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LITERATURE CHINA The Soul of the Great Bell Chinese literature was first recorded about 5,000 years ago which *book: pages 52-...

LITERATURE CHINA The Soul of the Great Bell Chinese literature was first recorded about 5,000 years ago which *book: pages 52-55 documented the dreams and visions The Leopard of a race who number about one- fifth of the world's population. *book: pages 19-21 The Chinese language has certain marked characteristics. It is monosyllabic, like the word "yes" in INTRODUCTION TO AFRO-ASIAN LITERATURE English. What is literature?  “conveys human ideas, thoughts, emotions, JAPAN feelings and experiences artistically” (Neupane, 2020 from Musing on the Poems and odes to the gods were Language of Literature) composed in the early Japanese language before the art of writing is AFRICA known in Japan.  known as the Dark Continent until the 18th They developed a basic alphabet of century only forty-seven characters - the  it is the last continent to feel the influence of Katakana. Western civilization INDIA SAUDI ARABIA As early as 300 B.C., India had  Their greatest book is the Koran (Qur’an or already produced a considerable Quran), their sacred book. body of literature; derived from a  Sanskrit is their ancestral language. common ancestral language -  They give alms ten percent of their income Sanskrit. to the poor. The earliest known literature of India  They keep the holy month of Ramadan. is a collection of traditions known as the Vedas. EGYPT ADJECTIVES VS ADVERBS  The Nile River is the only river in the world without which, it can be said, a whole ADJECTIVES nation would die. are words that describe the qualities  It is also the longest river in the world. or states of being of nouns and  The literature of Egypt consists, for the most pronouns part, of inscriptions printed or engraved on monuments, or of manuscripts written on e.g. enormous, bright, silly, hungry, papyrus. fun, fast, etc.  The Jews traditionally believe in a monotheistic conception of God ("Yahweh ADVERBS is one”). often end in -ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their adjective counterparts PHILIPPINES are words that modify a verb, an  The legendary age produced verbal adjective or another adverb literature passed down from our elders.  magical incantations, myths, legends, folktales EMPHASIS MARKERS  The Spaniards introduced Christianity to the Philippines. Emphasis markers are words and  Literature fell under propaganda and were expressions that emphasize a point written by leaders of the movement. according to their functions.  The coming of Americans introduced the English language, and education system which the Filipinos began using as a literary medium. TYPES OF EMPHASIS MARKERS ACCORDING DRAMATIC IRONY TO PURPOSE: The reader or audience understands more about the events of the story than the character. The real feelings or attitude of the characters are known by the audience. Example: Kathy had never considered herself to be good with animals until she got a goldfish. Taking care of fish is easy. She thought to herself as she put the bottle of goldfish food beside a bottle of rat poison. When Kathy woke up the next day, she went to grab the fish food. Accidentally, while talking to someone on the phone, she grabbed the rat poison instead. Because of the gossip, she barely noticed that she was holding a bottle of rat poison. So she put some of it on the fish tank while happily gossiping with a friend on a phone. (The irony is that the reader knows what is happening but the character is unaware of it at the moment.) SITUATIONAL IRONY is when the complete opposite of what is expected occurs the ending seems to be certain but it became unpredictable instead IRONY AND ITS TYPES What is irony? Example: is a figure of speech in which words are When then first English settlers arrived at used to express the opposite from the Jamestown, hygiene was not a priority. The actual meaning settlers faced many challenges. Food was VERBAL IRONY scarce and the land was unsuitable for farming. Worse still, relations with time Native is when a character or person says one Americans were uneasy and violence thing but means the complete opposite loomed. Yet even in these conditions, some settlers found time to care for their teeth. Example: They did this by brushing their teeth with rags A mean old man ate a large meal at a and abrasive tooth powders. Archeologists restaurant. The waitress tried to provide him examined the remains of these colonists. with excellent service, but every time she They discovered that by using these tooth brought him a dish, he complained. He was powders, the settlers had striped this demanding. But when he left, he tipped protective layer from their teeth. (The irony below the minimum. On his way out, the happens when the expected ending is waitress said, “Thank you for the generous different from the actual ending. i.e. If you tip, Mister.” (The irony is shown in the exact study for a test, you should pass. But due to words of the character) situational irony, you don’t pass instead.) CONTEXT CLUES AND ITS TYPES Object Context Clues is a noun or pronoun that receives the action done by the subject are words that appear in sentences to help understand the meaning of Adjunct difficult words words that can include adverbs and adverb Types of Context Clues clauses by definition answers to questions such as when, where, why, how, how often, and to what extent the unfamiliar word is defined in a sentence Example: PATTERNS: An Archeologist is a person who searches for treasure from sunken ships and ancient SUBJECT-VERB tombs to obtain artifacts and relics. 1. I slept. 2. Sarah cooked. by synonym 3. The kids ran. a similar word is placed in the same sentence to know the meaning of the unfamiliar word SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT Example: 1. Mark baked cookies. It is common for Filipinos to feel compassion or pity for the suffering of their fellowmen. 2. Horses cannot read books. 3. The school cancelled classes. By antonym an opposite word is place in the SUBJECT-LINKING VERB-COMPLEMENT same sentence 1. Felipe is a religious man. Example: 2. The topic was confusing. Among the siblings of thin body structure, 3. Houses are expensive. Isabel is the only one who is portly. SUBJECT-VERB-ADJUNCT By example 1. He went upstairs. samples are provided in the sentence to understand the 2. The visitors arrived yesterday. meaning of the unfamiliar word 3. Georgia swims fast. Example: In ancient times, some of our forefathers SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT-COMPLEMENT believed in amulets, such as pearl of the crocodile, pearl of the ax, bullet necklace, 1. Mary gave a book to John. and others. 2. She put some salt in the soup. 3. John put the book on the table. SENTENCE PATTERNS Subject can be a noun or a pronoun that does the action Verb shows action or activity or work done by the subject Complement can be an adjective, prepositional phrase or noun phrase