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Africa & The Far East: Awesome Ancients The main message or main idea of a Ancient Civilization story. The relics of ancient African and Far Eastern Civilizations. Elements...

Africa & The Far East: Awesome Ancients The main message or main idea of a Ancient Civilization story. The relics of ancient African and Far Eastern Civilizations. Elements The characters, plot, setting, conflict, resolution, and other aspects of a story Epic that support the theme. Epic Poems Narrate the important events in an epic The Epic Hero Gilgamesh hero’s life. Gilgamesh Long narrative poem that is usually He is said to be two-thirds god and one about heroic deeds and events. third man. Significant to the culture of the poet. Extraordinarily strong, beautiful, and terrifying. Epic Story He rules Uruk but has a tendency to be A narrative text that is loosely based on cruel. historical or quasi-historical characters So the gods decide to give him a and events. companion to help him improve. Some epics originate from specific oral histories, while some epics are Background amalgamations of several different oral Northern Iraq histories. 5,000 years ago Sumerian Civilization Epic Conventions Cuneiform 1. Larger than life First “book” 2. Vast Scope 3. Supernatural and/or otherworldly Summary of The Epic of Gilgamesh themes The “Epic of Gilgamesh” is one of the oldest 4. Formal, grand, or extravagant language known works of literature, originating from 5. Objective and omniscient persona ancient Mesopotamia. It tells the story of Describes the hero/epic hero in the Gilgamesh, the king of Uruk, who is two-thirds most objective way. god and one-third human. Despite his All knowing greatness, he is a tyrant, and his people suffer 6. May be a god, a demigod, a mortal under his rule. protected by gods. 7. Supernatural/human acts To temper his arrogance, the gods create Enkidu, a wild man who embodies the natural Connected Events world. Enkidu eventually befriends Gilgamesh, Develop the main message or theme of and together they embark on epic adventures, a selection and, thereby, contribute to including slaying the monster Humbaba and the totality of a material viewed. killing the Bull of Heaven sent by the goddess Theme Ishtar.  Heroine After Enkidu's death as punishment from the gods, Gilgamesh is devastated. His grief leads Formal Definition Informal Definition him on a quest for immortality. He seeks out A heroine is a female A heroine is a strong, Utnapishtim, the only human granted eternal character in inspiring woman who life, who recounts the story of the flood that literature, film, or does something wiped out humanity. Utnapishtim ultimately other narrative forms brave or admirable, tells Gilgamesh that immortality is reserved for who is admired for often saving the day the gods and encourages him to accept his her courage, or overcoming mortality. outstanding challenges. achievements, or noble qualities. In the end, Gilgamesh returns to Uruk, where he learns to embrace his humanity and the legacy of his accomplishments, realizing that his true Relics immortality lies in the lasting impact he has on Proofs that something existed his people. The epic explores themes of (artifacts). friendship, the quest for meaning, and the acceptance of mortality. Advance Organizers Help readers understand a topic or text more easily. Formal & Informal Definitions They can be graphic organizers, such as Formal Definition tables, diagrams, or charts. A denotative, exact, explicit, or literal meaning of a word. Graphic Organizers Use formal language (serious tone, no Used to represent important informal expressions). information about a topic or text. A formal definition for “hero” might be “Heroes are people who are admired for their exceptional achievements, noble Persuasive Texts qualities, righteousness or Distinct Features virtuousness.” 1. “Powerful Verbs” Ex. Gilgamesh violently beat Enkidu in Informal Definition their duel. A connotative (based on ideas, feelings, associations, or overtones) meaning of 2. Words the evoke strong emotions a word. Uses words that appeal to their minds Often use informal language (causal and hearts. tone with informal expressions). 3. Use facts and statistics to bolster An informal definition for “hero” might arguments be: “Heroes are the ones who run to a Generally accepted truth/fact fight instead of away from it.” 4. Use personal pronouns  “I” “we” and “us” to get the audience to “painted.” agree. Similarities 5. Repeat words, phrases, or ideas for ❖ Reflexive and intensive pronouns are emphasis the words that end in -self or -selves. Rule of threes, rhythmic ❖ Myself, yourself, herself, itself, Ex. Enkidu, Enkidu, Enkidu ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. 