English Proficiency 2 - Midterm Notes PDF

ENGLISH PROFICIENCY 2 METHODS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT WHAT IS A SENTENCE? Methods - If you do something by means of a A sent...

ENGLISH PROFICIENCY 2 METHODS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT WHAT IS A SENTENCE? Methods - If you do something by means of a A sentence is a group of words that talks particular method, instrument, or about one ideal. process, you do it using that method, instrument, or process. WHAT IS A PARAGRAPH? Paragraph development begins with the formulation of the controlling idea. This idea A paragraph is a group of sentences that directs the paragraph's development. Often, talks about one topic or one idea. A the controlling idea of a paragraph will paragraph usually begins wiht a sentence appear in the form of a topic sentence. In that expresses the main idea. this is the topic some cases, you may need more than sentence. a sentence to express a paragraph's ONE WAY TO DEVELOP A PARAGRAPH controlling idea. Topic sentence 1. DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH explanation example A descriptive paragraph or essay is explanation about the example characterized by the use of Adjectives. It tells evidence how something looks, feels, smells, tastes, explanation about evidence and/or sounds. A good description is a word another example picture; the reader can imagine the object, conclusion place, or person in their mind. When describing a person, you should speak about TYPES OF SUPPORTING SENTENCES that person's physical appearance and personality. Explain Describe ✓ What does s/he look like? (physically) Give reasons ✓ How does s/he dress? Give facts ✓ What does s/he look like? Give examples (personality) What attracts you to that person? ✓ What do you like most about them? CONCLUSION SENTENCE 1. Usually the last sentence Writing a descriptive paragraph can be a fun 2. It lets the reader know the paragraph has and rewarding task, as it allows you to use ended your creativity and descriptive language skills 3. Bring the paragraph to a logical to paint a vivid picture in the reader's mind. conclusion. Whether you're describing a person, place, Restating the main idea or thing, the key to how to write a descriptive Offering a suggestion, giving an paragraph is to use sensory details and opinion, or making a prediction. descriptive words to bring the subject to life. 2. NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH COMMON TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSIONS USED IN A NARRATIVE Narration: A story that is written to PARAGRAPH: explain what, when, and who. It reveals what a reader should learn. After Narration paragraphs are usually Finally written in progressive order. Soon As (soon as) A narrative paragraph demonstrates Later the development of a person through Then the chronological retelling of an Before important event. Meanwhile Upon They include novels, short stories, During comics, musicals, and plays. Next when Anything that really has a story could First be considered a narrative. Now While. Narrative paragraph tells a story or an event. It could be tale, novel, an Main Ideas in Paragraphs (Getting the account of one's life, natural Big Ideas) phenomena, or social events. WHAT'S THE BIG IDEA? It should make a clear point: it should bring to life a moral, lesson, or idea. Do you know how to find the "big ideas" in paragraphs? While it is true a narrative is a story, there is more in the telling of the story. ESSENTIAL PARTS IN PARAGRAPH The narrative, or story, needs to make the reader feel involved, teach Topics a lesson, help get an idea across, or Main Ideas feel emotionally about it. The narrative needs to explain who is in Supporting Details the story, tell what is happening, and when it happened. The topic 3 TIPS FOR FINDING A TOPIC sentence needs to be clear so the reader knows they are going to learn 1. Look for the subject of the first something from the story. The story sentence. Subjects are nouns itself is written in time, or (persons, places, things, or ideas). chronological order, as the events 2. Look for a word or phrase that is occured. frequently repeated or referred to. 3. Finally, ask: What do ALL the sentences in the paragraph deal with? DIFFICULTIES IN IDENTIFYING TOPICS ✓ A brief statement that ends in a plural noun may be used as a topic Sometimes the topic is not the sentence. subject of the first sentence. Sometimes the topic is not repeated. Keep these suggestions in mind. So, if the first 2 strategies don't help, here are steps to take: ✓ The topic sentence must include the topic within it. Look at the nouns within the ✓ A topic sentence must NOT include paragraph. Ask: What general term details; it is a general sentence. includes all or most of them? ✓ A topic sentence must NOT contain transitions (terms like "for instance, To Remember the Strategies--Use FiRST "second,"in addition" which suggest examples. - This mnemonic (memory trick) will ✓ A topic sentence may end in a plural help you recall the strategies for noun or contain a plural noun that is identifying topics of paragraphs. a general term for the supporting details. F is for subject of the First sentence. ✓ A sentence that is followed by a R is for a Repeated word or phrase. statement with a contrast term is NOT ST means that all sentences deal with the the topic sentence. Same Thing. Steps for Recognizing an Implied Main RECOGNIZING A MAIN IDEA Idea ✓ Also called controlling idea, central Read the entire paragraph. thought, or gist. Decide what the topic is. ✓ Called a thesis when referring to a Ask: What is the general idea that all passage or long