English in Pharmacy: A Guide for Pharmacy Students PDF

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHARMACY L. G. Budanova, S. V. Zhurkina, I. V. Kolyada ENGLISH IN PHARMACY: A GUIDE FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS The textbook for applicants for higher education Kharkiv NUPh 2019...

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHARMACY L. G. Budanova, S. V. Zhurkina, I. V. Kolyada ENGLISH IN PHARMACY: A GUIDE FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS The textbook for applicants for higher education Kharkiv NUPh 2019 UDC 811.111-057.875 (076.5) Recommended by AC of National University of Pharmacy (letter 6 from February, 2018) Authors: L. G. Budanova, S. V. Zhurkina, I. V. Kolyada Reviewers: English in Pharmacy: A Guide for Pharmacy Students: the textbook for applicants for higher education / L. G. Budanova, S. V. Zhurkina, I. V. Kolyada – Kharkiv: NUPh, 2018. – 363 p. The textbook provides materials aimed to develop lexical, grammar and speaking skills in accordance with the work program "The English Language" for applicants for higher education of medical and pharmaceutical universities at B2+ level. The manual consists of 3 modules and contains lexical exercises, texts and speaking activities for introduction to the speciality; drugs technology, names, classes, administration; and foreign educational environment. “English in Pharmacy: A Guide for Pharmacy Students” includes theoretical materials and exercises on the main topics of English grammar. The textbook is intended for classroom and individual work while studying the discipline "The English Language". It can appear helpful for scientists and teachers in their professional activities. UDC 811.111-057.875 (076.5) ©National University of Pharmacy, 2018 © Budanova L.G., Zhurkina S.V., Kolyada I.V., 2019 2  PREFACE “English in Pharmacy: A Guide for Pharmacy Students” is unique in that it provides a guide for teaching reading, speaking and grammar skills to pharmacy students. The textbook provides materials in accordance with the work program "The English Language" for applicants for higher education of medical and pharmaceutical universities at B2+ level. The manual consists of 3 modules and contains texts, lexical exercises, and speaking activities for: introduction to the speciality; drugs: technology, names, classes, administration; foreign educational environment. “English in Pharmacy: A Guide for Pharmacy Students” includes theoretical materials and exercises on the main topics of English grammar. The goal of the textbook is to help students focus on and develop reading, speaking and grammar skills while teachers provide the necessary assistance with background and interpretation for specific materials need to learn. The textbook is intended for classroom and individual work while studying the discipline "The English Language". It can appear helpful for scientists and teachers in their professional activities. 3  MODULE I INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIALITY 4  UNIT 1 VOCABULARY AND READING National University of Pharmacy GRAMMAR: THEORY AND Pronouns: Personal, Object, Relative, PRACTICE Demonstrative, Indefinite, Reflexive, Possessive and Interrogative SPEAKING National University of Pharmacy NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHARMACY TEXT Vocabulary Academy of Sciences Академія наук applicant for higher education здобувачі вищої освіти article стаття associate professor доцент chemist’s shop аптека compound сполука correspondent form of study заочна форма навчання credit test залік faculty факультет hospital лікарня member член pharmaceutical plant фармацевтичний завод research дослідження, досліджувати science наука scientific society наукове товариство scientist вчений senior lecturer старший викладач 5  teaching staff викладацький склад text-book підручник to carry out виконувати to conduct a seminar проводити семінар to deliver a lecture читати лекцію to fail an exam провалити іспит to find an application знайти застосування to found засновувати to investigate досліджувати to pass an exam скласти іспит to take an exam складати іспит to treat лікувати Read and translate the text. To start with, the history of pharmaceutical education in Kharkiv dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and connects with the Kharkiv Imperial University, where a pharmaceutical laboratory was opened in 1812. Almost a hundred years later, in 1921, the Kharkiv Pharmaceutical Institute was founded. In October 1992 the Institute became the Academy of Pharmacy and in 2002 it got the status of the University. In the 21st century, the National University of Pharmacy is still the only institution of higher education in the pharmaceutical industry in Ukraine. At present, the National University of Pharmacy is the largest center of education and science in Ukraine. The University’s staff equals a lot of employees, including scientific and pedagogical workers. Among the teaching staff there are some academicians, many professors, associate professors, senior lecturers. Some of them are members of the Academy of Sciences. The teachers deliver lectures, 6 conduct seminars and practical classes. Also, they publish a lot of scientific articles, monographs and textbooks for applicants for higher education. The scientists of the University carry out great research work. They investigate and synthesize new compounds, create new drugs for treating people. There are such faculties in the University as pharmaceutical faculty, medical- pharmaceutical faculty, faculty for foreign citizens’ education and industrial pharmacy, managing and administration faculty. In the structure of the University, except faculties and departments, there are also Institute of Qualification Improvement for Pharmacists, NUPh College, Scientific and Research Laboratories, Clinical Diagnostic Center with Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Scientific library, Botanic garden and etc. During the period of studies applicants for higher education study theoretical and practical subjects. At the end of each year they have practice in chemist’s shops, botanical stations, pharmaceutical plants and hospitals. Many applicants for higher education are members of scientific societies, where they can master specific knowledge in different fields of science. What is really important, the results of their work often find practical application. Some of the applicants for higher education continue their scientific work taking a post-graduate course of the University. There are all forms of studying at the University, such as full time form of education, correspondent and distance forms. Task 1. Answer the questions. 1. Where do you study? 2. What year are you in now? 3. What specialties does the National University have? 4. What subjects are there at the University? 5. What faculties are there at the University? 6. What is a scientific society? 7 7. What is the teaching staff of the University? 8. What forms of studying are there at the University? 9. What can be found in the structure of the University? 10. When and where do applicants for higher education have practice? 11. What do the scientists of the University do? 12. When was the National University of Pharmacy founded? 13.What do you know about the history of the University? 14. Where can the applicants for higher education continue their study? Task 2. Which of the following statements are true and which are false? 1. According to the text, the Kharkiv Pharmaceutical Institute was founded in 1931. 2. As far as we know, nowadays, the National University of Pharmacy is not the only establishment of higher education in the pharmaceutical industry in Ukraine. 3. As we know, there are only academicians in the teaching staff of the University. 4. If an applicant for higher education wants to continue the scientific work, he or she can take a post-graduate course of the University. 5. According to the text, only Ukrainian citizens can study at the University. Task 3. Complete the sentences choosing the correct option a, b or c. 1. We know that there are such faculties in the University as ____________ a. medical-pharmaceutical faculty, faculty for foreign citizens’ education and industrial pharmacy, managing and administration faculty. b. pharmaceutical faculty, medical-pharmaceutical faculty, faculty for foreign citizens’ education and industrial pharmacy, managing and administration faculty. c. pharmaceutical faculty, medical-pharmaceutical faculty, managing and administration faculty. 2. As far as we know, at the end of each year applicants for higher education have practice in _______________________________________________ 8  a. botanical stations, chemist’s shops, pharmaceutical plants and hospitals. b. chemist’s shops, pharmaceutical plants and hospitals. c. pharmaceutical plants, chemist’s shops, supermarkets and hospitals. 3. According to the text, the history of pharmaceutical education in Kharkiv ___________________________________________________________ a. dates back to the beginning of the 18th century and connects with the Kharkiv Imperial University, where a pharmaceutical laboratory was opened in 1812. b. dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and connects with the Kharkiv Imperial University, where a pharmaceutical laboratory was opened in 1912. c. dates back to the beginning of the 19th century and connects with the Kharkiv Imperial University, where a pharmaceutical laboratory was opened in 1812. Starting from 1860s, practical and laboratory trainings have taken a considerable place in the educational process. An hour per a week was assigned for practical classes in pharmacy and pharmacognosy. 