6. Present on idea per paragraph, or one idea per verse only Mahabharata Christianity & Islam Reflexive and Intensive Pronoun Monotheism Intensive Pronouns Used to emphasize their antecedents. Hinduism Intensive pronouns are also called Polytheism emphatic pronouns. Popular in India, Nepal, Mauritius, and For example: Ian, himself, told me that I Indonesia. was his “epic” love. Espouses seven (7) main ideas: Reflexive Pronouns Used as a direct object when the object Aritha Prosperity through words of a sentence is the same as its subject. For example: Ian loves himself most of Dharma Ethics or duties all. Kama Desires or passions The Difference Karma Action and consequences Reflexive Pronouns Intensive Pronouns Moksha Liberation or ❖ Used as ❖ Used for salvation direct emphasis. objects. ❖ Teresita Samsara Reincarnation ❖ Example: herself Teresita painted the Yoga Practices for attaining painted mirror. Moksha herself ❖ “Herself” through a emphasizes mirror. that it was Summary of Mahabharata ❖ “Herself” is Teresita, not the direct anyone else, The “Mahabharata” is an ancient Indian epic object of the who painted that tells the story of the conflict between two verb the mirror. families, the Pandavas and the Kauravas, culminating in the great Kurukshetra War. Central to the narrative is the game of dice that Bhima leads to the Pandavas’ exile and their quest to Hateful reclaim their kingdom. Key themes include duty (dharma), moral dilemmas, and the Sons of complexities of family loyalty. The epic features Celestial Beings the *Bhagavad Gita*, a profound dialogue Pandava Main between Prince Arjuna and Lord Krishna on protagonists ethics and spirituality. Ultimately, the Pandavas of win the war but at great cost, leading to their Mahabharata eventual renunciation and journey towards liberation. Mythical Serpents Helped Mahabharata Nagas Bhima 200,000 verses long (seven (7) times Regained longer than Iliad and Odyssey). Consciousnes Vyasa (800-900 BC) s World’s longest poem Philosophical, moral, and religious tome Archaic Words (dharma) as well as a historical account. Ancient or “old-fashioned” words that Disturbing accounts of seemingly are seldom used today. wooden weapons of mass destruction. They are often found in religious stories Eerily accurate descriptions of modern and in historical books, shows, or nuclear weapons. movies. Characters Word Etymology Traces how words evolve or how words King of are translated. Hastinapur For example, the ancient Hebrew word Purified by “Meshiakh” (“anointed one,” “savior,” or Pandu Vedas Foster father “Messiah”) was translated into ancient of the Greek as “Christos,” which then evolved Pandavas into our modern-day “Christ.” Second Pandava Bhima Pandava Accoutrement Attire, clothing, or Extremely raiment strong Son of Vayu Aye An affirmative vote or voter/yes Son of Dhritarashtra Betwixt Between – Duryodhana Hostile Amidst/among towards  4. Describe God’s Kingdom. Ere Before – Afore/prior to 5. Explain God’s will. 6. Have a surprise twist. Espousal Nuptials/betrothal – Marriage/engagemen Summary of The Bible (Exodus 16:2-22; 32-25)1 t In Exodus 16:2-22, the Israelites, wandering in Forsooth Indeed – the desert after their escape from Egypt, Verily/certainly complain about the lack of food. God responds by providing manna, a miraculous bread-like Forthwith Posthaste/right away substance that appears each morning. The – Immediately Israelites are instructed to gather only what Hearken Heed/hear me out – they need for each day, with a double portion Listen allowed before the Sabbath, to ensure they rest. This teaches them dependence on God’s Heretofore Until now/previously provision. – Before now If soever If any/if at all – If ever In Exodus 16:32-35, God instructs the Israelites to gather manna, the bread from heaven, and to Mayhap Possibly/Probably – keep a jar of it as a reminder of His provision. Perhaps Moses tells them that this jar should be Methinks I think – It seems to preserved for future generations. The Israelites me ate manna for 40 years in the wilderness until they reached the land of Canaan. The passage Nay Negative – No emphasizes God's faithfulness in providing for Prithee Kindly/pretty please His people and the importance of remembering – Please His blessings. Visage Looks/appearance – Sensory Images Face Words that appeal to the five senses in order to create a mental image or evoke an experience. Parables & Elements of a Parable Parables Dream Vision Simple stories that use analogies to: (1) Plot devices whereby knowledge or provide a moral commentary on human truth is revealed to a main character, behavior, and (2) pass on folk wisdom or visionary, or hero in a dream. spiritual values. The Elements of Parables The Elements of a Dream Vision 1. Set in everyday life. 1. The main character falls asleep and has 2. Use examples and comparisons of a dream. people’s behavior or attitudes. 