English Exam Reviewer PDF

English Exam Reviewer Modals: Low certainty Moderate certainty High certainty Perhaps Likely Is Maybe Probably...

English Exam Reviewer Modals: Low certainty Moderate certainty High certainty Perhaps Likely Is Maybe Probably Will May Can Can Might Rarely Not Could Should Must Sometimes Would Undoubtedly Occasionally Usually Definitely Seldom Frequently Clearly Possibly Often Always Conceivably Regularly Never Majority Undeniably Generally Persuasive texts: Persuasion - is an act or process of convincing another person to do something in your favor. Purpose - The purpose of a persuasive text is to argue a point of view in order to convince the reader. - The text is written to convince a particular audience. Structure The introduction - contains the subject The argument/s - the factual and logical reason/s for your opinion. The conclusion - suggests an action or solution. Language Ethos: Refers to the writer’s ethical appeal. An appeal to the readers to believe in and trust you as a writer. Also refers to a person’s credibility. How? - Establish your credibility to them. - Share experiences or cite sources/experts. Logos: Appeal to logic. Using evidence to support your points. ○ Statistics ○ Verified reports ○ Credible data Analyze and discuss your points while supported by studies or research. Pathos: Appeal to emotions. It helps your readers sense that the author can relate to what the readers go through.  Established connection. Use appropriate words that would trigger an emotion. Simple research report What is it? A piece of academic writing that asks students to locate information about a topic, take a stand on the topic, and provide support for that stand. Academic writing - Clear, concise, focused, structured, and backed up by evidence. - Its purpose is to aid the reader's understanding. - It has a formal tone and style, but it is not complex and does not require the use of long sentences and complicated vocabulary. Formal tone & style Do not use 1st POV, use 3rd POV instead. Avoid using “you.” Avoid using contractions. Avoid colloquialism and slang. Avoid nonstandard English. Avoid abbreviations. Avoid the overuse of simple and short sentences. Basic Grammatical Structure of Research Reports 1. Do not begin or end sentences with prepositions. 2. Refrain from repeating words or expressions. 3. Use commas effectively. 4. Use quotation in punctuations correctly. 5. Always write in complete sentences. 6. Follow subject-verb agreement. 7. Do not use superlatives and subjective statements. 8. Avoid oversimplifying statements. 9. Avoid Trivial Discussion 10. Pay attention to your word choice. 2 types of research paper Qualitative - Is expressed in words - It is used to understand concepts, thoughts, or experiences. - Data collection and analysis intertwined. Quantitative - Is expressed in numbers and graphs. - It is used to test or confirm theories and assumptions. - Data collection before analysis. Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a particular phenomenon. 2 Types of Quantitative Research Descriptive - Subjects are measured once since the intention is to establish associations between variables. - Population may include a sample population of hundreds or thousands. Experimentive Technical terms used in research paper Bibliography - List of all sources cited in the paper. Cite - To identify the source of information Data - Factual information used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. Hypothesis - A tentative explanation based on theory to predict a causal relationship between variables/an educated guess. In-text citation - A brief citation of the source placed within the body of the paper. Measurement - The process of obtaining a numerical description of the extent to which persons, organizations,or things possess specified characteristics. Models - Representation of objects, principles, processes, or ideas often used for imitation. Outline - A list of topics of main ideas that shows the structure of the research paper. Paraphrase - To reword information from a source. Participant - Individuals whose physiological and/or behavioral characteristics and responses are the objects of study in a research project. Periodical - A publication published with a fixed interval such as daily, weekly, monthly or yearly. Plagiarism - Using someone else’s words without crediting them. Population - The target group under investigation. Questionnaire - Structured sets of questions on specified subjects that are used to gather information, attitudes, or opinions. Quote - To repeat a source word-for-word Reliability - The degree to which a measure yields consistent results. - Reliability is needed for validity. Source - A book, article, person, magazine, website or encyclopedia that provides information for a research paper. Sample - The population researched in a particular study. Theory - A general explanation about a specific behavior or set of events that are based on known principles and serves to organize related events in a meaningful way. A theory is not as specific as a hypothesis. Summarize - To provide a shorter version of the original. Validity - The degree to which a study accurately reflects or assesses the specific concept that the researcher is attempting to measure. A method can be reliable, consistently measuring the same thing, but not valid. Variable - Any characteristic or trait that can vary from one person to another or for one person over time. Parts of a research paper 1. Cover page - contains the title and the author/(s)’ name. 2. Abstract - a brief, shortened but complete description of your intended study. This should be clear and specific. 