9  Prepare a speech about «National University of Pharmacy», using the useful language from the table “The Structure of Your Speech. Useful Language”. Your speech must contain the most important information of the given topic and be no less than 10 sentences. THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR SPEECH USEFUL LANGUAGE I would like to tell you about ….. OPENING Today I’d like to give you an overview of.. Introduce what you are going My topic is / will be very important for you because … to tell about By the end of this talk, you will be familiar with … To begin with/First of all, I want to tell you MAIN BODY about ….. Next, I have to say that ….. Also, you have to know that …. Tell the main information In my point of view, ….. To my knowledge, … As far as I know, …. Last but not the least, it is important to know that ….. SUMMARY Finally, … To conclude… Sum it up In conclusion… I’d like to finish/end by saying… Before I finish I’d finally like to say… 10 GRAMMAR: PRONOUNS Personal Personal Possessive Absolute Pronouns pronouns Pronouns Possessive (Subject form) (Object form) Pronouns I me my mine we us our ours you you your yours they them their theirs he him his his she her her hers it it its its Pronouns make up a small subcategory of nouns. The distinguishing characteristic of pronouns is that they can be substituted for other nouns. For instance, if you’re telling a story about your sister Sarah, the story will begin to sound repetitive if you keep repeating “Sarah” over and over again. Sarah has always loved fashion. Sarah announced that Sarah wants to go to fashion school. You could try to mix it up by sometimes referring to Sarah as “my sister,” but then it sounds like you’re referring to two different people. Sarah has always loved fashion. My sister announced that Sarah wants to go to fashion school. Instead, you can use the pronouns she and her to refer to Sarah. Sarah has always loved fashion. She announced that she wants to go to fashion school. 11 Personal Pronouns (Subject and Object) I, we, you, they, he, she, it are known as personal pronouns. Object pronouns are my, us, you, them, him, her and it. We use object pronouns: 1) as the object of the verb: Examples: Can you help me please? I can see you. She doesn’t like him. I saw her in town today. We saw them in town yesterday, but they didn’t see us. 2) after prepositions: Examples: She is waiting for me. I’ll get it for you. Give it to him. Why are you looking at her? Don’t take it from us. I’ll speak to them. Relative Pronouns Relative pronouns make up another class of pronouns. They are used to connect relative clauses to independent clauses. Often, they introduce additional information about something mentioned in the sentence. Relative pronouns include that, what, 12 which, who, and whom. Traditionally, who refers to people, and which and that refer to animals or things. Examples: The woman who called earlier didn’t leave a message. All the dogs that got adopted today will be loved. My car, which is nearly twenty years old, still runs well. Demonstrative Pronouns That, this, these and those are demonstrative pronouns. They take the place of a noun or noun phrase that has already been mentioned. This is used for singular items that are nearby. These is used for multiple items that are nearby. The distance can be physical or metaphorical. Examples: Here is a letter with no return address. Who could have sent this? What a fantastic idea! This is the best thing I’ve heard all day. If you think gardenias smell nice, try smelling these. That is used for singular items that are far away. Those is used for multiple items that are far away. Again, the distance can be physical or metaphorical. Examples: A house like that would be a nice place to live. Some new flavors of soda came in last week. Why don’t you try some of those? Those aren’t swans, they’re geese. 13 Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns are used when you need to refer to a person or thing that doesn’t need to be specifically identified. Some common indefinite pronouns are one, other, none, some, anybody, everybody, and no one. Examples: Everybody was late to work because of the traffic jam. It matters more to some than others. Nobody knows the trouble I’ve seen. When indefinite pronouns function as subjects of a sentence or clause, they usually take singular verbs. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns end in -self or -selves: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. Use a reflexive pronoun when both the subject and object of a verb refer to the same person or thing. Examples: Henry cursed himself for his poor eyesight. They booked themselves a room at the resort. I told myself it was nothing. Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns come in two flavors: limiting and absolute. My, your, its, his, her, our, their are used to show that something belongs to an antecedent. Examples: Sarah is working on her application. 14 Just put me back on my bike. The students practiced their presentation after school. The absolute possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, ours, and theirs. The absolute forms can be substituted for the thing that belongs to the antecedent. Examples: Are you finished with your application? Sarah already finished hers. The blue bike is mine. I practiced my speech and the students practiced theirs. Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used in questions. The interrogative pronouns are who, what, which, and whose. Who wants a bag of jelly beans? What is your name? Which movie do you want to watch? Whose textbook is this? PRACTISE YOUR GRAMMAR: PRONOUNS Task 1. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence. 1. This is __________ speaking. A. John B. he C. he John D. am 2. This student is as smart as __________ is. A. I B. me C. she D. we 3. The dog chewed on __________ favorite toy. 15  A. it’s B. it is C. its’ D. its 4. Terry is taller than __________ am. A. I B. me C. she D. we Task 2. Use the correct personal pronouns. Watch the words in brackets. 1. ________is dreaming. (George) 2. ________is green. (the blackboard) 3. _________are on the wall. (the posters) 4. __________is running. (the dog) 5. __________are watching TV. (my mother and I) 6. __________are on the table. (the text-books) 7. __________is riding his bike. (Alec) 8. _________is from Bristol. (Claire) 9. __________has got a brother. (Diana) 10.Have _______got a computer, Mary? Task 3. Put in the personal pronoun in brackets in its subject or object form. 1. ________lives in Liverpool. (he) 2. I met ________ in the University. (he) 3. They sing with _________ in the choir. (I) 4. Lisa likes __________. (it) 5. Excuse __________ , is this the way to the University? (I) 6. ________worked in the garden. (we) 7. Where are the cupcakes? Did you eat _________ ? (they) 8. Is ___________ your sister? (she) 9. Where are ____________ from? (you) 16 10. _________saw Jack in the laboratory. (we) Task 4. Put in the correct personal pronouns or possessive determiners. I am Robert and live in Bristol. This is Jack. _____ is _____ friend. ____ lives in Bristol, too. Sarah likes _____. _____likes ______ blue eyes very much. Sarah lives with _____older sister in a flat in Bristol. Bristol is ____hometown. _______ is an old city with lots of sights. Task 5. Choose the correct possessive pronouns. 1. Is this (your/ yours) textbook? Is it really (your/ yours)? 2. (Our/ ours) parents live in Hamburg. 3. Is this (her/ hers) guitar? Is it really (her/ hers)? 4. How old is (your/ yours) sister? 5. Where does (their/ theirs) team play? 6. Yesterday she sent (her/ hers) letter to London. 7. Are those (their/ theirs) trainers? Are they (their/ theirs)? 8. Ken has cut (his/him) finger. 9. The children finished (their/ theirs) game. 10.The University has (it/its) own swimming pool. Task 6. Choose the correct reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves). 1. Robert performed this experiment __________________. 2. Lisa did her homework ___________________. 3. We helped _______________to some Coke at the party. 4. Emma, did you take the photo by______________________? 5. I wrote this poem ________________________. 6. He cut _____________________with the knife while he was doing the dishes. 7. The lion can defend ______________________________. 8. My mother often talks to ___________________. 17 9. Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help ____________. 10.Alice and Doris collected the stickers _________________. Task 7. Choose the correct demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these or those) 1. Look at __________newspaper here. 2. __________are my grandparents, and _________ people over there are my friend's grandparents. 3. _________building over there is our University. 4. ______is my mobile phone and ______is your mobile phone on the shelf over there. 5. ______photos here are much better than ________photos on the book. 6. _________was a great evening. 7. Are __________your pencils here? 8. _________bottle over there is empty. 9. _________bricks over there are for your chimney. 10. John, take ______________ folder and put it on the desk over there. Task 8. Insert the correct pronouns. 1. Scientists are working hard to find cures for lots of diseases, but ____ haven’t found a cure for the common cold yet. 2. Is this __________coffee? 3. I haven’t seen _______for ages. They look great. 4. _____always has a shower at about half past six in the morning. 5. _____salary is paid into ___ bank account every month. 6. _____English is getting better. 7. He told ______ to hurry up. 8. ________is involved in all the discussions 9. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, but ______ did it by mistake. 