English 9 First Quarter Exam Reviewer PDF

*The pointers are based on the course outline and T. Allysa Mae C. Villamor’s Teams post. ENGLISH 9 FIRST QUARTER EXAM REVIEWER by Mark Eldrin D. Cribe (Kindness) Referenced from Natividad, V.R. (2022). English in Perspective:...

*The pointers are based on the course outline and T. Allysa Mae C. Villamor’s Teams post. ENGLISH 9 FIRST QUARTER EXAM REVIEWER by Mark Eldrin D. Cribe (Kindness) Referenced from Natividad, V.R. (2022). English in Perspective: Anglo-American Literature. Abiva Publishing House Inc. NOTE: Please view in Print Layout and Light Mode 1 | Anglo-American Literature These are literary works under the influence of the British Empire and the early discovery of the Americas. Therefore, it should have began around in the late 450s. It is generally split into two: English and American. English Literature is considered to have eight (8) notable periods: 1. Old English Period This period started around 450 until 1066. The dialect used in this period Is Celtic English which has been popularized by German Tribes. This period is known for its oral literature/traditions and poetry. An author during this period was William the Conqueror, and an example of literature is the epic poem Beowulf. 2. Middle English Period This period was from 1066 until 1500. The dialect used during this period is the London Dialect. This period was known for its religious literature. A famous author during Middle English was Geoffrey Chaucer also known as the Father of English Literature. 3. English Renaissance This period was from 1500 until 1660. This period can be described as medieval tradition blended with renaissance optimism. Lyric poetry, prose, and drama were popular during this period. A famous author during this period was William Shakespeare. 4. Neoclassical Period This period is from 1660 until 1785. This period was greatly influenced by the French. Some examples of authors during this period are John Dryden, John Wilmot, and John Locke. 5. Romantic Period This period was from 1785 until 1830. This is considered as the birth of Gothic literature. A famous author during this period was William Wordsworth also known as the Father of Romanticism. 6. Victorian Period This period was from 1832 until 1901. This is when the Age of Industrial Revolution occured. A famous author during this period was Queen Victoria I.  7. Modern This period was from 1941 until 1945. Literature during this period was mainly about World War I. This is also when the British colonies demanded for independence from the British colonizers. An example of an author during this period was Thomas Steams Eliot abbreviated to T.S. Eliot. 8. Post-Modern This period started in 1945 and is still continuing in the present. During the early years of this period, its literature was mainly focused on World War II. An example of an author during this period is David Herbert Lawrence abbreviated to D.H. Lawrence. TIP: A mnemonic I used to memorize the order of periods of English Literature is……… OMER NERV MOP. For the range of a period, I would recommend memorizing the. last two digits the most. (However, this shouldn’t be your priority in terms of what to. review)......................................................................................................................... American Literature is considered to have seven (7) notable periods: 1. Native American Period This period may have started in the early 1600s. The literature during this period explores the natural and spiritual world. 2. Colonial Period This period was from 1607 until 1776. This is the official birth of American Literature. A famous author during this period was Benjamin Franklin. 3. Revolutionary Age This period was from 1765 until 1790. This was considered the birth of the greatest American history documents. Famous works during this period are the Constitution of the United States (1789), and the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson. Famous authors during this period are the aforementioned Thomas Jefferson, and Edgar Allan Poe also known as the Father of American Short Stories. 4. American Renaissance This period was from 1828 until 1865. This is the Age of Transcendentalism. Examples of authors during this period are Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Emily Dickenson 5. Realistic Period This period was from 1865 until 1900. This is the period that the American Civil War occured. Examples of authors during this period are Mark Twain, and Brent Harte.  6. American Modernist This period was from 1914 until 1939. This is the start of America’s Modern literature. Examples of authors are Robert Frost, and Francis Scott Fitzgerald abbreviated to F. Scott Fitzgerald. 7. Contemporary Period This period started in 1939 and is still continuing until today. Literature during its early years is focused on World War I and World War II. Famous authors during this period are Norman Mailer, and Jerome David Salinger abbreviated to J.D. Salinger. TIP: A mnemonic I used for notable periods of American Literature is NA CRAR RAM C. For the time periods, it's pretty much the same as earlier. 2 | Normal and Inverted Word Order There are two (2) types of word orders that we can use to communicate to people everyday: 1. Normal Word Order The more commonly used word order. It has the format of Subject-Verb-Object. For example: The worm ate the apple. Good Shepherd Cathedral School always holds a School Fair every October or November. TIP: Verbs also include linking verbs such as is, am, are was, were etc.The subject refers to the doer of the action, while the object refers to the receiver of the action. 2. Inverted Word Order This has the general format of Object-Verb-Subject. Also, the Subject may appear after the verb, in between verb parts, or not present at all. This word order can be used in these situations: a) When the sentence starts with a negative word (i.g. never, rarely, barely, scarcely) ex. Never have I rode a roller coaster before. b) When shortening clauses ex. You have done your assignment, and so have I. c) When the word only precedes adverbial clauses or phrases. ex. Only after studying, can you play outside. d) When the transposed word order is used after the prepositional phrase of place. ex. In the box the cat jumps. 3 | Tone, Mood, and Purpose of the Author These three (3) are accompanied with the author’s writing style (and Paralanguage if spoken) so that the readers can understand the gist of the text. 1) Tone This refers to how the author feels towards the topic at hand. It can be either objective or subjective. For example, the text is about the idea of opposition parties in politics; the author has described these with a negative connotation. 2) Mood This is the feeling of the readers about the topic in the text. This can refer to opinions, perspectives, and thoughts the reader has towards the topic. This may be subjective but it can be manipulated by the author. This serves as the general atmosphere of the text despite it being based on the reader themself. In the same example, you hardly disagree with the author’s tone towards the idea of opposition parties. 3) Purpose of the Author This is about why the author wrote the text given. This is generally classified into three (3): a) Inform b) Persuade c) Entertain 4 | Punctuation Marks and Capitalization Rules These are important in our everyday use of writing in English. First are different punctuation marks we use: 1. Period (.) This is the most simple punctuation mark to use. These are used to declare sentences, to abbreviate words, and to ask indirect questions (questions that are in a declarative format). There are a few guidelines about periods: 1) The punctuation mark of a title of a work remains if it is located at the end of a sentence. Meaning there is no need to put a period. ex. I hate the book Where’s My Chair? 2) This is generally for all punctuation marks that declare a sentence. If the sentence ends with a quote, the period (or any sentence-declaring punctuation mark) should be inside the quotation marks.  ex. He said, “Please fix my car.” 3) If the sentence ends with a parenthetical that is part of a larger sentence, the period is placed outside the parentheses. 4) If the parenthetical is an entire sentence with a complete thought, the period is placed inside the parenthesis. 2. Comma (,) These are used to separate parts of text to make the text clear. It also serves as a pause in-between a sentence. This is commonly used to list objects, and to separate clauses. Usually when listing objects, there is no comma before the coordinating conjunction (and, or, nor). However, it is still grammatically correct to put the comma whatsoever called the Oxford comma. 3. Semicolon (;) This is used as a signal for breaks in-between sentences. It is rather stronger than a comma but it is weaker than a sentence-declaring punctuation mark like a period or exclamation point. 4. Question Mark (?) This is used to declare questions or interrogative sentences. ex. May I use the washroom? 5. Exclamation Point (!) This is used to declare sentences with strong emotions. ex. “There is a centipede in the bathroom!” 6. Ellipsis (...) This is used as a signal that the text has been intentionally left out. ex. They could have not been called to the Dean’s Office if not for… 7. Apostrophe (‘) This is also used to omit certain letters to combine two words, and to show possession. ex. Y’all will never make it to class in time. That is my sister’s bag! 8. Hyphen (-) This is used to connect two things related to each other. It is also sometimes used in compounding words. ex. One-third of the campus agreed to speak out against the college’s unlawful actions. 9. Dashes: En Dash (–) Em Dash (—) This is also used to separate parts of a sentence. There are two kinds: a) Em Dash (—) This may signal a sentence breaking away similar to the ellipsis. b) En Dash (–) This is used to specify range of something ex. Bring out your book and turn to pages 1746–1927. 10. Colon (:)  This is used before listing objects, or a quote; to express ratios, and to separate two major parts of a sentence. ex. Bring the following materials tomorrow: paper, straw, plastic cup. I need to wake up on or before 5:00 a.m. tomorrow. 11. Quotation Marks (“ ”) These are used to identify quotes or to reiterate what was said or written. It may be used to contain titles of stories, songs, and articles. 12. Parenthesis ( ) These are used to include explanations or statements in a sentence written. ex. My grandmother is bedridden (She is 83 years old). There are all sorts of rules on what and what not to capitalize: 1. Capitalize the first word of every sentence. 2. Capitalize proper or specific nouns. 3. Capitalize honorary titles when used before names, not when it is used after a name or on its own. ex. Vice President Sheminet gave a speech an hour ago. 4. Capitalize a formal title when used to directly address. ex. What time do we need to get here, Engineer? 5. Capitalize kinship names when it precedes a personal name, or when it is used on its own. ex. She is my Aunt. 6. Capitalize specific geographic regions. ex. You have to go to Chicago, not whatever West Virginia has to offer. 7. Do not capitalize when directly addressing points of the compass. ex. Okay, we have to go north from this building. 8. Capitalize the first word in a complete quote. 9. Capitalize names of specific course titles. ex. Yikes! I really did have a love grade in CMSC 12. 10. Do not capitalize general academic subjects. ex. Huh, this course sure has a lot of philosophy classes. # Special capitalization rules for titles of a composition (p. 105) 5 | Poetry This is a type of literature that is usually characterized by its smooth delivery and its creative use of words. There are three general (3) classifications: 1. Epic Poetry This is a form of narrative verse involving the characters going on adventures and has common themes of the supernatural, heroes, and mighty beings. This usually has multiple settings throughout the text. This  also has an omniscient narration meaning the narrator fully knows the story. An example of this is Beowulf. 2. Dramatic Poem This is one of the earliest forms of poetry. This tells a story and connects the passion of emotions of the characters. a) Soliloquy This type of dramatic poetry focuses on the utterance of a specific character’s monologue. Soliloquy comes from the Latin words solo meaning to himself, and loquor meaning to speak. b) Dramatic Monologue This refers to the critical moment of the story that conveys the strong emotions of the characters. 3. Lyric Poetry This form of poetry is meant to be sung and is usually written in first person point of view. Lyric comes from the Greek word lyre. a) Hymn These are lyrical compositions that usually talk about religious aspirations, petition, confession, communion, or praise. These are neither a poem or song alone. i) True Hymn This type of hymn is directly addressed to God and is considered a prayer. ii) Psalms These are hymns found in the book of Psalms in the Bible. iii) Spiritual Songs These hymns are meant to uplift the worshippers and are addressed to themselves. These contain their feelings of worship to the deities. iv) Chorales These are usually performed by a group of vocalists. These have even rhythm, and it lends a great state lines to their performance. v) Gospel Hymn These have been developed by preachers in the last century. These may or may not directly refer to the Bible. There are a ton of specific kinds of poems: 1) Acrostic This type of poetry has a special characteristic where the first letter of every line spells out a word. 2) Ballad These are narrative poems characterized by their melodious rhyme scheme (pattern of rhyming). 3) Elegy These refer to poems that are a reflection and written to mourn an individual or group. 4) Epic These are long, detailed poems. These tell fantastical stories of larger-than-life characters. 5) Free Verse These can be long or short, and can cover any topic or subject. These also don’t have a consistent rhyme scheme nor have a fixed meter. 6) Ghazal These are short poems composed of five (5) or more couplets (pairs of lines that are joined together as stanzas). These usually have no more than fifteen (15) lines. 7) Haiku These are short poems characterized by its meter scheme of 5-7-5. These have a common theme of nature. 8) Limerick These are humorous, often tawdry or nonsensical poetry that originated in the 19th century. These have five (5) lines with a rhythm scheme of AABBA. 9) Ode These are lyrical poems that praise something or someone. These are not restricted to a certain meter, rhyme scheme, nor length. 10) Sonnet These are poems of fourteen (14) lines. It has two (2) types: a) Shakespearean These have three (3) quatrains (stanzas of four lines) and a couplet. The rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG b) Petrarchan These have two (2) stanzas which are an octave (stanza of eight lines) and a setset (stanza of six lines). The octave presents an argument or a question. The setset begins with a volta (turn of thought or argument) in response to the octave. Its rhyme scheme is ABBAABBA CDCDCD or ABBAABBA CDECDE. 11) Villanelle This is a form of poetry from France, and it is also considered a variation of pastoral poetry. These have 19 lines which are grouped into five (5) tercets (stanzas of three lines) and a quatrain. The 1st line repeats at the 6th, 12th, and 18th lines, and the 3rd line repeats at the 9th, 15th, and 19th lines. The rhyme scheme is ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABAA.  There 6 | Sensory Images This is part of a literary device called Imagery where we use our five (5) senses to imagine the scene that is happening in a book, or piece of poetry. There are five (5) types of sensory image correlating to our five (5) main senses: 1) Visual The text describes the appearance of an object using the sense of sight. For example: The view of the big green hills is such a refreshing sight. 2) Olfactory The text describes the smell of an object in the scene using the sense of smell. For example: The bowl of sinigang emits such a pleasantly sour aroma. 3) Auditory The text describes the sound of an object in the scene using the sense of hearing. For example: Despite its historical significance, the EDSA Highway is highly regarded negatively due to the loud sounds of engines of the vehicles stuck in a never-ending road congestion. 4) Tactile The text describes the feeling of touching a certain object using the sense of touch. For example: Carrying my cat always feels like holding a giant furball! 5) Gustatory The text describes the taste of an object using the sense of touch. For example: The steak had quite the savory flavor to it accompanied with a tangy aftertaste. 7 | Literary Devices and Figures of Speech These refer to the distinct use of words as such that it strays away from its literal meaning. 1. Simile This refers to directly comparing two or more objects using like, as. ex. The flower blooms like a sunrise. 2. Metaphor This refers to indirectly comparing two or more objects, without the use of like, as. ex. That person is such a couch potato. 3. Hyperbole This refers to exaggerating the text more than it seems to be. ex. I feel like I could carry a hundred elephants right now! 4. Personification This refers to giving human qualities to inanimate objects. ex. The river cries out its tears forever. 5. Onomatopoeia This refers to words that imitate the sound it represents. ex. Woof! 6. Imagery This refers to the text’s use of the five (5) senses to describe the scene. 7. Foreshadowing This refers to hints on what will happen in the story. 8. Alliteration This refers to the repetition of the same consonant sound throughout the text. This is usually used in tongue twisters. 9. Allusion This refers to casual references to famous historical or literary figures or events. ex. Pandora’s Box 10. Paradox This refers to a sentence or phrase that is self-contradictory. ex. Tonight, a fire station caught on fire in Kindness St. 11. Symbolism This refers to using objects or actions that mean more to its literal meaning.  ex. Dove = peace and innocence 12. Idiom This refers to expressions that have a different meaning from its literal meaning. ex. Break a leg! 13. Oxymoron This refers to two terms that are opposite or contradictory to each other. ex. tragic comedy 14. Euphemism This refers to turning usually harsh expressions into a more polite or hidden expression. ex. That person passed away last year. 15. Cliché This refers to expressions that are pretty much common or overused. ex. This was a piece of cake! 16. Pun This refers to the humorous play on words, and it can have a double meaning. ex. A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two-tired. 8 | Signal Words and Connectors These are used to connect ideas together. 1) Words that Signal Continuation of Ideas 2) Words that Signal Change of Ideas 3) Words that Signal Sequence of Ideas 4) Words that Signal Illustration of Ideas 5) Words that Signal Emphasis of Ideas 6) Words that Signal Cause, Condition, or Result 7) Words that Signal Location 8) Words that Signal Comparison and Contrast 9) Words that Signal Conclusion 10) Words that Signal that an Idea is Not Exact 11) Nonwords that Signal Emphasis 9 | Word Formation In English, there are a ton of words that originate from other words.  Here is how these words are formed: 1. Clipping This involves shortening or rather clipping a word to shorten it. For example: examination to exam doctor to doc telephone to phone Influenza to Flu 2. Blending This involves combining parts of two or more words to make a new word. Usually with a mixed meaning. For example: breakfast + lunch = brunch hungry + angry = hangry Tagalog + English = Taglish 3. Compounding Unlike Blending, this involves putting two or more whole words together. It can be written as one word, separate words, or with a hyphen ( - ) between. For example: pop + corn = popcorn motor + cycle = motorcycle dish + washer = dishwasher 4. Acronomy This involves forming a word wherein each letter stands for another word. For example: PIN = Personal Identification Number BOGO = Buy One Get One ASEAN = Association of Southeast Asian Nations 5. Folk Etymology This involves the transformation of a word to give it an apparent relationship with other words in English. It usually has to do with the word’s origin itself. For example: cockroach = derived from the Spanish word “cucaracha” emoji = derived from Japanese characters 絵 (e) meaning picture, and 文字 (moji) meaning character. 10 | Context Clues These are hints found within a text that a reader can use to understand it. 1. Definition / Exclamation Clue There is an explanation provided afterwards. ex. The city holds a bazaar, or market.  2. Restatement / Synonym Clue The text provides a similar term. ex, The remote site was far away from here. 3. Contrast / Antonym Clue The text provides a negative connotation containing a contrasting idea. ex. We wanted to contribute to the project, not take away from it. 4. Inference / General Context Clue The clue is provided in another part of the text, usually the text after it. ex. I love the haberdashery! I love shopping for nice suits. 5. Tone and Setting Clue This is revealed through the actions/paralanguage or setting. ex. The hostile dog barked at everyone and everyone at sight. # | Extras (lazy zone) Kennings These are combinations of often hyphenated words to form poetic expressions. For example: Postman-chaser = a dog Sky-candle = the sun Allegory These refer to text wherein its meaning can be a greater, abstract concept. This can refer to a sentence, phrase, or even the entire literary work itself. Technique This refers to how the author wrote the text. This includes the author’s word choice, syntax, and the Tone. Basic Literary Styles Here are four (4) writing styles used to make text: a) Expository or Argumentative This is used whenever we explain a specific topic. This is considered objective writing. b) Descriptive This is used to describe a scene using Imagery. c) Persuasive This is used to persuade the readers or to justify something by giving reasons and justifications. This is highly regarded as subjective and is personally recommended to not mix this writing style with an erratic tone. d) Narrative This is when the text is narrating a story like an epic.