selection. the sentences seem to support? ✓ May be stated or unstated (implied). Mentally compose a sentence that ✓ When stated in a sentence (s) by the seems to summarize all that the author, the main idea is expressed in paragraph has to say about the topic. the topic sentence(s). Then choose the best paraphrase of that sentence. Stated Main Ideas—Tips for Finding Topic Sentences The main idea you choose should 1. be a complete sentence, ✓ The most common place to find the 2. include the topic of the paragraph, stated main idea (topic sentence) in and non-fiction material is in the first 3. avoid specific details. sentence of a paragraph. ✓ The second most common place for a stated main idea is in the last sentence of a non-fiction paragraph. ✓ A topic sentence is a general or summary statement. METHODS OF PARAGRAPH The writer's main purpose is to tell DEVELOPMENT you what something is. ✓ EXEMPLIFICATION PARAGRAPH CONSIDER THE KEY POINTS IN ✓ DEFINITION PARAGRAPH WRITING DEFINITION PARAGRAPH EXEMPLIFICATION PARAGRAPH AND Start with a term that you want to ITS KEY POINTS define. Provide a basic definition of the term ✓ Exemplification Paragraph Expand the definition by simply giving - A type of paragraph in which its goal additional details. is to explain a term or a subject using Giving examples is optional but highly three different methods: providing a recommended. synonym, placing the topic within a Clarify any possible misconceptions larger context or providing an or common confusions around the explanation with what the topic really term. is. The writer's main purpose is to tell Make use of transitional devices to you what something is. ensure the smooth flow of your paragraph. CONSIDER THE KEY POINTS IN End with a summary or restatement WRITING EXEMPLIFICATION of the definition. PARAGRAPH DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEFINITION Clear topic sentence is a must have. PARAGRAPH Provide accurate examples that are relevant to the main idea. Definition by Negation Make sure that your examples are - It defines a term by explaining what it well-explained to support your topic. is not before clarifying what it is, Proper organization of your examples eliminating common in a logical order. misunderstanding. Make use of transitional devices to - maintain the flow of your paragraph. Operational Definition End your paragraph with a concluding sentence that wraps up - It defines a concept or term by your everything. explaining how it functions or how it is measured in specific situations. It is EXEMPLIFICAITON PARAGRAPH AND commonly used in technical, ITS KEY POINTS scientific, or research contexts, where precise criteria are needed to ensure clarity and replicability. ✓ Definition Paragraph - A type of paragraph in which its goal Exemplification Method in an is to explain a term or a subject using Expanded Definition Paragraph three different methods: providing a synonym, placing the topic within a - It goes beyond a formal definition larger context, or providing an to offer a more detailed explanation of what the topic really is. explanation, including additional information such as background,  function, or significance of the PAST term. Simple - Danced Continuous - was dancing Perfect - had danced VERB TENSES Perfect Continuous - had been dancing - Verb Tenses are used to change or Simple Past - it describes events that add to verbs to indicate when the began and ended in the past. action took place. It can be in the Example: She danced at the festival present, past, or future. last summer. PRESENT Past Continuous - it describes events that began in the past, Simple - Dance continued for a length of time, and Continuous - Dancing ended in the past. Perfect - Have/has danced Example: She was dancing when the Perfect Continuous - Have/has been music suddenly stopped. dancing Past Perfect - describes a past event Present Simple - it describes an that occurred before another past event as happening in the present. event. Example: She dances gracefully in Example: She had danced in several the stage. competitions before she retired. Present Continuous - it describes Past Perfect Continuous - it an event as being in progress in the describes an event that began in the present and likely continuing into the past, continued for a length of time, future. and was in progress when another Example: She is dancing gracefully in past event happened. the stage. Example: he had been dancing for hours before he took a break. Present Perfect - It describes an event that occurred in the past but has some connection to the FUTURE present. Example: She has danced in several Simple - will dance competitions before. Continuous - will be dancing Perfect - will have danced Present Perfect Continuous - it Perfect Continuous - will have describes an event that began in been dancing the past but still continues to happen in the present. Simple Future - It describes an event Example: These dances have been that will begin and end in the danced for centuries in our future. culture. Example: She will dance at the festival next month.  Future Continuous - It describes an event that will begin in the future and continue for a length of time. Example: She will be dancing at the concert tomorrow night. Future Perfect - it describes a future event that will happen before another future event. Example: By the time the competition starts, she will have danced for over three hours. Future Perfect Continuous - It describes a future event that will begin, continue for a length of time, and still be in progress when another future event occurs. Example: She will have been dancing for three hours by the time the show starts.