSAGES TO POSITIVE ONE 1. WORD CHOICE - Subtle word choice changes can have a big effect on the overall tone of a message - For example: state what to do rather than what not to do Negative: avoid negative language when possible Positive: use positive language when possible 2. EMPHASIZE - Emphasize what is the case rather than what is not - For example: Negative: The meeting room can only fit 20 people due to limited sitting. Positive: The meeting room has seating for up to 20 people. Minimize negative language - Sometimes, stating something in a negative is necessary, such as message that involve denying a request, rejecting a suggestion or offering negative criticism - Adding a qualifying buffer before negative content and a positive ending will ease the negativity of the message for you reader.