10. Could ______ give ______that gadget? 11. Can’t ______ do it yourself? 18 12. Give ______that book. Give it to __________. 13. I can do this job alone. _________don’t need ________help. 14. Is everything clear to_________? 15. How are_______? 16. I’m sorry _______ was late for __________ party. 17. The company has offices in many places but _______ head office is in New York. 19  UNIT 2 VOCABULARY AND READING My Future Speciality GRAMMAR: THEORY AND The verbs “to be”, “to have” in Present PRACTICE Simple Tense SPEAKING My Future Speciality MY FUTURE SPECIALITY Vocabulary analytical chemist хімік-аналітик disease хвороба dispensing pharmacist аптекар head of a department завідувач кафедри; начальник відділу health здоров'я higher educational establishment вищий навчальний заклад knowledge знання origin походження pharmaceutical education фармацевтична освіта pharmacy graduate випускник аптеки prepared drugs підготовлені ліки prescribed medicines призначені ліки ready-made drugs готові ліки recovery відновлення speciality спеціальність sphere сфера to achieve успішно виконувати, досягати to choose (chose, chosen) обирати to define визначати 20  to devote присвячувати to dispense розпределяти to explain пояснювати to identify ідентифікувати to permit дозволяти to recognize дізнаватися, впізнавати to store зберігати to supply поставляти Read and translate the text. I have chosen pharmacy as my future speciality. Pharmacy is the science which studies medicinal substances used for treating and preventing different diseases. Pharmacy studies recognizing, identifying, collecting, selecting, preparing, storing, testing, compounding and dispensing all medicinal substances. A pharmacist or a provisor is a specialist with higher pharmaceutical education who is permitted by law to prepare drugs at chemist’s shops, pharmaceutical plants, to check up the quality of the drugs, to dispense and supply them. A pharmacist together with a doctor devotes his life to protecting people’s health. He is often called ‘the second doctor’. To become a pharmacist one should achieve knowledge of different subjects. Future specialists must know chemistry - the science explaining composition and transformation of matter, different fields of chemistry. Thus, General Chemistry deals with basic principles and inorganic substances, Organic Chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds, Analytical Chemistry studies qualitative and quantitative analyses of inorganic substances, Biochemistry studies biochemical processes taking place in the human body and in animals, Toxicological Chemistry deals with toxic substances and their action on the organism. Botany is the science 21 of plants, their structure, functions and classification, Pharmacognozy is the science of drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin. Of course, my future speciality is closely connected with drugs, that is why future pharmacists must know Pharmacology which is defined as the science of drugs and their action and other sciences. The sphere of action of a pharmacist is broad: at a chemist’s he may be a manager, or an assistant manager, a head of a department, a dispensing pharmacist, an analytical chemist. A manager is responsible for the work of all departments of a chemist’s, it’s financial, economic and administrative activity. A dispensing pharmacist takes prescriptions and delivers drugs. An analytical chemist controls the effectiveness of drugs, their technology and time of storing. A specialist with higher pharmaceutical education has the right to be the head of a drug storehouse or his assistant. A pharmacist may also work at a chemical analytical laboratory, which controls the quality of prepared drugs at pharmacies as well as ready-made drugs. Very often leading specialists of pharmaceutical factories are graduates of pharmaceutical academies. At present the sphere of action of a pharmacist is becoming broader: it’s worth to say about the specialists who work at numerous biochemical, clinical laboratories at sanatoria, hospitals, polyclinics. Many specialists have private chemist’s shops which supply the population with all kinds of medicines, vitamins and things of medical care many of which are imported. Of course one can see pharmacy graduates teaching at higher educational establishments, schools of pharmacy, medical schools, secondary schools, etc. Wherever a provisor works he must always remember that he works with people. There is no a provisor without love for his profession, a profound respect for people. His aim is to help an ill person to use the prescribed medicines in a better way, to strengthen a person’s belief in a sooner recovery. To sum up, we can say that a pharmacist is a specialist with higher pharmaceutical education who is permitted by law to prepare drugs at chemist’s shops, pharmaceutical plants, to check the quality of the drugs, to dispense and 22 supply them. To become a pharmacist one should achieve knowledge in different subjects (chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacognosy, etc.). A pharmacist must always remember that he works with people. Task 1. Answer the questions. 1. What is pharmacy which is your future speciality? 2. What are the duties of a pharmacist? 3. To become a provisor one should achieve knowledge of different subjects, shouldn’t he? What are these subjects? 4. Where can pharmaceutical specialist work? 5. What is a manager responsible for? (a dispensing pharmacist, an analytical chemist) 6. Can you describe the work of a chemical analytical laboratory? 7. The sphere of action of a modern specialist is becoming broader, isn’t it? Where else can he work? 8. What is the aim of a provisor as a medical worker? 9. What are you going to do after graduating from the academy? Task 2. Fill in the gaps using the words from the box. maintain respects patients pharmacist colleagues avoids professional diagnosis LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND WORK ETHICS Responsibility must be taken for the whole process of __________, prescribing and follow-up, including an awareness of limitations to expertise. A _____________ maintains professional competence. He has a duty to ___________ knowledge and abilities as new medications, devices and technologies become available and as health information advances. A pharmacist acts with honesty and integrity in ___________ relationships. A pharmacist ______________avoids discriminatory practices, behavior or work 23 conditions that impair professional judgment, and actions that compromise dedication to the best interests of ______________. A pharmacist respects the values and abilities of ____________ and other health professionals. A pharmacist ____________ the covenantal relationship between the patient and pharmacist. Task 3. Choose a suitable word given in the brackets to fill in each gap. To become (an\a) pharmacist one should achieve knowledge of different subjects. (A\-) Future specialists must know chemistry - the science explaining composition and transformation of matter, different fields of chemistry. Thus, General Chemistry deals with basic principles (and\but) inorganic substances. Organic Chemistry (are\is) the chemistry of carbon compounds. Analytical Chemistry (study\studies) qualitative and quantitative analyses of inorganic substances. Biochemistry (study\studies) biochemical processes taking place in the human body and in animals. Toxicological Chemistry deals with toxic substances and their action (of\on) the organism. Botany (are\is) the science of plants, their structure, functions and classification. Pharmacognozy (are\is) the science of drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin. Of course, my future speciality (are\is) closely connected with drugs, that (are\is) why future pharmacists must know Pharmacology which (are\is) broadly defined as the science of (a\-) drugs and their action and other sciences. It is interesting to know that Benjamin Franklin was a pharmacist, while Agatha Christie was a pharmacy technician. 24  Prepare a speech about « My Future Speciality», using the useful language from the table “The Structure of Your Speech. Useful Language”. Your speech must contain the most important information of the given topic and be no less than 10 sentences. THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR SPEECH USEFUL LANGUAGE My topic is / will be very important for you OPENING because … Introduce what you are going By the end of this talk, you will be familiar with … to tell about I would like to tell you about ….. Today I’d like to give you an overview of.. Firstly, I want to tell you about ….. MAIN BODY Secondly, I have to say that ….. Also, you have to know that …. In my point of view, ….. Tell the main information To my mind, … To my knowledge, … I believe, it is important to know that ….. SUMMARY To conclude… Finally, … Sum it up I’d like to finish/end by saying… Before I finish I’d finally like to say… 25 GRAMMAR: THE VERBS «TO BE» AND «TO HAVE» IN PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE The verb to be is a key verb in English, playing a major part in many types of constructions, as in all other European languages. It has many usages and meanings, both as a main verb and as an auxiliary verb. It also acts differently in negative sentences and questions. I am We You are AFFIRMATIVE They He She is It Am I…? we…? QUESTION FORM Are you…? they…? he…? Is she…? it…? I am not We NEGATIVE You are not (aren’t) They He She is not (isn’t) It 26 The verb be is used in the following patterns: 1) with a noun: I am a student of the National University of Pharmacy. 2) with an adjective: The students are happy to study at this University. 3) as an auxiliary verb with the -ing form to make the continuous aspect We are studying English at the moment. 