english-9-quarter-1.pdf

ENGLISH Modal Verbsㅤㅤ ㅤㅤㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ A category of auxiliary verbs used to express various attitudes, abilities, permissions, obligations, and possibilities. Modify the main verb in a sentence a...

ENGLISH Modal Verbsㅤㅤ ㅤㅤㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ A category of auxiliary verbs used to express various attitudes, abilities, permissions, obligations, and possibilities. Modify the main verb in a sentence and convey information about the speaker's stance or the likelihood of an event occurring. Permission ㅤ ㅤㅤ Prohibition ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ A subset of modal verbs that are A subset of modal verbs used to specifically used to express express that an action is not permission or the lack thereof. allowed or prohibited. They indicate whether someone They indicate restrictions or rules is allowed or permitted to do against certain activities. something. Can Can't "Can" is used to express general "Can't" is the informal or general or informal permission. form of expressing prohibition. It Example 1: "Can I borrow your suggests that someone is not book?” permitted to do something. Example 2: "Yes, you can use my Example 1: "You can't smoke in phone." this restaurant." Could Example 2: "I'm sorry, you can't "Could" is used to express more park your car here." polite or formal permission. It is often used in polite requests. Must not / Mustn't Example 1: "Could I have a glass "Must not" or "mustn't" is the of water, please?" formal or strong form of Example 2: "Could we use your expressing prohibition. It conference room for the emphasizes a rule or obligation to meeting?"May avoid a specific action. "May" is used to express formal Example 1: "Employees must not or polite permission. It is disclose confidential considered more formal than information." "can" and is often used in written Example 2: "You mustn't speak or formal contexts. during the exam." Example 1: "May I use the restroom?" Example 2: "May the students leave early today?" Obligation ㅤ ㅤㅤ No Obligation ㅤ ㅤ A subset of modal verbs used to A subset of modal verbs used to express duties, requirements, or indicate the absence of obligations. T obligation or necessity. hey indicate that someone is They convey that someone is not required or obliged to do required or obliged to do something. something. Have to (has to) Don't have to (doesn't have to): "Have to" is used to express a "Don't have to" is used to express general obligation or necessity. the absence of obligation or "Has to" is the third person necessity. "Doesn't have to" is singular form of "have to." the third person singular form of Example 1: "I have to attend a "don't have to." meeting this afternoon." Example 1: "You don't have to Example 2: "He has to submit the attend the meeting if you're report by tomorrow." busy." Example 2: "She doesn't have to Must finish the task today; she can "Must" is used to express a work on it tomorrow." strong or internal obligation. It implies a sense of personal conviction or a rule that is self-imposed. Example 1: "We must follow the safety guidelines." Example 2: "You must be quiet in the library." Conditionals ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ Sentence structures that express hypothetical or conditional situations. They typically consist of two clauses: the main clause (result or consequence) and the conditional clause (condition). Conditionals are used to describe what would happen or what the consequences would be if a certain condition is met or fulfilled. Zero Conditional ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤㅤ ㅤ This type of conditional expresses general truths or facts that are always true when a certain condition is met. Format: When/If + present simple, present simple Examples: If you mix red and blue, you get purple. If it's hot outside, the ice cream melts quickly. When you don't water plants, they die. First Conditional ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤㅤ ㅤ The first conditional is used to talk about real or possible future situations and their likely outcomes. Format: When/If + present simple, will + base form Examples: If it rains, we will take an umbrella. When I have time, I will help you with your project. If you study hard, you will pass the test. Second Conditional ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤㅤ The second conditional expresses hypothetical or unlikely situations in the present or future and their corresponding consequences. Format: If + past simple, would + base form Examples: If I won a million dollars, I would travel the world. If I were an astronaut, I would explore outer space. If it snowed in June, we would be surprised. Third Conditional ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤㅤ The third conditional is used to discuss hypothetical situations in the past and their imagined outcomes. Format: If + past perfect, would have + past participle Examples: If she had studied, she would have passed the exam. If they had left earlier, they wouldn't have missed the train. If I had known, I would have invited you to the party. Communicative Styles ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ Speech styles refer to the various ways people communicate with each other, and they can vary based on the context, relationship between the speakers, and the level of formality. Casual Style ㅤ ㅤ Consultative Style ㅤ An informal and relaxed way of A more formal tone used in communication used among professional settings where close friends, family, or in casual information is exchanged or settings. advice is sought. Involves the use of colloquial Language is more structured, and language, slang, and informal speakers tend to adhere to expressions. standard grammar and etiquette. Generally lacks strict adherence Involves active listening and to grammatical rules and is more asking questions to gather and spontaneous in nature. exchange information. Tone is friendly, familiar, and Generally used in business often includes humor or meetings, academic discussions, light-heartedness. consultations, and professional Commonly used in social interactions. gatherings, text messages, Allows for open communication informal emails, and and information-sharing without conversations with close being overly rigid or ceremonial. acquaintances. Examples: Examples: Conversations with friends Business meetings discussing Text messages with abbreviations project updates. and emojis. Academic discussions about Chatting with classmates during research topics. a break. Seeking advice from a mentor or Joking and teasing with siblings. expert. Talking to pets using affectionate Negotiating the terms of a language. contract. Sharing memes and funny videos Interactions with customer online. service representatives. Interactions on social media with Talking to a professor about close acquaintances. course material. Consultations with a healthcare professional. Informal Style ㅤ Formal Style ㅤ ㅤ A communication style that A polite and structured way of strikes a balance between casual speaking typically used in official and formal, used with or professional contexts. acquaintances or in social Involves the use of proper settings. grammar, formal vocabulary, and Relies on a friendly and respectful language. approachable tone, but still Often characterized by a more maintains a level of respect and reserved and serious tone. politeness. Demonstrates professionalism, Language may include some respect, and adherence to informal elements, but speakers established norms of generally avoid using overly communication. casual expressions. Examples: Examples: Presenting a proposal to a Casual social gatherings with company's executives. acquaintances. Attending a networking event Engaging in small talk with and introducing oneself neighbors. professionally. Casual interactions with Writing a formal letter of colleagues during coffee breaks. appreciation to a colleague. Chatting with a teammate during Addressing a gathering on a a sports game. special occasion. Making plans with a group of Participating in a formal debate. friends. Giving a speech at a corporate event. Frozen Style ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ ㅤ Highly standardized and unchanging language used in formal ceremonies or rituals. Language and phrases are often memorized and recited without alteration. Often associated with cultural, religious, or national traditions. Used in events such as national anthem recitals, wedding vows, graduation speeches, and religious ceremonies. Reflects the preservation of tradition and the solemnity of the occasion. Examples: Reciting the national anthem during an official ceremony. Delivering wedding vows during a marriage ceremony. Giving a commencement speech at a graduation ceremony. Reciting religious prayers during a worship service. Pledging allegiance to the flag in a public setting. Reading the opening lines of a famous play during a theatrical performance.