Introduction to the English Language System PDF

Introduction to the English Language System Stella Marie G. Arcenas, PhD 01 © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  Expected Student Expected Topic...

Introduction to the English Language System Stella Marie G. Arcenas, PhD 01 © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  Expected Student Expected Topics for Learning Outcomes Discussion Students can: General Principles of Language 1. Be introduced to the principles and Misconceptions about Language design features of a language; Theories of Language Origin 2. Distinguish the theories of how language Design Features of a Language came about; and Linguistics and its Core Areas 3. Be introduced to the study of language and the core areas of linguistics © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  Lesson Keywords General Principles of Language Arbitrariness Misconceptions of Language Divine Source Theory Displacement The Natural Sound Source Theory Discreteness The Social Interaction Source Theory Duality The Physical Adaptation Source Theory Productivity The Tool-making Source Theory The Genetic Source Theory Cultural Transmission © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved What is Language? 03 © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved 04 Language functions both as a It also serves as a vehicle of thought means of carrying which facilitates out social and the transfer of emotional thought from one person to another. purposes. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  05 Language is a rich human ability-- it gives words to our thoughts, voice to our ideas, and expression to our feelings. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE 1. Language makes us uniquely human. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE 2. Language reflects one's identity. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE 3. Language can take different forms. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE 4. Languages change through time. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE 5. No language is considered to be primitive, inferior, or less logical. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LANGUAGE 6. The grammar of a language is a complex yet systematic and describable phenomenon. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  SOME MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT LANGUAGE WRITING IS MORE PARENTS TEACH RULES IN PERFECT THAN THEIR CHILDREN GRAMMAR BOOKS SPEECH. LANGUAGE. FOR CORRECT LANGUAGE USE SHOULD ALWAYS BE FOLLOWED. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  SOME MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT LANGUAGE CORRECT SPELLING PRIMITIVE EVERYONE IS BORN PRESERVES A LANGUAGES WITH A LANGUAGE. CANNOT EXPRESS PARTICULAR IDEAS LANGUAGE. EFFECTIVELY. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  SOME MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT LANGUAGE SWEARING WOMEN TEND TO PEOPLE WHO SAY DEGRADES A TALK MORE THAN 'NOBODY AIN'T LANGUAGE. MEN. DONE NOTHIN'' ARE NOT THINKING LOGICALLY. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  08 Where does THEORIES language come OF from? LANGUAGE ORIGIN © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved The Divine Source Theory 09 Basic Hypothesis: If human infants were to grow up without hearing any language around them, they would spontaneously begin to use the original God-given language. The story of the Egyptian Pharaoh The experiment of King James Psammetichus the Fourth of Scotland © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved The Natural Sound Source Theory 09 (Bow-wow theory) Basic Idea: Primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them. All modern languages have some words that seem to echo naturally occurring sounds (onomatopoeic words like splash, bang, boom, bow-wow). © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved The Social Interaction Source Theory 09 (Yo-he-ho theory) Basic Idea: Sounds of a person or several people involved in physical and coordinated effort could be the source of our language (i.e. hums, grunts, groans, and curses when lifting and carrying large bits of trees or lifeless mammoths), This theory places the development of human language in a social context. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved The Physical Adaptation Source Theory 09 Basic Idea: In the evolution of man, changes on the physical features of humans occurred which may have been able to support speech production. Human teeth, lips, mouth, tongue, larynx and pharynx evolved to become more capable of a wider range of shapes and a more powerful delivery of sounds. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved The Tool-making Source Theory 09 Basic Idea: Development of human hands to the preferential right-handedness made humans capable of making tools. There may be an evolutionary connection between language-using and tool-using abilities of humans. Motor movements involved in both object manipulation and complex vocalization are lateralized in the left hemisphere of the brain. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved The Genetic Source Theory 09 Basic Idea: Human offspring are born with a special capacity for language. In a relatively short period of time, children seem to have an innate ability to master (any) language. This innateness hypothesis points to something in human genetics, where there may have been a genetic mutation or change that may have quickly taken place. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  Displacement 04 DESIGN Productivity FEATURES OF Arbitrariness A LANGUAGE Cultural Transmission Duality © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved DISPLACEMENT 12 Human language has the ability to talk about present, past, future, and even fictional events or ideas. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved PRODUCTIVITY 12 Human language has the ability to create novel expressions and an infinite number of utterances from a finite set of sounds. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved ARBITRARINESS 12 There is no 'natural' connection between the linguistic form and its meaning. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved DISCRETENESS 12 Language is composed of words that are made up of discrete elemental sounds/signs. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved CULTURAL TRANSMISSION 12 Language is passed on from one generation to the next and children acquire the language in a culture with other speakers. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved DUALITY 12 Human language is organized on two levels -- the physical (discrete sound) level, and the semantic (distinct meaning) level. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved What is Linguistics? © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved 15 THREE FACES OF A LANGUAGE SYSTEM Linguistics is the systematic inquiry into human language. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  Phonetics 14 Phonology Morphology Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Discourse Neurolinguistics Psycholinguistics Sociolinguistics © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE Knowing L1 = unconscious knowledge Capacity to produce sounds that signify certain meanings and to interpret and understand the sounds produced by others © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE Knowledge of the Sound System - Knowing the sounds of that language - Knowing which sounds may start a word, end a word, and follow each other © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE Knowledge of Words - Knowing that certain sound sequences signify certain concepts or meanings - Arbitrary relationship of form and meaning © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved  LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE Knowledge of Sentences and Non-Sentences - Linguistic knowledge includes rules for forming sentences and making the kinds of judgments - Rules must be finite in length and finite in number so they can be stored in our finite brains. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved CREATIVITY OF LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE - Ability to combine words to form phrases, and phrases to form sentences - Simple memorization of all possible sentences is impossible - Ability to produce new sentences never spoken before and to understand sentences never heard before - Language use is not limited to stimulus-response behavior © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved WE ALL POSSESS HUMAN LANGUAGE. © 2020 Ateneo de Davao University All Rights Reserved CLASS REQUIREMENT 1. Discussion Forum 2. Essay 3. Reflection END OF MODULE 1