4) with the -ed form to make the passive voice The texts are read by the students. 5) with a prepositional phrase: Ivan and his wife are from Kharkiv. The verb “have” as a main verb Affirmative Pronouns Negative sentence Question sentence I I have books. I do not have books. Do I have books? you You have books. You do not have books. Do you have books? he, she, it He has books. He does not have books. Does he have books? we, you, They have books. They do not have books. Do they have books? they 27 PRACTISE YOUR GRAMMAR: THE VERBS «TO BE» AND «TO HAVE» IN PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE Task 1. Write negative and interrogative sentences. 1. You are a pharmacy student. -____________________________________ ?____________________________________ 2. His friend is a first-year student. -____________________________________ ?____________________________________ 3. Chemistry is an interesting subject -____________________________________ ?____________________________________ 4. They are students of the pharmaceutical department. -____________________________________ ?____________________________________ 5. We are at the lecture in anatomy now. -____________________________________ ?____________________________________ Task 2. Choose the correct form. 1. It _________easy to study well. A am B is C are 2. My best friends ___________ third- year students. A am B is C are 3. We _________________ nearly ready to start the experiment. A am B is C are 4.___________ it possible to know chemistry well? A am B is C are 5. How much ____________ it? 28 A am B is C are 6. Who ________ on the phone? A am B is C are 7. Whose _________ those books? A am B is C are 8. Everybody ______________ working in the laboratory now. A am B is C are 9. __________ anybody there? A am B is C are 10. ______________ Latin an interesting subject? A am B is C are Task 3. Put the verb “to be” in the correct form. 1. Their hostel_______(to be) near the University. 2. They _______(to be) second- year students? 3. My friends __________(not to be) at the lecture in chemistry now. 4. We ____________(to be) members of scientific society. 5. It _____(to be) a Latin class now? Task 4. Put the verb “to have” in the correct form. 1. We (have\ has) a lot of books in English. 2. The teacher (have\ has) a new textbook. 3. My brother (have\ has) a great job. 4. Does he (have\ has) a Degree in Pharmacy? 5. They don't (have\ has) a lot of money. 6. My cousin and his wife (have\ has) three children. 7. Does your friend (have\ has) a sister? 8. Yes, my friend (have\ has) a sister. 9. My neighbor (doesn't have\ don't have) a big house. 10. They (doesn't have\ don't have) time to study every evening because they work at the chemist’s shop. 29 Task 5. Complete the sentences with your personal information and tell about yourself. 1. I would like to introduce myself. My first name is __________. 2. My surname is __________. 3. I am ________ years old. 4. I am from __________, but now I live in ________. 5. I have a\an _______ family. There are ___________________. 6. My mother is ________. She is ____ years old. Her job is ________. 7. My father is ________. He is ____ years old. His job is ________. 8. I have __________ (sisters\brothers). They are _______. 9. I like _____________. 10. I dislike _____________. 11. As for me, I want to visit __________, because. 12. I think, I am a good student, because ____________. 30  UNIT 3 VOCABULARY AND READING Chemist’s Shop GRAMMAR: THEORY AND The Noun and its Number PRACTICE SPEAKING Chemist’s Shop CHEMIST’S SHOP TEXT Vocabulary chemist’s department відділ готових ліків cold застуда cough кашель dispensing pharmacist рецептар flu грип headache головний біль immediate миттевий manager завідуючий аптеки medication лікарський засіб prescription department рецептурний відділ replenishing поповнення therapeutic tools терапевтичні засоби to affect впливати to compound виготовляти, складати to dispense фасувати, відпускати to store зберігати 31 Read and translate the text. The production and sale of drugs is a big business in many countries. Drugs affect and alter health. So they play a prominent role in society, as well as drug industry as a whole. This role includes discovery of new drugs, their development into useful therapeutic tools and production and distribution of existing medicines. Nowadays most drugs are prepared by pharmaceutical manufacturers and are distributed to the chemist’s shops or hospitals in suitable dosage forms. A chemist’s shop is a specialized shop where drugs are compounded, dispensed, stored and sold. An average chemist’s shop has a hall for visitors, departments for selling drugs and proper working rooms. There are usually two departments in a large chemist’s shop. At the chemist’s department one can have a medicine immediately, other drugs have to be ordered at the prescription department. A chemist’s shop also has an assistant room, a room for washing, drying and sterilization, an analytical laboratory, a room for dispensing medicines, a room for storing. There are some requirements for the storage of drugs. The drugs for immediate use should be kept in refrigerators. Some drugs should be stored in cool place and protected from light. At the chemist’s medicines are distributed according to the therapeutic effect: drugs for cough, cardiac medicines, drugs for headache, flu and cold, antihypertensive and antihypotensive remedies. Because of his knowledge the pharmacist should provide information required for the safe and effective use of both prescription and over - the - counter medications when supplying them to patients. The pharmacist serves as an information source of all aspects of drugs to his collegues in the medical, dental and nursing professions. The personnel of a chemist’s shop consists of a manager, who is the head of it, a dispensing pharmacist, who takes prescription and delivers drugs, a chemist controlling the prescription, a chemist – analyst controlling the effectiveness of the drugs prepared. There is also a pharmacist who is in charge of the supply of the necessary medications and its replenishing. 32 Task 1. Answer the questions. 1. Why is drug industry a big business in many countries? 2. What kind of role do drugs play in society? 3. Where are most drugs produced nowadays? 4. How are they distributed? 5. What is a chemist’s shop? 6. What departments and rooms does an average chemist’s shop include? 7. What drugs are sold there? 8. What dosage forms do you know? 9. Where are drugs kept at the chemist’s shops? 10. What information can pharmacist provide people with? Task 2. Find the synonym in other column. 1) drug a) to produce 2) big b) consumers 3) to distribute c) suitable 4) to include d) at once 5) to affect e) to write out 6) to prepare f) as well as 7) to manufacture g) to demand 8) visitors h) to apply 9) proper i) spot 10) immediately g) medicine 11) to prescribe k) large 12) also l) to spread 13) to require m) to consist of 14) to use n) to have impact on 15) place o) to get ready 16) to supply p) to run 17) source q) origin 18) to be in charge of r) to provide 33 Task 3. Match the pictures with the words in the box. medicines ointment bandages hot water bottle cotton wool mustard plaster tincture Task 4. Choose a suitable word given in the brackets to fill in each gap. A chemist’s shop (are\is) a medical institution in which you can have all the prescriptions made up and buy all the necessary things when you (are\is) ill. There (are\is) three types of chemist’s shops in our country at present: municipal, hospital, private. All of them (are\is) licensed. (You\Your) can also buy some medicines at chemist’s stalls. The chemist’s shop consists of several (departments\ department): chemist’s, wholesale, stock-in-trade and prescription department. 34  The prescription department provides medicines only by (the\a) doctor’s prescriptions. Ready-made medicines such as tablets, drops as well as injection solutions (are\is) usually given out immediately at a patient’s request. If (an\a) patient needs some ointment, a tincture or powders he can order them and will get the prepared medicines in some hours. Sometimes medicines (are\is) prepared in the presence of a patient having a prescription with the word “cito”. Task 5. Play the dialogue and make up a similar one. AT THE PHARMACY Pharmacist: Good morning, may I help you? Customer: Could you please fill this prescription for me? Pharmacist: Have you taken this medicine before? Customer: No I haven’t. Pharmacist: You have to take one pill three times a day for seven days. Customer: Are there any side effects? Pharmacist: Yes. You may feel dizzy. Customer: What about precautions? Pharmacist: Don’t drive when you take this medicine. Customer: When will the prescription be ready? Pharmacist: It’ll be ready in a few minutes. Customer: I’ve also had a runny nose for a couple of days, can you recommend something? Pharmacist: This decongestant is very effective, but be careful using it. It causes drowsiness and you shouldn’t drink any alcohol when taking it. 35  OK, I’ll try it. I also need some band-aides and sun screen. Where Customer: are those? The band-aides are on aisle 3, on the left and the sun screen is on Pharmacist: aisle 2, on the top shelf. Thanks. Customer: Will that be all? Pharmacist: That should do it. Customer: That comes to $34.56. Pharmacist: That’s expensive! Why so much? Customer: The prescription medication is expensive. It cost $25.99. I may be Pharmacist: able to get you a generic drug for about half that price, but I would have to consult your doctor first. No, that’s OK. Don’t bother. Customer: Here’s your change. Have a good day. Task 6. Find Ukrainian equivalents for some useful expressions from the dialogue. 