English 9 Reviewer 2024-2025 PDF

**ENGLISH 9** **REVIEWER** Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Grade and Section: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Lesson 1: The Anglo-American Literature]** - [***Beowulf***](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Beowulf) is the oldest surviving Germa...

**ENGLISH 9** **REVIEWER** Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Grade and Section: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Lesson 1: The Anglo-American Literature]** - [***Beowulf***](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Beowulf) is the oldest surviving Germanic epic and the longest Old English poem; it was likely composed between 700 and 750. Other great works of Old English [poetry](https://www.britannica.com/art/poetry) include *The Wanderer*, *The Seafarer*, [*The Battle of Maldon*](https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Battle-of-Maldon), and [*The Dream of the Rood*](https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Dream-of-the-Rood).  - ***The author of Beowulf is unknown***. It is possible that the poem was composed by and transmitted between several different poets before it was preserved in a single manuscript that dates to about 1000. - *Beowulf* takes place in early 6th-century [Scandinavia](https://www.britannica.com/place/Scandinavia), primarily in what is known today as ***[Denmark](https://www.britannica.com/place/Denmark) and [Sweden](https://www.britannica.com/place/Sweden).*** - Beowulf***, heroic poem***, the highest achievement of [Old English literature](https://www.britannica.com/art/Anglo-Saxon-literature) and the earliest European [vernacular](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vernacular) [epic](https://www.britannica.com/art/epic). - *Beowulf* falls into ***two parts***. It opens in Denmark, where King Hrothgar has a [splendid](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/splendid) mead hall known as Heorot, a place of celebration and much merriment.  - The second part passes rapidly over Hygelac's [subsequent](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/subsequent) death in a battle (of historical record), the death of his son, and Beowulf's succession to the kingship and his peaceful rule of 50 years.   **[Lesson 2: What is Poetry?]** - ***Poetry, ***[literature](https://www.britannica.com/art/literature) that [evokes](https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/evokes) a concentrated imaginative [awareness](https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics) of experience or a specific [emotional](https://www.britannica.com/science/emotion) response through [language](https://www.britannica.com/topic/language) chosen and arranged for its [meaning](https://www.britannica.com/topic/meaning), sound, and [rhythm](https://www.britannica.com/art/rhythm-poetry). - Poems can be structured, with **rhyming lines** and **meter**, the rhythm and emphasis of a line based on syllabic beats. Poems can also be **freeform**, which follows no formal structure. The basic building block of a poem is a verse known as a **stanza**.  ***Types of Poetry:*** 1. **Acrostic** 2. **Ballad** 3. **Elegy**- reflective and written to mourn an individual or group. They also frequently end with lines about hope and redemption. 4. **Free verse**- can be long or short, and it can cover any subject matter---as long as it *doesn't* have a consistent rhyme scheme or meter, it's a free verse poem! 5. **Sonnet-** A 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme originating in Italy and brought to England by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey in the 16th century. 6. **Ode-** is a poem that praises something or someone. Odes are not required to stick to any specific meter, rhyme scheme, or length---though they often use a formal tone. 7. **Haiku** -- a short poem characterized by its unique form: a five-syllable line followed by a seven-syllable line followed by a five-syllable line. These lines do not rhyme. 1. **Stanza** is a group of lines set off from others by a blank line or indentation. 2. **Meter** is the definitive pattern found in [verse](https://poemanalysis.com/definition/verse/). 3. **Rhyme** is the repetitive pattern of sounds found in poetry. They are used to reinforce a pattern or rhyme scheme. 4. **Theme** is a recurring idea or a pervading thought in a work of literature. 5. **Tone or [attitude](https://poemanalysis.com/literary-device/attitude/)** of a poem's speaker and the mood of the entire text is part of poetic diction. 6. **Mood** is related to the impression of the text upon readers.  