3. Introduction - states the main research problem, thesis argument, and a brief background of your study. 4. Related literature - where you can describe past important research and how it specifically relates to the research thesis. 5. Methodology - discusses the method you used to do your research. 6. Results & discussion - where the data you collected is analyzed and discussed. 7. Conclusion - discusses the final outcomes of your research. 8. Recommendations - state the author’s recommended actions for the reader based on their conclusion. 9. Reference list - where the reader finds the works cited in the paper. 10. Bibliography - Same definition with the reference list but more complete. 11. Appendices - contain material that is appropriate for enlarging the reader's understanding, but that does not fit very well into the main body of the paper. APA (American Psychological Association) Referencing - to support an argument or claim you are making. - to acknowledge other people's ideas or work. - to avoid being accused of plagiarism. When creating a bibliography or a reference list, you need to alphabetize your references based on the first letter of your reference. In-text citation APA style A citation tells the readers where the information came from. 2 kinds of citation: Parenthetical - includes both the author’s last name and year of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses at the end of the sentence. Ex. Research suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for students (Atkins, 2018). Narrative - includes the author’s name directly in the sentence, with the year of publication directly following the author’s last name. Ex. Atkins (2018) suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for students. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. Ex. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998). Not directly quoting - you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. Ex. According to Jones (1998), APA style is difficult for first-time learners. Directly quoting - you should include the page number at the end of the parenthetical citation. - Use the abbreviation “p.” (for one page) or “pp.” (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). - Use an en dash for page ranges. Ex. She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research. Ex. Jones (1998) found Jones (1998) has found Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in parentheses. Ex. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports… (Wegener & Petty, 1994) If three or more authors use “et.al” (only in in-text citations) Unknown author - Cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized Titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks Ex. A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using Citations," 2001). Unknown author & date - If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date"). Ex. Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.). Authors with the same last name - Use first initials with the last names. Ex. (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998) Personal communication - For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list. Ex. (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). Reference list APA style With 1 author: Ahmed, S. (2012). On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Duke University Press. With 2 authors: Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096 More than 20 authors: List by last names and initials; commas separate author names. After the first 19 authors’ names, use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names. Then, end with the final author's name (do not place an ampersand before it). There should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total. Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R.,... Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1 Group author: Treat the publishing organization as the author and cite the rest like normal. Merriam-Webster. (2008). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Unknown author: Replace the author with the title. Only use “Anonymous ” if the author of the work is signed “Anonymous.” Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Merriam-Webster. Two or more works by the same author: Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by the year (earliest comes first). List references with no dates before references with dates. Journals or Periodicals Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages. DOI DOI - Digital object identifier Books Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name. DOI Edited book (no author): Editor, E. E. (Ed/s.