English First Quarter Reviewer PDF

ENGLISH By Samantha W. the GREATEST CITATION APA CITATION - American Psychological Association - Uses basic intext citations in the text that refers to an alphabetical list - Use mainly in social studies and education - Author’s name, LN. (Date). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher,...

ENGLISH By Samantha W. the GREATEST CITATION APA CITATION - American Psychological Association - Uses basic intext citations in the text that refers to an alphabetical list - Use mainly in social studies and education - Author’s name, LN. (Date). Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, page number. OPINION MARKING SIGNALS - phrases used to state an opinion E.g. in my opinion - convey views about something COMPARISON AND CONTRAST IN WRITING COMPARISON -> similarities (than) CONTRAST -> differences Test comparison - Compares two or more texts - Explain both the similarities and differences - Comparison - contrast text Examples: like, similar to BIASES OF AUTHORS BIAS Prejudice in favor of or against someone in a way it is unfair BIAS IN WRITING When a writer has a specific opinion or a preference. For one thing over another. How is it detected? - uses words that are too dramatical, sensational, emotional, or strong - presents evidences that seem to support only one side of an issue - makes claims that magnify either good or bad but not both - fails to present any argument that may counter his or her claims. - fails to cite sources and bases its arguments solely on his/her own opinions. Why an author might have a bias - caused by a conflict of interest - duty of an author is to be truthful LITERATURE - Any written work - books/writings published on a particular subject - Leaflets and other printed matter used to advertise products or give advice - Those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit ( a great work of literature ) Works of literature - provide a kind of blueprint of human society. It represents the culture and tradition of a language or people. - A new world of experience TWO BASIC FORMS OF LITERATURE (shape of writing) I. POETRY - Lines and stanzas - Special intensity given to the expression of feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive style and rhythm - Evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of a specific emotional response through language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound, and rhythm. - Has deliberate patterns and line breaks - Narrow columns , varying line lengths and more white space - Incorporates more figurative language II. PROSE - Sentences and paragraphs - written/spoken languages in its ordinary form, without metrical structure - Literary medium distinguished by its greater irregularity in variety of rhythm - Patterns of everyday speech GENRES OF POETRY 1. Narrative poetry Tells a story E.g : epic, ballad, monologue, tale, metrical romance, Arthurian romances, etc. 2. Lyric poetry Can be sung with a lyre E.g : elegy, ode, sonnet 3. Dramatic poetry Meant to be performed E.g : tragedy, comedy, tragi-comedy, dramatic monologue, mosque Others : satirical, verse, prose, free verse, haiku, and tanka poetry FOUR DISTINCT TYPES OF PROSE 1. NON-FICTION - Based on true events 2. FICTION - Product of one’s imagination 3. FABLES 4. PROSE POETRY 5. LEGEND 6. HEROIC PROSE  Epic & the Epic Hero “ BEOWULF “ - There are many epics in the Philippines because we are an archipelagic country. Great Britain - Geographical & political term; also known as Island Britain United Kingdom - purely a political term; all of great britain ( England, Scotland, Wales ) Its former inhabitants are the Celts, Anglos, Jutes, and the Saxons CELTS - Inhabitants of England before Germanic tribes and Roman. - Iron age - didn't called themselves as celts - "Galli" or barbarians → Romans called them - "Britons" - Under christian ruling → Beaker people - first before celt ANGLES Germanic Peoples - Teutonic, Seubian First people to be called as English Anglo-Saxons → came from Jutland (Denmark) → Angliand → England - Old English / Anglo-Saxon language earliest recorded English language ENGLAND - Only has one national epic “Beowulf” EPIC - A long narrative poem - A legacy of Germanic tribes The Epic "Beowulf" - Oldest surviving Old English literary work - Highest achievement of Old English literature - Earliest European vernacular epic - Believed to have been composed in 700 - 750 century - 3,000-line poem Beowulf - Physical strength and courage - loyalty courtesy, pride - Good warrior and king Good defender - Truth (moral, right) versus lies (fake news/ revisionary) Good leader - Visionary (envisions, plans) - Role model IMPORTANT CHARACTERS 1. GEATS - seafaring tribe residing in south of Sweden 2. DANES/SCYLDING - from Denmark 3. Monsters GEATS BEOWULF - A mighty young (20) man, warrior, and a noble individual - Strength of 30 men - King of Geats years later WIGLAG - Stayed with the old king beowulf against the dragon - Future king HYGELAC - Beowulf’s uncle - King of Geats - Death in battle is historically recorded DANES / SCYLDINGS HROTHGAR - aging king of the Danes - once helped Ecgtheow (father of Beowulf). HEOROT - Hrothgar's great mead-hall - symbolizes kingdom’s success, civilization, joy. WEALHTHEOW - Hrothgar's queen - embodiment of charm & hospitality. UNFERTH - insulted Beowulf - later lent his sword for a crucial battle. MONSTERS GRENDEL - descendant of the biblical Cain - enormous ogre who despised mankind's joy - menaced Hrothgar and the Danes for 12 years before facing Beowulf in battle.  