7. **Figurative Language and Poetic Devices-** Poetry uses figurative language and different poetic devices to suggest different interpretations of words or to evoke other ideas that are not literally connected with the words. - **Imagery** in poems refers to the use of vivid and descriptive language that creates a mental picture or sensory experience for the reader. Poets use sensory details related to sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell to evoke an emotion or create an environment. - Here's an example of imagery in a poem:"The apparition of these faces in the crowd: Petals on a wet, black bough." ---*In a Station of the Metro* by Ezra Pound. 1. **Visual imagery**. In this form of poetic imagery, the poet appeals to the reader's sense of sight  2. **Auditory imagery**. This form of poetic imagery appeals to the reader's sense of hearing or sound. 3. **Gustatory imagery**. In this form of poetic imagery, the poet appeals to the reader's sense of taste by describing something the speaker or narrator of the poem tastes.  4. **Tactile imagery**. In this form of poetic imagery, the poet appeals to the reader's sense of touch by describing something the speaker of the poem feels on their body. 5. **Olfactory imagery**. In this form of poetic imagery, the poet appeals to the reader's sense of smell by describing something the speaker of the poem inhales.  - Language that uses figures of speech is known collectively as **figurative language**. You will find examples of figurative language in novels, poems, essays, and plays. The opposite of figurative language is **literal language**. Literal language is the type of straightforward writing you'll find on road signs, in [office memos](https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-memo/), and in [research papers](https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-a-research-paper/). 1. ***Simile-*** compares two dissimilar things using "like" or "as." The goal of simile is to give the reader a more vivid understanding of something. "She is as red as tomato" 2. ***Metaphor-*** is the direct comparison of dissimilar things to create more vivid imagery or understanding. "He was an onion; to understand him, she had to peel back the layers." 3. ***Hyperbole-*** deliberate exaggeration that adds emphasis, urgency, or excitement to a statement. "If I don't eat soon, I'm going to die of hunger." 4. [***Onomatopoeia***](https://www.grammarly.com/blog/onomatopoeia/)- is a word that sounds like what it means. "Sheesh!" 5. ***Oxymoron***- is a phrase that uses two contradictory words to create a new meaning. "That strawberry cake was awfully good." 6. ***Paradox***- is a statement that appears to contradict itself but contains some truth, theme, or humor. "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." ---George Orwell, *Animal Farm* 7. ***[Personification](https://www.grammarly.com/blog/personification/)-*** "The floorboards groaned under the weight of each step". 8. ***Euphemism*** - is a way to say something in an understated manner, often to avoid difficult topics---like money and death. 9. ***Apostrophe*** as a figure of speech is when a character addresses someone or something that isn't present or cannot respond. "O Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?" *---*William Shakespeare,* Romeo and Juliet* - are \"emotion words,\" or spoken emotional outbursts, that can be presented as a single word, a phrase, or utterances that express an intense feeling. - There are no particular rules as to where interjections should be placed in a sentence, but most often, they are seen to appear in the beginning of a sentence. They are used to form exclamatory sentences.  - **Hurray!** We won the match. - **Ouch!** That really hurt badly. - **Wow!** That is a beautiful dress indeed. - **Oh my God!** That was unexpected. - **Whoa! **That guy is unbelievably huge. - Characters are supposed to sound like real people, and real people use interjections to express emotion. Additionally, interjections help reveal elements of personality, in real people and in fictional characters.  For example, have you met the narrator of Poe's "The Tell Tale Heart?" His devious "oh no!" as he stalks his victim. - ***Segments*** consist of vowels and consonants that are central to conveying the meanings of words. There are four prosodic features that you will be learning in this lesson. 1. ***Pitch*** - is the loudness and lowness of our voice. We use pitch to give subtle meaning to sentences. 2. ***Intonation***- plays a role in determining utterance meaning. 3. ***Stress -*** refers to emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word phrase or sentences. 4. ***Juncture-*** is the manner of moving between two successive syllables in speech. A cue by means in which listener can distinguish.