English 1st Quarter PDF

**TOPICS:MODAL VERBS,CONDITIONALS, AND COMMUNICATION STYLES** **-MODAL VERBS \[PROHIBITION,OBLIGATION AND PERMSSION\]** **MODAL VERBS** **-are helping verbs that supports the main verb** **MAIN VERB** **representlikelihood,ability,permission,obligation,possibility and probability of an subject...

**TOPICS:MODAL VERBS,CONDITIONALS, AND COMMUNICATION STYLES** **-MODAL VERBS \[PROHIBITION,OBLIGATION AND PERMSSION\]** **MODAL VERBS** **-are helping verbs that supports the main verb** **MAIN VERB** **representlikelihood,ability,permission,obligation,possibility and probability of an subject to do an action.** **A.PROHIBITION \[CAN'T,MUSN'T AND DON'T HAVE TO\]** **CAN'T-usually gives the idea of something that is against the rule** **MUSN'T-usually means that it is the speaker who is setting the rule** **B.OBLIGATION \[ HAVE TO AND MUST\]** **HAVE TO-the obligation comes from someone else,not from the speaker** **-this is usually referring to a rule or law** **MUST-the obligation comes from the speaker** **DON'T HAVE TO-there is no obligation** **C.PERMSSION \[CAN AND COULD\]** **CAN-is most often used to ask for or give permission** **Conditionals** **-are statements expressing the result of a particular condition.** **- conditional statements may appear in both affirmative and negative structures.** **Parts of Conditional statement** **if clause main clause** **( condition) (result)** **Types of Conditionals** **ZERO CONDITIONALS** **-also called a factual\" conditional to express truths and Facts.** **- it can also express habits, instructions. and rules.** **FORMULA:** **if/when + present simple present simple** **Examples:** **If it rains, the road gets wet** **-In zero conditional we can use the past simple instead of the present.** **-The past simple must be used in both clauses.** **if clause main clause** **(If/when+simple past) (simple past\]** **FIRST CONDITIONAL** **-is a possible conditional** **-used in dealing with things thar are possibly or likely to happen in the future** **if clause main clause** **(If/when+simple present) (simple present\]** **-SECOND CONDITIONAL** **uses the simple past after \"if\", then \"\"would\' and infinitive\":** **FORMULA:** **(if + past simple, \..., would + infinitive)** **it has two uses;** **First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true.** **Examples:** **If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house. (I probably won\'t win the lottery)** **If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.** **Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible because it\'s not true.** **Examples:** ** She would travel all over the world if she were rich.** ** If I had his number, I would call him. (I don\'t have his number now so it\'s impossible to call him)** ** If I were you, I wouldn\'t go out with that man.** **THIRD CONDITIONAL** **expresses a situation in the past that did not happen, so when we use this conditional, we are actually imagining a different past that cannot be changed.This unreal situation can never happen, not now or ever.** **FORMULA:** **(Conditional Clause Main Clause If + past perfect tense would / could / might If you had watched the match, you would have known how exciting it was.with this conditional, we use the past perfect in the conditional clause and the perfect conditional (would have + past participle) in the main clause to:** **1. express disappointment or regret about things that are not possible to happen now;** **Examples:** **o If you had married his brother instead of him, you could have been a happier person.** **o If you had taken teaching, you would have been better off.** **2. talk about things that should have happened in the past but didn\'t;** **Examples:** **o If he had gone to the doctor earlier, he wouldn\'t have got this disability.** **o If I had completed my education, I would have been a person of importance or authority.** **3. imagine unrealistic situations; and** **Examples:** **o If I had been taller, I would have been a professional basketball player.** **o If I had been a businessman, I wouldn\'t have led a struggling life.** **4. express criticism.** **Examples:** **o If he had got up earlier, he wouldn\'t have missed the bus.** **o If you had been a bit more patient, you would have got what you wanted.** **Communication styles are defined by our tendency to communicate directly or indirectly** **According to Martin Joos (1976), a linguist and German professor, refers to the form of language that the speaker utilized which a characterized by the level of formality** **Speech style is identified into five types, intimate, casual, conversational, consultative and frozen** **TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STLES:** **1. Intimate Style** **Intimate language style is the most casual style in communication. It is usually used between family members, close friend, couple, and all of relation that show intimacy.The participants in this style do not need for clear articulation of words or additional expitanations.They may use words of endearment such as babe, love, dear, honey as a sign of intimacy** **Examples: talking to a family member, expressing affection to a special person, sharing problems to actose friend** **2. Casual Style** **This is conversational in tone. It is the language used among and between friends, a way of talking that you use with people that you are close to and trust. Words are general, rather than technical This register may indude more slang and coloquialisms. There are different words, phrases, and ways of speaking that, you can use with your friends, your family members, and with people who are a similar age, social status, and personality to you** **Examples: uses contractions, uses slang words, uses simplified grammar** **3. Formal Style** **A writing style that uses first and second pension constructions, active voice and speech like phrases, speaking with a friendly human voice and using polite wording your goal is to communicate with your audience rather than speak to them. You seem spontaneous and natural despite having anacticed your speech** **Examples: spontaneous, natural, uses polite words** **4. Consultative Style** **A conversational style in which the speaker constantly observes listener\'s verbal and nonverbal cues for feedback** **-What the speaker will say next depends on the feedback provided by the listener. it is the register used when** **consulting an expert such as a doctor. The language used is more precise. The speaker is likely to address the expert by a title such as \"Doctor\", \"Mr\" or \"Mrs\"** **Examples: non-verbal cues, uses precise language** **5. Frozen Style** **Frozen speech style is usually used in formal settings., it is the most formal style of communication wherein the audience is not allowed to raise questions to the speaker, it does not change. It has a fixed and static language and uses long sentences with good command of grammar. This type of language is often learned and repeated by role.** **Examples: The preamble of the constitution, School Creeds, Speeches. Marriage Ceremonies, Mass**