1. May I help you? 2. I’d like to have this prescription filled. 3. What about precautions? 4. Can you recommend something? 5. Will that be all? 6. That’s expensive! 7. To get smth for about half the price 8. Don’t bother. 9. Here’s your change. 36 Task 7. Match the words on the left with the correct meaning on the right. ___1) drowsy a) feeling like you have to vomit ___2) nauseated b) a kind of medicine used on skin ___3) pregnant c) be more than ___4) precaution d) a mother giving her milk to her baby ___5) dizzy e) suggested ___6) nursing f) sleepy ___7) exceed g) expecting a baby ___8) recommended h) amount of medicine to take ___9) dosage i) feeling like everything is turning ___10) ointment j) taking care so something bad doesn’t happen The fundamental difference between U.S. and U.K. pharmacies is that in the States, drugstores are shops where you can get not only medicines but also everyday essentials like cat food, cockroach traps and Christina Aguilera’s new CD, 24 hours a day. In Britain, a chemist’s shop is a place to pick up a prescription and get medications. 37  Prepare a speech about « Chemist’s Shop », using the useful language from the table “The Structure of Your Speech. Useful Language”. Your speech must contain the most important information of the given topic and be no less than 10 sentences. THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR SPEECH USEFUL LANGUAGE OPENING To begin with, I want to tell you about ….. Introduce what you are going First of all, I want to tell you about ….. to tell about I would like to tell you about ….. My topic is / will be very important for you because … Today I’d like to give you an overview of.. Initially, I want to tell you about ….. MAIN BODY Secondly, I have to say that ….. Also, you have to know that …. I think, ….. Tell the main information To my mind, … In my opinion, … I believe, it is important to know that ….. SUMMARY Finally, … I’d like to finish/end by saying… Sum it up To conclude… Before I finish I’d finally like to say… 38 GRAMMAR: THE NOUN AND ITS NUMBER There are two numbers in Noun-Number: Singular and Plural. When we speak about one person and one thing, we use the noun in singular form. Single means one. Plural number is used when the noun refers to more than one item. Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms. Uncountable nouns and mass nouns do not normally have a plural form. The regular plural ending of an English noun is -s. student students These are the exceptions to the normal pattern: singular noun ending plural noun ending -s, -ss, -ch, -x, -zz -es focus focuses church churches box boxes -o -s or -es hero heroes piano pianos potato potatoes 39  consonant + y -ies baby babies hobby hobbies vowel + y -s key keys ray rays -f -s or -ves hoof hoofs or hooves shelf shelves roof roofs -fe -ves knife knives life lives thief thieves Irregular plurals Some nouns have two plural forms. fish fish or fishes Some of them have the same form in the singular and plural. a sheep ten sheep a deer seven deer 40 A few change a vowel to form the plural. man men woman women foot feet tooth teeth goose geese mouse mice louse lice Some nouns form the plural with -en. child children ox oxen Since it is not possible to give more than a selection of the irregular forms, you should check in a dictionary if you are in doubt. If the dictionary does not show the plural form, then you can assume that it is regular. Compound nouns normally form the plural by adding -s to the last word of the compound. a bookcase two bookcases an Indian take-away two Indian take-aways There are a few exceptions: A compound noun formed from a noun and an adverb makes the first word plural. 41  a passer-by several passers-by Compound nouns with woman as the first word make both words plural. a woman doctor several women doctors a woman driver most women drivers Pluralia Tantum and Singularia Tantum Some nouns only have a plural form. They cannot be used with numbers. They include the names of certain tools, instruments and articles of clothing which have two parts. They are called ‘plurale tantum,’ (pluralia tantum), Latin for ‘plural only’ and used for ‘a noun which is used only in plural form, or which is used only in plural form in a particular sense or senses.’ These nouns are always treated grammatically as plurals. Tools and instruments: Binoculars, headphones, sunglasses, glasses, scissors, tweezers, pliers, forceps, shears, tweezers, and tongs. Clothing: jeans, pyjamas, tights, knickers, shorts, trousers, pants, and clothes. A pair of: We can use ‘pair of’ to refer to one example of these nouns: I bought a new pair of binoculars last week. That old pair of trousers will be useful for doing jobs in the garden. Other nouns which are always in plural form are the following ones: Belongings, outskirts, clothes, premises (buildings), congratulations, savings (money), earnings, stairs, goods, surroundings, likes/dislikes, thanks, cattle. Some nouns are used only in the singular, even though they end in -s. These include: -the names of academic subjects: classics, economics, mathematics/maths, physics; 42 -the physical activities: gymnastics and aerobics; -the diseases: measles and mumps; -the word news. Such nouns are called singulare tantum (or singularia tantum). It refers to nouns (in any specific sense) that has no plural form and is only used with singular verbs. It is frequently for mass nouns i.e. noun that normally cannot be counted like advice, bread, knowledge, luck, work, money etc. Plurals of English nouns taken from Latin or Greek English has borrowed many common words from Latin and Greek. In their original language the plurals of such words followed that language’s rules: datum – data bacterium – bacteria medium – media analysis – analyses nucleus – nuclei phenomenon– phenomena 43 PRACTISE YOUR GRAMMAR: THE NOUNS AND ITS NUMBER Task 1. Choose the correct answer 1. The plural of “nucleus” is... A nucleuses C nucleum B nuclei D It doesn’t have a plural 2. The plural of “experiment” is... A experiments C experiment’s B experimentes D It doesn’t have a plural 3. The plural of “box” is... A boxs C boxes B boxen D It doesn’t have a plural 4. The plural of “tomato” is... A tomatos C tomato’s B tomatoes D tomato’s 5. The plural of “body” is... A body’s C bodys B bodies D bodyes 6. The plural of “information” is... A information C informations B informationes D It doesn’t have a plural 7. The plural of “gold” is... A gold C goldes B golds D It doesn’t have a plural 8. The plural of “sheep” is... A sheep C sheep’s B sheeps D It doesn’t have a plural 9. The plural of “mouse” is... A mouses C mousis B mice D It doesn’t have a plural 44 10. The plural of “ox” is... A oxes C oxen B oxs D It doesn’t have a plural 11.The plural of “day” is... A daes C days B dais D day’s Task 2. Choose the correct form of the verb 1. His hair_________ (is\are) beautiful. 2. Genetics___________ (is\are) the science of the 21st century. 3. Such shorts ________(is\are) in fashion now. 4. The analysis ____________(is\are) very important. 5. The trousers you bought yesterday _______(is\are) too expensive. 6. New analytical scales ________(is\are) installed in our laboratory.7. Their money _________(is\are) in the bank. 8. Mice _______ (is\are) used in the experiment. 9. No news______ (is\are) good news. 10. Her teeth ___________ (is\are) healthy. 11. The data ________(is\are) important. Task 3. Make plurals. o pill- ____________________ o textbook- _________________ o fish - ____________________ o information- _______________ o test-tube - __________________ o watch - ____________________ o dish - ____________________ o lung - ____________________ o shelf - ____________________ o kidney - ___________________ o foot - ____________________ o wolf -____________________ 45 o person - ___________________ o analysis - ___________________ o yourself - ___________________ o goose - ____________________ o tomato - ____________________ o tissue - ____________________ o fox - ____________________ o thief - ___________________ o wife - ____________________ o bridge - ____________________ o day - ____________________ o hero - ____________________ o shop - ____________________ o nose - ____________________ o baby - ____________________ o deer - ____________________ o tree - ____________________ o man - ____________________ o flask - ____________________ o box - ____________________ o knife - ____________________ o child - ____________________ o family - ____________________ o manager - ____________________ o medication - ____________________ o prescription department - _________ 46  UNIT 4 VOCABULARY AND READING Text 1. Prescriptions Text 2. The English Prescription GRAMMAR: THEORY AND Adjectives. Degrees of Comparison PRACTICE SPEAKING Prescriptions. The English Prescription PRESCRIPTIONS TEXT 1 Vocabulary abbreviations абревіатура frequency частота to alleviate полегшувати to prescribe прописувати treatment лікування Read and translate the text. A prescription is written by a doctor to give patients medicine needed to alleviate symptoms or stabilize a medical condition that might be chronic in nature. The prescription is written by a physician in order to tell the pharmacist which medication is required. These often include a number of prescription abbreviations. Prescriptions are used for medications that a doctor feels is necessary for treatment. These are legal documents that are required in order to receive medicine which is prepared by the pharmacist in a pharmacy. Recommendations, on the other hand, are courses of action that a doctor feels will be helpful for the patient. These could include simple daily tasks such as taking a walk or eating more fruits and vegetables. 