GRENDEL’S MOTHER - not as powerful as her son, but a formidable foe - lived with her son in a cave beneath a swampy lake (mere) where she fought the hero. DRAGON - guarded a treasure trove in Geatland - got angry when a fugitive/slave stole a single gold-plated cup - raged throughout the Geat countryside. KEY ELEMENTS Form - physical structure - length, number of lines, rhyming scheme, stanza & syllable count & meter. - pentameter = 5 feet. - Ex: acrostic, cinquain, concrete. Poetic Voice - narrative voice - Also known as the speaker or persona which refers to the voice in the poem. - Not usually identical to the author who writes the poem. Sound - creates mood, tone, & images - Use sound techniques with word choice to enhance their poems. - Sound techniques include alliteration, assonance, meter, near rhyme, onomatopoeia, repetition, rhyme schemes. Sonnet = 14: iambic → / ' - pentameter → 5 feet (a) Alliteration - repetition of the same sound at the start of a series of words in succession. - consonant sounds (b) Assonance - vowel sounds repetition. (c) Onomatopoeia - word that actually looks like the sound it makes. (5) Imagery - uses sensory languages. (6) Figurative Language - goes beyond the actual meaning of words. - helps reader to gain new insights 1. Iambs (1) (unstressed before stressed) 2. Trochees (2) (stressed before unstressed) 3. Spondees (3) (stressed (2) syllables together) 4. Dactyls (4) (stressed before unstressed) 5. Anapests (5) (2 unstressed before 1 stressed) Censura - is a pause between words in the line of poetry. 3. Stanza (in poetry): - Couplet (2), Tercet (3), Quatrain (4), Cinquain (5), Sestet (6) 4. Rhyme - last words or sounds of the lines match with each other in some form. - Free verse does not follow any rhyme 5. Rhyme Scheme: 6. Theme - refers to what the poem is all about. - Central idea that the poem wants to convey. 7. Symbolism = conveys thoughts or ideas in a poem by the use of symbols. - Symbol can stand for many things at one time. 6. Figurative Language - Goes beyond the actual meaning of words. - Helps the reader gain new insights into the objects or subjects in the poem. - Examples: Simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, synecdoche, and onomatopoeia. Basic Elements: 1. Rhythm - music made by the statements, which includes the syllables in the lines. 2. Meter - the basic structural makeup of the poem. 3. Meter and Foot: - Poetic meter: - Monometer = 1 - Dimeter = 2 - Trimeter = 3 - Tetrameter = 4 - Pentameter = 5 - Hexameter = 6 - Heptameter = 7 - Octameter = 8 - Poetic Foot - a unit of stressed and unstressed syllables. - Contains 2-3 syllables. - Stressed = long. - Unstressed = short. Poetry (The Key Elements) 1. Form - refers to the physical structure and considers the following: length and number of lines, rhyming scheme, stanza and syllable count, and meter. 2. Poetic voice - narrative voice of the poem or persona. - It is not identical to the author. 3. Sound - creates mood, tone, and images. 4. Sound Techniques: - Include alliteration, assonance, cacophony, onomatopoeia, repetition, rhyme schemes (external & internal), and rhythm. 5. Imagery - uses sensory language to represent objects, actions, and ideas in such a way it appeals to the senses: - Visual - Auditory - Olfactory - Tactile - Gustatory - Kinesthetic (sense of motion) - Organic (internal sensations and emotions) 6. Figurative Language - Goes beyond the actual meaning of words - Helps readers to gain new insights into the objects or subjects in the poem - Simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, synecdoche, and onomatopoeia Basic Elements 1. Rhythm: Music made by the statements which include the syllables in the lines. 2. Meter: The basic structural makeup of the poem. 3. Meter and Foot - Poetic meter - Monometer = 1 - Dimeter = 2 - Trimeter = 3 - Tetrameter = 4 - Pentameter = 5 - Hexameter = 6 - Heptameter = 7 - Octameter = 8 - Poetic foot: Unit of stressed and unstressed syllables - Contains 2 - 3 syllables - Stressed = long - Unstressed = short - Iambs (1 syllable: unstressed before stressed) - Trochees (2 syllables: stressed before unstressed) - Spondees (2 syllables: stressed syllables together) - Dactyls (3 syllables: 1 stressed before 2 unstressed) - Anapests (3 syllables: 2 unstressed before 1 stressed) - Censura: A pause between words in the line of poetry 3. Stanza (in poetry): - Couplet (2 lines), Tercet (3 lines), Quatrain (4 lines), Cinquain (5 lines), Sestet (6 lines) 4. Rhyme: The last words or sounds of the lines match with each other in some form - Free verse does not follow any rhyme 5. Rhyme scheme 6. Theme: Refers to what the poem is all about - Central idea that the poem wants to convey 7. Symbolism = Convey in poem by the use of symbols - A symbol can stand for many things at one time - to create effects 8. Imagery - used by the poet for readers to create an image in their imagination using the 5 senses TERZA RIMA - “Third Rhyme” (italian) - Dante Alighieri (creator) Geoffrey Chaucer - first to use terza rima in english poem - poem of three lines in one stanza BIOPOEM - Own poem (look like biography) CINQUAIN - - 5 lines poem DIAMANTE - A poem that looks like a diamond - Positive = top / negative = bottom CONCRETE POEM - Shape poetry - Written so that the shape of the words on the page matches the subject of the poem ACROSTIC - The word is the first letter of each line LIMERICK - A humorous poem consisting of five lines ELEMENTS OF PROSE BASIC Setting - place and time Character - people Plot - introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution/denouement Conflict - main character may struggle - plot is based on this Theme - belief, moral, or insight of the story - the why of the story ADVANCED Point of view - Who is telling the story Tone - Overall emotion of the story Style - How things are said Geoffrey Chaucer - “Father of English Literature” - “Father of English Poetry” - First to be buried in poet’s corner in england - Outstanding english poet before shakespeare - Anglo-norman and french were the language of his time > Canterbury Tales - “one of the greatest poetic work in english literature” - many tales within the tale - one of the first major works in literature written in english - stories within a story - frame story Thomas Malory - Flourished in 1470 - He was a welshman - Added a prayer Le Morte d’Arthur - Tells the famous legend of KING ARTHUR and QUEEN GUINEVERE 8 tales: