English 8 First Quarter Concept Notes PDF

NOTE: This was made to serve as your reference for review ONLY. Using this during the exam is STRICTLY PROHIBITED.  Lesson 1 words that appear in sentences to help understand the meanings of difficult...

NOTE: This was made to serve as your reference for review ONLY. Using this during the exam is STRICTLY PROHIBITED.  Lesson 1 words that appear in sentences to help understand the meanings of difficult words. Hints that the author gives to help define a difficult or unusual word. The clue may appear within the same sentence as the word to which it refers, or it may follow in a preceding sentence. Explanation a description is given to understand the meaning of the unfamiliar word. EXAMPLE: Something in the refrigerator has a putrid odor; the smell was rotten when we opened the door. To identify the meaning of the word “putrid,” the odor of the refrigerator was further described when it is being opened. Example samples are provided in the sentence to understand the meaning of the word. In ancient times, some of our forefathers believed in amulets, such as pearl of the crocodile, pearl of the ax, bullet necklace, and bag of herbs to protect them from harm. The signal word “such as” gave a clue that the next words were all examples of the unfamiliar word.  Synonym a similar is placed in the same sentence to know the meaning of the word. EXAMPLE: Bill felt remorse, or shame, for his harsh words. The word “or” was used as a hint to indicate that the word “shame” has the same meaning with the unfamiliar word. Antonym an opposite word is placed in the same sentence. EXAMPLE: Marty is gregarious, not quiet and shy. Definition the unfamiliar word is defined in a sentence EXAMPLE: It was an idyllic day – sunny, warm, and perfect for a walk in the park. Remember, not only words can be used as a hint, but also the punctuations used in the sentence. In this example, the punctuation dash (-) indicates that the next words already give meaning to the unfamiliar word. Comparison a similar word with the same meaning of the unfamiliar word is placed with an object to be compared EXAMPLE: My grandmother is parsimonious, but she is not nearly as cheap as my grandfather. When this type of context clue is used, remember to look for the similarities of the ideas being compared for you to easily identify the meaning of the unfamiliar word. List or Series of Clues to understand the meaning of the unknown, it is included in a series of words given in a sentence EXAMPLE: After the program, the rubbish left were souvenir programs, flyers, leaflets plastic bottles, and food wrappings. Inference to understand the meaning of the unknown word, one has to make a guess based on the description given in a sentence EXAMPLE: When one shows belligerence, harsh words, disruptive actions, and offensive behaviours can be observed. In this type of context clue, you need to make meaning based on the context or descriptions given by the author to find out the meaning of the unfamiliar word. Cause & Effect the meaning of the difficult word depends on the cause-effect relationship of other words as expressed in the sentence EXAMPLE: Since only a few followed the wearing of face mask, it was made mandatory by the government. In this example, the meaning of the word “mandatory” can be identified by understanding the “cause” or “reason why something happened.” So, the meaning of the unfamiliar word is “required” because it was stated that only few followed the wearing of face mask.  Lesson 2 Bibliography A bibliography is taken from the Greek word ‘biblion’ which means ‘book’ and ‘graphia’ which means ‘to write.’ Each entry uses a hanging indention, also known as a second line indention. ❖ It gives credit to the authors. ❖ It provides you and the reader with more information about the sources. ❖ It shows the writer’s credibility, referring to whether his/her sources are reliable. ❖ It prevents plagiarism, an act of stealing someone else’s ideas and presenting them as your own. Citation Style: The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is often used in many academic fields, especially in the humanities and social sciences. CMOS Format: Book Author’s last name and first name. Title of Book: Subtitle. Place of publication: Name of Publisher. Year of publication. REMEMBER: ❖ When there are two-ten authors, list all the authors but there’s no need to arrange the authors alphabetically. ❖ When there are more than ten authors, list only the seven authors and add et.al which means “and others.” Journal Author’s last name and first name. “Title of Article”. Journal Title, Volume, Issue No., (Publication Year): page range of article. TAKE NOTE: Book and Journal are examples of PRINT SOURCES – materials or sources that have been published in printed format. CMOS Format: Online Magazine / Online Newspaper Author’s last name, first name. "Article Title." Newspaper/Magazine Name, Month Day, Year. URL. TAKE NOTE: An online magazine and an online newspaper are examples of ONLINE SOURCES - These refer to any materials or information taken from the internet. Other terms for online sources are ‘electronic sources’, ‘web sources’ and ‘internet sources.’ Lesson 3 Modal Verbs Modal verbs are auxiliary or helping verbs which modify or change the meaning of the main verbs. You may use modal verbs in giving advice or suggestions, in making requests, or in giving predictions and prohibitions. Modal Verbs and their Function / Use Use Modal Use Modal will, shall, must can, may, could, really won’t/will not, permission might certain shan’t/shall not, can’t/cannot can’t/ cannot, may no not, very likely should, ought to permission must not Possibility may, might, could offer will, shall strong must, have to, need request will, would, could obligation to promise Will decision Will weak should, ought to obligation advice and shall, should, shouldn’t/ needn’t/need not, suggestion should not don’t no need to/do not need ability can, could obligation to, don’t have to/do not general truth can, may have to Modal Nouns Modal noun express the quality or state in some manner other than as a simple fact. These words are used as nouns that express modality. The modal nouns are mostly names of qualities or states. They are similar to modal verbs in a way that they also express modal meaning. Modal Nouns and their Meanings MODAL NOUN MEANING possibility the condition or fact of being possible obligation a condition or feeling of being obligated or required necessity the quality or state of being in need ability the quality or state of being able permission the right or ability to do something given by someone who has the power to allow or disallow MODAL NOUN MEANING request the condition or state of being requested or sought after promise a declaration to do or refrain from doing something chance the condition or fact of a particular outcome in an uncertain situation requirement a condition that something is needed or must be done responsibility the