47 Prescriptions include: Patient identifier: First and last name of the patient, as well as the date of birth (DOB). Medication (also named "drug"): The medicine that is prescribed. Strength: How strong the medication prescribed is (50 mg, 100 mg, etc.). Amount: How often the patient should take the medicine. How much: Number of pills, tablets, etc. provided. Frequency: How often the patient should take the medicine. Route: How the patient should take the medicine (by mouth, topical, sublingual, etc.). Refills: How often the prescription should be renewed. Signature: Signature of the physician writing the prescription. Date: The day on which the prescription was written. Task 1. Answer the questions. 1. What is a prescription? 2. Why does a physician write a prescription? 3. What is the difference between a prescription and recommendations? 4. What information does a prescription include? Task 2. Match the words from column A with synonyms from column B. Column A Column B 1) amount a) medicine 2) chronic b) illness, sickness, disease 3) drug c) information that identifies a patient 4) easier said than done d) how often something is done 5) frequency e) how much 48 6) medical condition f) person who has a license to prepare medications for patients 7) medication g) recurring, happening again and again 8) patient identifier h) doctor 9) pharmacist i) idiomatic term used to refer to medicine 10) pharmacy j) not easy to do 11) physician k) to sleep enough to feel rested 12) prescription l) licensed store which sells medicine that requires a prescription 13) to refill m) to be relaxed 14) route n) placed on the skin 15) strength o) to take medicine by mouth 16) sublingual p) to provide medicine again based on a prescription 17) to alleviate q) order from a doctor for medicine 18) to get a good night's sleep r) how medicine should be taken 19) topical s) how strong the medicine is 20) to stabilize t) under the tongue 21) to stay calm u) to make easier, to relieve 22) to take a pill v) to make regular 49 Task 3. Read and translate the dialogue. Dramatize it. Dialogue: Giving a Prescription Patient: … what about the problems I've been having sleeping? Doctor: I'm going to give you a prescription for some medicine to help you get a better night's sleep. Patient: Thank you, doctor. Doctor: Here, you can get this prescription at any pharmacy. Patient: How often should I take the medicine? Doctor: Just take one pill about 30 minutes before you go to bed. Patient: How long should I take them? Doctor: The prescription is for thirty days. If you're not sleeping well after thirty days, I'd like you to come back in. Patient: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep at night? Doctor: Don't worry so much about things at work. I know, I know... easier said than done. Patient: Should I stay home from work? Doctor: No, I don't think that's necessary. Just remember to stay calm. THE ENGLISH PRESCRIPTION TEXT 2 Vocabulary compound сполука curative цілющий dispense готувати, розфасовувати (ліки) generic name офіційна (фармакопейна) назва identify встановлювати, розпізнавати, ідентифікувати 50  trade name торгова назва unique унікальний Read and translate the text. The language of prescription was unique in Great Britain some half a century ago when all the names of drugs were Latinized. It was possible because the physician used only dosed drugs. Today all prescriptions are written in English. The only Latin which is used is few traditional abbrevations in the direction to the pharmacist and on the label. A more serious problem is the naming of drugs. In the old days, drugs had only one official name and drug companies did not have many trade names. At present, each drug has at least three names. They are the chemical name, the so- called generic name, and trade name. The chemical name is difficult to use and remember except for the simplest drags because of its length and complexity. The trade or brand name is the private property of the drug company. Most drugs have several trade names because each company producing the drug gives it a different name. It is common practice to capitalize the first letter of a trade name. The generic or official name is shorter than the chemical name. It is public property and any drug manufacturer may use it. There is only one generic name for each drug. The majority of physicians use trade names in prescriptions. Generic name should be used as the language of prescription. It is known to the specialists of medicine and pharmacy and it is not known to general public. For example, ampicillin is the generic name of a well-known antibiotic; alpha-aminobenzyl P- its chemical name; Omnipen, Penbritin, Polycillin, etc. are its trade names. Dosage. It goes without saying that a prescription cannot be written without a very good knowledge of the dose effects of drugs. Each drug has its own dose specification dependent on pharmacological properties, metabolism of the drug. It should have the following information: 51 1. Name and address of the physician and his telephone number. The title M.D. (MedicalDoctor) should follow the physician's name to indicate that he or she is a physician. 2. Usually at the top - patient's name, address, age and the date. 3. Symbol Rx. This is about the same as "Dear Sir" on top of a letter. It comes from Latin and means a command for a patient "you take". 4. The body of the prescription contains the name of the drug and the dose. 5. Under the body of the prescription should be written the directions to the pharmacist. It is called subscription. In modern prescriptions it consists only of the form of the medicine (powder, tablet, capsules, etc.) and the number of units. 6. The directions to the patient as to how he should take the medicine. It is called the label or "signature". Task 1. Answer the questions. 1. When was the language of prescription unique in Great Britain? 2. Where is Latin used in prescriptions today? 3. What names does each drug have at present? 4. What is a brand name? 5. What is a generic name? 6. What is the structure of the English prescription? Task 2. Complete the sentences with the necessary words from the text. 1.The trade name is usually known to the specialists of medicine and isn't known to _______________ 2. Generic names are known to the specialists of __________ and _______________. 3. The body of the prescription contains __________. 4._____________drugs had only one official name. 5. Chemical names are difficult__________, hard____________, and difficult_____________. 6. A prescription cannot be written without a very _____________ knowledge of the dose effect of the drug. Task 3. Read the Latin codes and their equivalents used in English prescriptions. Translate them into Ukrainian. 52 a.c. - before meals h - hour і - one or one time ne.rep. (n.r.) - means to the pharmacist that the prescription is not to be repeated p.r.n. - as needed Sig. - signature i.i.stat. - two tablets at once i.q. 4h. - one capsule every 4 hours in - mix tabs - tablets t.i.d. - three times a day i.d. - once a day Task 4. Read the examples of the following English prescriptions, translate the codes. Prescription I Tel. ER5- 600 Reg. No. 198 Rupert Black, M.D. 230 Broad Street Philadelphia 1, Philadelphia1 Name: Mrs. Anna White, age 45 Address: 619 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Philadelphia Tabs, Thyroid USP 30 ng2 Dispense: 60 Sig. Tabs.i.t. i.d.a.c. Rupert Black, M.D. ne.rep. 53  Prescription II Tel. ER5- 600 Rupert Black, M.D.230 Broad StreetPhiladelphia 1, PhiladelphiaName: Mrs. John W. Keyes, age 30Address: 525 East, 68th Sir., New York, New York 10021Rx Theophylline 3 gm Ephedrine Sulfate 0.6 gm Phenobarbital 0.6 gm M. Divide into 30 capsules Sig. Cap. i. of 4 h. p.r.n. Rupert Black, M.D. ne.rep. You can't freeze helium simply by cooling it to absolute zero. It will freeze if you apply extremely intense pressure. 54  Prepare a speech about «The English prescription», using the useful language from the table “The Structure of Your Speech. Useful Language”. Your speech must contain the most important information of the given topic and be no less than 10 sentences THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR SPEECH USEFUL LANGUAGE My topic is / will be very important for you OPENING because … Introduce what you are going First of all, I want to tell you about ….. I would like to tell you about ….. to tell about Today I’d like to give you an overview of.. First of all, I want to tell you about ….. MAIN BODY Secondly, I have to say that ….. Also, you have to know that …. I think, ….. Tell the main information To my mind, … In my opinion, … I believe, it is important to know that ….. SUMMARY Finally, … I’d like to finish/end by saying… Sum it up To conclude… Before I finish I’d finally like to say… 55 GRAMMAR: ADJECTIVES AND THEIR DEGREES OF COMPARISON You might know that adjectives are words that modify a noun or a pronoun; therefore adjectives are called modifiers in English. Sometimes modifiers are used to compare two or more people, things, actions, or qualities. This is called three degrees of adjectives. 1. The Positive Degree The positive degree of an adjective makes no comparison.  A tall building.  She runs fast.  This is a beautiful car. 2. The Comparative Degree The comparative degree compares two people, things, actives or qualities.  A taller building than this one.  She runs faster than I do.  This car is more beautiful than yours. 3. The Superlative Degree The superlative degree compares a person, thing, activity or quality with the group. 56   The tallest building in the town.  She is the fastest runner among the students.  