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher. DOI (if available) Edited book with an author or authors: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher. DOI (if available)  Translation: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published YEAR) DOI (if available) Edition other than first: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (# edition). Publisher. DOI (if available) Article or chapter in an edited book: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher. DOI (if available) Multivolume work: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (Vol. #). Publisher. DOI (if available) Greek Mythology Greece - Hellenic Republic - Capital: Athens - Hellenic festival: A festival from mid June to late September. Celebrates traditional and modern Greek music, drama, and performances of ancient theaters. - One of the best producers of art Greek art and 4 major forms: 1. Architecture 2. Painting 3. Sculpture 4. Poetry Greek literature: Of the four great tragic poets in the world, three are Greeks (the fourth being Shakespeare). 3 periods in greece: 1. Pre-Homeric Age- Homeric Age 2. Athenian period to the Golden Age of Pericles 3. Period of Decline Qualities of Greek literature: Permanence and Universality - Greek literature has been alive 3000 years ago, as well as today. - It is read and admired by all nations of the world regardless of race, religion, or culture. Essentially full of artistry - Greek literature is a product of the people who purposely and conscientiously developed their physical and intellectual powers. - This is one of the highest form of classic art. - “The Greeks had such a great love of beauty that they surrounded themselves with beautiful object,”(ECAS, 2022, p.7) such as their wares. Originality - Does not mean all literary types originated from Greece. - The Greeks, however, modified and improved all it touches. - DRAMA= produced by Egyptians, POETRY= cultivated in India Diversity of talent - The Greeks never stopped with one subject; it was ever seeking. Intellectual quality - The Greek mind challenged one to think for some purpose- to bring about some inner transformation. Greek mythology begins with Homer, generally believed to have not been alive earlier than a thousand years before Christ The myths were often recited aloud, not simply to entertain. Paradeigma or for education by example. The most important gods in Greek Mythology are the 12 olympians. Universe —> Titans(The Elder Gods) —> Gods The 12 Great Olypians: 1. Zeus 2. Poseidon 3. Hades 4. Hestia 5. Hera 6. Ares 7. Athena 8. Apollo 9. Aphrodite 10. Hermes 11. Artemis 12. Hephaestus They were called the Olympians because Olympus was their home. Zeus - Roman name: Jupiter - Supreme ruler/ king of the gods. - Lord of the Sky, the Rain god, the Cloud-gatherer - His bird was the eagle. - Has a breastplate called Aegis. Poseidon - Roman name: Neptune - Ruler/ god of the sea - Zeus’s brother and second only to him in eminence. - Gave the first horse to man - “Earth shaker” - Always carrying his trident Hades - Roman name: Pluto - Ruler of the dead and the underworld. - God of the underworld and wealth. - King of the dead, NOT GOD OF DEATH. Note: God of death is Thanatos - Had a helmet which made whoever wore it, invisible. Hera - Roman name: Juno - Zeus’ wife - Goddess of marriage and married women. Hestia - Roman name: Vesta - Zeus’ sister - One of the virgin goddesses. - Goddess of the Hearth (the symbol of home, around which the newborn child must be carried before it could be received into the family.) Apollo (Phoebus Apollo) - Roman name: Apollo - Twin of Artemis - God of the arts, especially poetry and music, archery, divination or soothsaying, light, and truth. - Often called the Sun-god but was NOT the God of the sun. - Parents: Zeus and Leto - Laurel was his tree. - All animals were sacred, especially the crow and dolphin. Artemis - Roman name: Diana - Twin of Apollo - The Lady of Wild Things. - Goddess of the hunt and protector of children. - One of the three virgin goddesses. - Cypress was her tree. - All wild animals, especially the deer, were sacred to her. Aphrodite - Roman name: Venus - Born from foam or from Zeus and Dione - Goddess of Love and Beauty - “Beautiful golden goddess” - Most stories: Wife of Hephaestus. - Myrtle was her tree. - The dove, her bird. Ares - Roman name: Mars - God of war - Parents: Zeus and Hera - His sister is Eris, the goddess of discord. - One story: The lover ofAphrodite. - His bird was the vulture. Hephaestus - Roman name: Vulcan or Mulciber - God of fire - Sometimes: The son of Zeus and Hera or Hera alone. - Ugly and lame, as such, he was thrown away. - Iliad: His wife was Aglaia - Odyssey: His wife was Aphrodite. - Kindly and peace loving god.  - Along with Athena, he is a patron of handicrafts and protector of smiths as Athena was to weavers. Athena - Roman name: Minerva - Goddess of strategic war, wisdom, and crafts. - Daughter of Zeus alone. - Full grown and full armor. - Zeus' favored child. - “Gray-eyed” - One of the three virgin goddesses. - Her temple is the parthenon. - Olive is her tree. - Owl is her bird. Hermes - Roman name: Mercury - Parents: Zeus and Maia (Daughter of Atlas) - Winged sandals - The messenger of Zeus - God of merchants - The guide of the dead, the Divine Herald. - He appears oftener in the tales of mythology than any other god. Additional info: The logo and name of mercury drug is inspired by him Sometimes Included: Demeter - Goddess of Harvest - Roman name: Ceres Dionysus - God of Wine - Roman name: Bacchus The Iliad and The Odyssey Epic poem - An epic poem is usually a long, serious, poetic narrative about a significant event in mythology or history of a culture or nation featuring a hero of superhuman strength and valor. Homer - The blind poet - The author of both the Iliad & The Odyssey - One of the most influential authors. Why was he one of the most influential authors? - The two epics provided the basis of Greek education and culture throughout the Classical age. - The two epics formed the backbone of humane education down to the time of the Roman Empire and the spread of Christianity. It contains the oldest Greek literature and is written in a rich, subtle, and beautiful language. Both have 24 books EACH. Both begins in medias res or in the middle of things. Themes: The Iliad The Odyssey - Love - Hospitality - Friendship - Loyalty - Fate and Free will - Vengeance Both books have a similar theme: Fate and Free will The Mythical Background (The Iliad) Zeus Thought the earth was getting overcrowded. He devised a war.---> “The Trojan War” Achilles Parents: A mortal, Peleus & A minor goddess, Thetis A hero who is known as the greatest of all Greek Heroes The Apple of Discord Eris, the goddess of mischief & discord. “To the fairest of the goddesses” Hera, Athena, Aphrodite Zeus was asked which one was the fairest. Paris, Prince of Troy Zeus showed Paris, the prince of Troy. Zeus suggested they ask Paris. Hera: POWER, Athena: WISDOM, Aphrodite: MOST BEAUTIFUL WOMAN Aphrodite was chosen. Helen of Troy The most beautiful woman in the world was already married to Menelaus, king of Sparta. Paris abducted Helen (with the help of Aphrodite). She remained in Troy until the end of the ensuing Trojan War. The Trojan War The Greeks (Achaeans) banded together to restore Helen to Menelaus. Achaeans (Greece) vs Trojans (Turkey) Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, was their general. Key characters: Hector, Paris, Helen from Troy, and Achilles, Patroclus, Odysseus, Agamemnon, and Ajax from Greece. Takeaways: - Agamemnon's refusal to return a captured girl to her father, a priest of Apollo, leads to a plague upon the Greek army. - Achilles, the greatest Greek warrior, is so angered by Agamemnon that he refuses to  fight, dealing a significant blow to the Greek forces. - Achilles' mother, the goddess Thetis, is asked to intervene with Zeus to help the Trojans, reflecting Achilles' spite towards Agamemnon. Zeus, known for interfering with mortals, sends dreams to encourage both the Greeks and Trojans to continue fighting. - A duel is arranged between Menelaus and Paris, but Aphrodite intervenes to save Paris, highlighting the gods' involvement in the war. - Diomedes, a lesser-known Greek hero, fights valiantly until he is injured by Aphrodite, who is then wounded by Diomedes in retaliation. - The tide of the war shifts multiple times, with gods like Athena and Apollo influencing the outcome and the heroes' fates. The Odyssey - Widely considered as the sequel to The Iliad - The poem is the story of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, who wanders for 10 years (although the action of the poem covers only the final six weeks) trying to get home after the Trojan War. - The majority of the Odyssey takes place on and around the Aegean Sea before concluding in Odysseus’s kingdom of Ithaca. Some important characters: Gods: 1. Odysseus 1. Zeus 2. Telemachus 2. Poseidon 3. Penelope 3. Athena 4. Calypso 5. Circe Suitors: Monsters & Mythical creatures: 1. Antinous - Red flag 1. Polyphemus 2. Eurymachus - Red flag 2. Charybdis 3. Amphinomus - Green flag 3. Scylla 4. Lotus Eater 5. Sirens 6. Lagerstroemias: The Cold-blooded Cannibals Summary: Odysseus faces numerous trials and tribulations, symbolizing the universe's seeming hatred for him. Odysseus is stranded on Calypso's island for seven years before being allowed to leave. Penelope, Odysseus' wife, is besieged by suitors as everyone believes Odysseus is dead. Telemachus, Odysseus' son, seeks news of his father with the help of Athena disguised as a man. Telemachus' journey leads him to Pylos and Sparta, where he learns about his father's fate from Nestor and Menelaus. Poseidon, angered by Odysseus, creates a storm to try to drown him, but Odysseus survives. The goddess Athena repeatedly aids Odysseus throughout his journey. Odysseus encounters various mythical creatures such as Cyclops, sirens, and monsters Scylla and Charybdis. A key moment in the story is when Odysseus, disguised as a beggar, strings his bow and kills the suitors. In the end, Odysseus is reunited with Penelope, and Athena ensures peace in Ithaca.