quality or state of being responsible capacity the quality or state of being able to do something Modal Adverbs Modal adverbs describe or give more meaning or information to verbs and adjectives. Noticeably, most modal adverbs have equivalent modal noun forms. Some of the examples are possibly and possibility, necessarily and necessity, certainly and certainty, etc. Modal Adverbs and their Meanings MODAL ADVERB MEANING used to state that something is possible possibly to happen in a manner that is sure or without a certainly doubt obligately in an obligate or necessary manner used to state that something is necessary necessarily or needed in a skilful or competent manner ably MODAL ADVERB MEANING used to state something that is essential requisitely or important for a particular purpose in a promising manner promisingly in a manner that is free from doubt decidedly in a responsible manner responsibly used to state something that is granted or permissively given permission  Lesson 4 Transition signals are words and phrases that connect ideas of sentences and paragraphs for coherence. They also indicate building up new idea or thought or compare ideas or draw conclusions. Transition signals are of different types and each type helps to make certain connections. Transition Signals and their Functions ❖ Comparison / Contrast points out alternatives or differences Comparison Contrast as but also despite likewise however similarly even though in the same way on the contrary Example: Darren is very much interested in playing online games, in the same way, Carl finds it interesting too. ❖ Chronology helps define time after before during first later next simultaneously soon Example: Before the pandemic, the students are able to meet up with their friends in school. We are truly hoping that we can go back to our normal set up soon. ❖ Cause / Effect shows the consequences of an action Cause Effect accordingly consequently because as a result due to therefore since so Example: Many students sleep late due to schoolwork. Therefore, they always have trouble waking up early. ❖ Illustration / Example add emphasis or introduce evidence Illustration Example to demonstrate for example specifically such as truly namely Example: When the pandemic started, I began watching animes such as Attack on Titan, Violet Evergarden, Haikyu, Kono Oto Tomare and so on. ❖ Clarification Shows support in other that is to put it another way words under certain I mean in this case circumstances Example: Transition signals are words and phrases that connect ideas of sentences and paragraphs for coherence. In other words, a transition word demonstrates the relationship between two portions of the text or spoken language. ❖ Addition adds information or reinforces ideas furthermore also moreover and equally in addition as well then important Example: Kevin plays the guitar really well, also, he learns to play the piano at a young age. ❖ Qualification presents conditions or intentions almost with this in mind possibly probably frequently never Example: History loves to repeat itself, with this in mind, I suggest you to be more careful in making decisions in life. ❖ Summary / Conclusion Restate ideas Summary Conclusion as can be seen in the long run given this point in conclusion to summarize to conclude to sum up therefore so finally Example: Given this point, it's time to correct the practices that do not conform to the policies. TAKE NOTE: Transition signals can be used within a single sentence, between two different sentences, paragraphs, or even between paragraphs to achieve coherence or unity of ideas. Lesson 5 Emotive Language Emotive language is the term used to refer to word choices that are designed to evoke an emotional response. It aims to persuade the reader or listener to share the writer or speaker’s point of view, using language that stimulates an emotional reaction.  TAKE NOTE: Some words evoke a strong emotional reaction in the majority of readers or listeners using a range of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. are words that express an action or a state of an ❖ Verbs emotional or psychological nature. A. EMOTIONAL RESPONSE VERBS The table below shows their function and examples. Sample Type of Verb Function Verbs Positive Negative Neutral agree annoy believe These verbs amuse bore feel Emotional express an action appreciate confuse know Response or a state of excite interest deny doubt realize think emotion. Verbs love dislike want motivate disagree surprise overwhelm frustrate please puzzle thrill scare B. MODAL VERBS The table below shows their function and examples. MODAL VERB FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES It is used to give a I suggest you play with suggestion which a your brother and sister or Could person may or may not you could join me pray for follow. your Tatay’s safety. It is also used to give a No, Noel. I strongly suggestion but more disagree. You should Should insistent than the modal follow what I tell you. could  MODAL VERB FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES It is used to formally give The Department of Health an advice or a (DOH) recommends that Ought to recommendation usually people ought to stay at coming from an expert home so that they will not get sick. It is used to give a During the Enhanced recommendation by Community Quarantine presenting the possible (ECQ), you had better Had better wear your mask in public negative consequence if places or the police will the advice is not followed arrest you. It is used to show a The government must strong obligation that control the people’s Must needs to be followed movement in public to stop the spread of the virus. are words often used by writers to characterize something in a particular way. When you see an adjective, think ❖ Adjectives carefully about its connotations and the effect it might have on the reader. Below are the adjectives that are used to show positive and negative emotions.  are words that give further information about a verb. ❖ Adverbs Adverbs can be used to describe actions in a particular way. ADVERBS OF OPINIONS This type of adverbs emphasizes the intensity of your stand or opinion. They help clarify your belief about a certain issue. ADVERB MEANING Fortunately Owing to good luck or favor Hopefully Expressing desire or hope Clearly Clear manner Obviously / Evidently Very evident or easily seen Strongly Firmly grounded Truthfully / Truly Telling the truth Completely Entirely or nothing is missing ADVERB MEANING Unfortunately Unlucky or unfavored Disappointingly Unhappy because of failing to meet expectations Probably Likely to happen Surely / Absolutely In a sure manner or without a doubt Admiringly In a way that shows respect or approval Really / Actually In realizing or emphasizing a point Definitely Exact or certain “Recipe for success: study while others are sleeping; work while others are loafing; prepare while others are playing; and dream while others are wishing.” -William A. Ward