This is the most beautiful car I have ever seen. Rules for making comparatives and superlatives One syllable adjectives. 1. Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative. One Syllable Adjectives Positive Comparative Superlative tall taller tallest old older oldest short shorter shortest 2. If the one-syllable adjective ends with an –e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative form. One Syllable Adjectives With an -e Positive Comparative Superlative large larger largest wise wiser wisest wide wider widest 3. If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form. One Syllable Adjectives With Single Consonant and a Vowel Before it Positive Comparative Superlative 57 thin thinner thinnest big bigger biggest sad sadder sadest Two-syllable adjectives 1. With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most. Two Syllable Adjectives Positive Comparative Superlative peaceful more peaceful most peaceful careless more careless most careless famous more famous most famous 2. If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to “i” and add –er for the comparative form, and for the superlative form change the “y” to “i” and add – est. Two Syllable Adjectives Ends with -y Positive Comparative Superlative pretty prettier prettiest happy happier happiest angry angrier angriest 3. Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er for comparative form and –est to for the superlative form. Two Syllable Adjectives Ending in -er, -le or -ow Positive Comparative Superlative clever cleverer cleverest 58 narrow narrower narrowest gentle gentler gentlest Adjectives with three or more syllables. For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most. Three Syllable Adjectives Positive Comparative Superlative beautiful more beautiful most beautiful convenient more convenient most convenient comfortable more comfortable most comfortable Exceptions: Some adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative forms. Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms Positive Comparative Superlative good better best bad worse worst many more most much more most well better best far farther farthest/furthest little less least Note: Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most. 59  Two Syllable Adjectives Follow Two Rules Positive Comparative Superlative simple simpler/more simple simplest/most simple clever cleverer/more clever cleverest/most clever gentle gentler/more gentle gentlest/most gentle quiet quieter/more quiet quietest/most quiet PRACTISE YOUR GRAMMAR: ADJECTIVES AND THEIR DEGREES OF COMPARISON Task 1. Make the comparative and superlative degrees. 1. Small________________________________ 2. Nice_________________________________ 3. Short_______________________________ 4. High________________________________ 5. Large_______________________________ 6. Clever______________________________ 7. Heavy________________________________ 8. Interesting___________________________ 9. Difficult_____________________________ 10.Attentive____________________________ 11. Bad________________________________ 12. Little_______________________________ Task 2. Make the positive degree. 1. Earliest______________________ 2. Worse_______________________ 3. Most________________________ 4. Best_________________________ 60 5. Largest_______________________ 6. Shorter______________________ 7. Busier_______________________ 8. Less_________________________ 9. Better________________________ 10. Least________________________ 11. Nicer________________________ 12. Longest______________________ Task 3. Put the adjectives in the correct form. 1. Petrenko is the _________ (good) student in the group. 2. The__________ (long) examination session is in the summer. 3. Our University is situated in the __________ (beautiful) street. 4. My friend got a __________ (high) mark at the exam in chemistry than I. 5. Our first-year students study ________ (bad) than the senior students. 6. Pharmacognosy is as __________ (difficult) as botany. 7. Pharmacology isn’t so ___________ (easy) as you say. Task 4. Choose the best answer. 1. He is a _______________ man. A handsome B more handsome C the most handsome 2. He was ________________ than the day before. A good B better C the best 3. The way was _______________ now than last time. A long B longer 61 C the longest 4. We were _______________to the yard than to the house. A close B closer C the closest 5. My heart was __________________________. A heavy B heavier C the heaviest 6. He is very loud, he should behave______________________. A more quietly B quieter C more quiet 7. His English is___________________than mine. A worst B more worse C worse 8. I speak French _______________ than Tom. A fluentlier B fluently C more fluently 9. Tom usually answers ________________than his brother. A more honest B honestlier C more honestly 10. You must get up ________________to do your morning exercises. A more early B more earlier C earlier 62 Task 5. Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative). 1. My house is (big) ______________ than yours. 2. This is the (interesting) ___________ lecture I have ever heard. 3. Non-smokers usually live (long) ____________ than smokers. 4. Which is the (dangerous) ______________substance in the lab? 5. A holiday by the sea is (good) ____________ than a holiday in the mountains. 6. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) __________than a beer. 7. Who is the (rich) _____________woman on earth? 8. The weather this summer is even (bad) ___________ than last summer. 9. He was the (clever) ______________ student of all. 10.This is the (difficult) ___________ experiment I have ever carried out. Task 6. Complete the following sentences using the appropriate form of the adjective. 1. I visit my parents (more often/the most often) than my brothers do. 2. He thinks he always knows (better/best). 3. Out of all my siblings, I visit my parents (more often/the most often). 4. David did (worse/the worst) than he thought he would do on his test. 5. I did (worse/the worst) out of all the students on my test. 6. Out of all the students, Frank studied (less/the least), but got the best grade. 7. We argued (longer/the longest) than I thought we would. 8. My sisters laughed (louder/the loudest) out of the whole audience. 9. The two guys who enjoyed the game (more/most) were Tom and Robert. 10. George drives (more recklessly/the most recklessly) than his brother. 63  UNIT 5 VOCABULARY AND READING Text 1. Coldrex Tablets Text 2. Paracetamol GRAMMAR: THEORY AND Present Simple Tense PRACTICE SPEAKING Drug Annotation COLDREX TABLETS TEXT 1 Vocabulary administration застосування stuffy nose закладений ніс medical advice медичні консультації persist повторюватися storage зберігання reach досягати exceed перевищувати flu грип essential суттєвий description опис precaution заход безпеки Description “Coldrex Tablets” are particularly effective against the symptoms of colds and flu because they are made to the special Coldrex formula. They contain the full- recommended dose of paracetamol to ease aches and pains and to lower your temperature. There’s phenylephrine to clear a stuffy nose. We’ve also added 64 caffeine, mild stimulant to keep you going through your cold, and vitamin С - an essential vitamin your body often lacks during colds and flu. Indications “Coldrex Tablets” are indicated for the relief of the symptoms of cold and flu. Administration At the first sign of cold or flu, take “Coldrex Tablets” with water or a warm drink. To obtain maximum relief take “Coldrex” for the full course of your cold. Dosage ADULT: take 2 tablets up to 4 times a day. CHILDREN 6-12 years: Take 1 tablet up to 4 times a day. Not suitable for children under 6 years of age. Precautions Not to be given to children under 6 years of age except on medical advice. Do not take with other products containing paracetamol Contraindications An allergic reaction to “Coldrex” is encounted very rarely. Do not exceed the stated dose! Some medicines do not combine. If you are receiving medicine from your doctor, ask his advice before taking “Coldrex”. If symptoms persist, consult your doctor. Storage Store in dry place. Keep out of the reach of children. Task 1. Fill the gaps using the words from the box. particularly temperature added contain keep lacks “Coldrex Tablets” are__________effective against the symptoms of colds and flu because they are made to the special Coldrex formula. They ______ the full- recommended dose of paracetamol to ease aches and pains and to lower your__________. There’s phenylephrine to clear a stuffy nose. We’ve also 65 ___________caffeine, mild stimulant to _____________you going through your cold, and vitamin С - an essential vitamin your body often __________ during colds and flu. Contains paracetamol. PARACETAMOL TEXT 2 Vocabulary contraindication протипоказання decade десятиліття frequent частий measuring spoonful мірна ложка measuring capful мірний ковпачок respectively відповідно renal insufficiency ниркова недостатність General The most frequent and thus most important analgesics applied by the doctor daily have been in use for decades. One of them is Paracetamol. It is distinguished by good analgesic and antipyretic properties and is well tolerated. Composition One tablet contains Paracetamol BP 500 mg; One suppository contains Paracetamol BP 250 mg; One measuring spoonful/measuring capful mixture (5ml) contains 120 mg and 200 mg respectively. Indications Any attacks of pain, such as headache, toothache, earache, -muscular pain, arthritis pain, traumatic pain, and post-operative pain, feverish conditions with grippal infections and other infectious diseases. Contraindications 66 Severe renal insufficiency; caution with damaged liver. Side Effects Side effects are not to be expected when Paracetamol is