3. Describe God.  2. Images or symbols that are allegories for real-life people and events appear in Logos (Logic or Reason) the main character’s dream. The logical presentation and analysis of 3. The main character’s dream presents arguments and evidence. new perspectives and possible solutions Enough evidence to prove the claim. for real-life problems and concerns. Reasoning is logical. 4. The main character acts on the How are the testimonies structured? knowledge revealed in their dream Were the perspectives objectively vision. weighed? Why are parables very popular today? Pathos (Sympathy & Emotions) a. They have catchy maxims, profound A person’s attempt to elicit positive sayings, striking symbols, or memorable emotions from the audience. riddles. Share anecdotes relatable to them. b. Uses references to everyday objects, or Are the audience moved? allegories involving them in order to Did they feel empathy and concern over create an image in the audience’s the claims or arguments presented? minds. Persuasive Text Persuasion Persuasive Text Reconsider POV Typically structured around a central Commit to purchasing merchandise point supported by factual evidence and Invest in an action logical arguments. As a result, Influence actions persuasive texts are classified as Barter/Haggle non-fiction. While the central idea in a persuasive text can be an opinion, the Aristotle evidence supporting it must always be Aristotle, the ancient Greek fact. philosopher, suggested that any spoken or written communication intended to Before Writing persuade contains three key rhetorical 1. Select an issue that you would like to elements. write about. 2. Know your audience Ethos (Ethics) 3. Research for evidence A person’s believability and credibility. 4. Organize your essay Achievements related to the field. Integrity Values Is he/she believable? During Writing Has his/her character been a target of 1. Write an opening or introduction that criticisms? will grab the reader’s attention.  2. State your purpose clearly and c. Illustration convincingly. Paragraph 3 3. In the body, discuss the pieces of a. Topic sentence evidence that will strengthen and prove b. Explanation/Topic sentence your propositions. c. Illustration 4. The body must have at least three (3) paragraphs. III. Conclusion 5. Use simple language 6. Summarize the most important points and details in the conclusion. Sound Devices 7. End your conclusion with a Sound Devices recommendation, question, prediction, Literary techniques or quotation. Focus on the sound of words and how they are used in a piece of writing. After Writing 1. Edit your essay. Check for misspelled Alliteration words, missing punctuations, and wrong A literary device where the same first grammar. letter/s is/are repeated in a series of words in a sentence. Illustration For example: “Waiting for the MRT is an An illustration provides an example. An excruciatingly exasperating exercise.” or example might be used as a premise in “Witness with wide-eyed wonder while an argument, but a single example is I wolf down this whopping not an illustration. whale-burger.” Hook Ex. Listen as I explain the advantages of Assonance investing in green cars. A literary device where the same vowel sound is repeated within a series of Structure of a Persuasive Essay words in a sentence. I. Introduction For example: “Let’s meet at Cafe High a. Hook Street to beat the heat.” b. Thesis Statement (Mention your stand Onomatopoeia & arguments) A literary device where words that are phonetically similar to a particular II. Body sound are used to describe something. Paragraph 1 For example: “Can you hear the a. Topic sentence twittering terns?” or “Time is ticking b. Explanation/Topic sentence away.” c. Illustration Paragraph 2 a. Topic sentence Modals b. Explanation/Topic sentence Modal Verbs  Auxiliary verbs that are used to express the probability of an action or event. B. As verbs that express possibility. Examples of common modal verbs are May (Present Tense) Might (Past Tense) “can,” “could,” “may,” and “might.” 8. Edwin may 9. Edwin might Can and Could run for the run for the A. As verbs that express ability or post of city post of city mayor. mayor. certainty. Can (Present Tense) Could (Past Tense) 1. David can 2. David could sing the not sing the national national anthem now. anthem last month. B. As verbs that express permission. Can (Present Tense) Could (Past Tense) 3. You can 4. Mother said watch the that you concert could watch tonight. the concert tonight. C. As verbs that express a condition. Could (Past Tense) 5. You could watch the concert tonight if you would take the morning shift tomorrow. May and Might A. As verbs that express permission. (“May” is more formal and more polite than “can.”) May (Present Tense) Might (Past Tense) 6. May I leave 7. Jose asked if the room? he might leave the room.