administrated in therapeutic doses. Avoid overdosage and long-term treatment. Administration and Dosage Tablets: children (above 6 years) ½ -1 tablet; adults 1-2 tablets. Suppositories: infants 1-6 years one suppository. Mixture: babies (2nd-12 month) ½ -1 measuring spoonful/measuring capful. The analgesic and antipyretic effect sets in after 30 min and will last for 3 to 4 hours. Storage Tablets: No special requirements. Suppositories: Storing temperature is not above 25 C. Mixture: Protected from light. Task 1. Make sentences with the following words. overdosage__________________________________________________ therapeutic doses______________________________________________ requirement__________________________________________________ damaged liver________________________________________________ infectious diseases ____________________________________________ Unlike many substances, water expands as it freezes. An ice cube takes up about 9% more volume than the water used to make it. 67  Prepare a drug annotation of a drug, using the useful language from the table “The Structure of Your Speech. Useful Language”. Your speech must contain the most important information of the given topic. THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR SPEECH. USEFUL LANGUAGE. The name of this drug is.... It is produced in the form of… (tablets, drops, suppositories, etc.). The composition of this drug is.... It is indicated for.... One should take this drug.... The dosage for adults is... and for children is… The drug is contraindicated for the patients with... / In general there are contraindications, but it is better to consult your doctor before taking this drug. The stated dose is not to be exceeded. The side - effects of this drug are... / There are no side - effects. This drug should be stored... (in a dry, cool, dark place). It should be kept out of the reach of children. The shelf - life of this drug is.... One package contains.... 68 GRAMMAR: PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE The present simple tense is one of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements. The present simple tense is used:  To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes: I like chemistry (habit); I work in Kiev (unchanging situation); Water boils at 100 degrees of Celsius (general truth)  To give instructions or directions: You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.  To express fixed arrangements, present or future: Your exam starts at 09.00  To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until: He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.  With verbs of the senses and mental processes: I understand you now. He thinks that he wants to become a pharmacist. 69 PRACTISE YOUR GRAMMAR: PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE Task 1. Write negative and interrogative sentences. 1. I study at the National University of Pharmacy. - ______________________________________________________ ? ______________________________________________________ 2. I always do my English homework. - ______________________________________________________ ? ______________________________________________________ 3. He studies at the pharmaceutical department. - ______________________________________________________ ? ______________________________________________________ 4. They like organic chemistry very much. - ______________________________________________________ ? ______________________________________________________ 5. My best friend lives in a hostel. - ______________________________________________________ ? ______________________________________________________ Task 2. Open the brackets and write the correct forms of the verbs. 1. Anne _____________(like) studying biology. 2. We _______ (not\ watch) TV every day. 3. Students _______ (carry out) experiments very often. 4. They _______ ( have) breakfast before 7 a.m. 5. _______ you ________ (study) at the National University of Pharmacy? 6. Masha _______ (not\ play) computer games. 7. She _______ (have) shower in the mornings. 8. My friend _______ (speak) French. 9. My sister and I _______ (go) to the university by subway. 70  10. ________ your best friend _________ (live) in a hostel? Task 3. Write questions in the Present Simple Tense. 1. _______ you __________ analytical chemistry? (to study) 2. _______ your teacher ________ the homework? (to check) 3. ________ you _________ photos when you are on holiday? (to take) 4. _________ she __________ to English lessons regularly? (to go) 5. ________ they __________ good marks? (to get) Task 4. Write do\ does\ am\ is\ are in the gaps. 1. __________you tired? 2. __________you study chemistry? 3. __________you a student? 4. __________you have a brother? 5. __________she a student? 6. ___________she study chemistry? 7. ____________you have lessons every day? 8. ____________they at home? 9. _____________he at work? 10. ____________she speak English? 11. ___________you speak English? 12. ___________ he an English teacher? 13. ____________ it cold outside? 14. _____________ you study biology? 15. _____________ you understand me? Task 5. Write the correct form of the verbs. Chemistry ________(to be) a branch of physical science that __________(to study) the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry 71  _____________(to include) topics such as the properties of individual atoms, how atoms ___________(to form) chemical bonds to create chemical compounds and the interactions between substances through chemical reactions to form different substances. Chemistry _________(to be) sometimes called the central science because it ______ (to bridge) other natural sciences, including physics, geology and biology. Task 6. Find and correct the mistakes in these sentences. 1. The Browns goes to the seaside every summer. ____________________________________ 2. I doesn’t understand the word “test-tube”. What do this word mean? ____________________________________ 3. British people drinks a lot of tea. ____________________________________ 4. Do she studies at the National University of Pharmacy? ____________________________________ 5. My train leave at 09.30, so I need to be at the station by 9. ____________________________________ 6. Does your groupmates arrives on Monday? ____________________________________ 7. What time do the first double-period begins? ____________________________________ 8. Do it take you 10 minutes to get to the University? – Yes, you are right. ____________________________________ 9. We usually plays football but sometimes we plays volleyball or tennis. ____________________________________ 10. Water freeze at 0°C (32°F). ____________________________________ 72  UNIT 6 VOCABULARY AND READING Text 1. The Chemical Laboratory Text 2. Laboratory Safety GRAMMAR: THEORY AND There is\ there are PRACTICE SPEAKING Chemistry Laboratory THE CHEMICAL LABORATORY TEXT 1 Vocabulary a burette бюретка a burner пальник a flask колба a funnel воронка a test-tube пробірка a vessel посудина an acid кислота an alkali луг analytical balance аналітичний баланс glassware скляний посуд impurities домішки to boil кип'ятити to increase збільшувати to melt танути 73  to occupy займати to point out вказати на те to record all the findings записати всі висновки to write down carefully записати уважно to carry out various experiments проводити різні експерименти glassware for measuring посуд для вимірювання vapour pressure тиск пари melting point температуру плавлення Read and translate the text. The course of training at any pharmaceutical institute is impossible without practical classes in chemistry. They are held in the chemical laboratories. Students of our National University of Pharmacy carry out various experiments with different chemical substances there. All members of my group prefer to attend practical classes. That’s why we work in the chemical laboratory with great pleasure. We try to improve our knowledge in practice. Our chemical laboratory occupies a large and light room. It is well-ventilated because chemists often work with substances having strong and unpleasant odour. During our practical classes in chemistry we study chemical and physical properties of inorganic substances. Our students carry out different experiments and carefully record all the findings. Usually they point out the title of the experiment and the date, the substances, describe reagents and the results. The laboratory has its own equipment. It is equipped with special laboratory tables besides the demonstration table which stands between the two rows of tables and in front of them. In our experiments we use laboratory vessels and glassware of different kinds. There are three groups of them in the laboratory: glassware for general use, glassware for special use and glassware for measuring. Students carry 74 out experiments using test-tubes, funnels, flasks, retorts, burettes, graduated cylinders, measuring glasses and pipettes. They also have microscopes, analytical balances, distillators, burners to heat solutions and thermometers at hand. The most widely available reagents at our laboratory are acids (nitric, sulphuric), alkalis (potassium solution, sodium solution), oxides, organic salts, indicators (phenolphthalein, methylene orange). Among the subjects students study in the laboratory are density, viscosity, vapour pressure and others. There are a lot of laboratories in our academy. The laboratory of inorganic chemistry is for identifying the properties of elements and inorganic substances. The first-year students have their practical classes there. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic and inorganic substances can be obtained in the laboratory of analytical chemistry. The laboratory assistant car