Energy Resources PDF

3.1 ENERGY RESOURCEs 3.1.1. INTRODUCTION essential for human beings. Any physical work in this Energy, supports development and is beings or nature, is caused only due to flow o...

3.1 ENERGY RESOURCEs 3.1.1. INTRODUCTION essential for human beings. Any physical work in this Energy, supports development and is beings or nature, is caused only due to flow of one from into world, whether carried out by human percapita has become an important and basic infrastructure another. These days, energy consumption essential for sustainable economy growth of the economy. Energy is fur the development country Renewable and Non-renewable. country. Energy resources are ENERGY RESOURCES 3.1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF the following ways Energy resources can be classified in 3.1.2.1. Based on Usability They are classified as follows : (ii) Secondary resources undergoing (i) Primary resources resources embodied (found) in nature prior to These are i.e. those (2) Primary Resources: transformation, that is why, it is called raw energy, natural or raw conversions or in nature, are called any human made same used in the form as they occur different kinds. Cliergy resources which are crude oil, firewood etc. They are found in wood. Tesources. Common examples are coal, gas, peat) biomass : chemical (fossil fuels:coal, crude oil, natural waves), Radiation (sun), Tne main types are height), Kinetic (wind, (water at certain primary form of gricuiture residue, etc.), Potential reservoirs) and nuclear (uranium). The (geothermal reservoir., ocean thermal of energy, before it could be used, during this neat converted into final form raw energy, source of cnergy must generallybe spent and the ratio of energy obtained from So, it is essential that the Conversion some energy is called energy yield ratio. spent to obtain raw energy source isratio. Ciergy CIlergy sources must have high energy yield energy which is, lastly (finally) supplied to a consumer Secondary Resources: The form of examples are electricity, kerosene, batteries, steam (üi) secondary energy. Common electrical, mechanical, thermal energy (steam, not 1or use. is called secondary energy are etc. Important types of batteries). chemical energy (in kerosene, water), the basis of their transaction 3.1.2.2. On classified follows : They are (ii) Non-commercial energy (i)) Commercialenergy diesel, Commercial Energy: The secondary usable forms like coal, electricity, petrol, activities. (à because they are essential for commercial energy LPG. CNG, etc., constitule cominercial 254 Fundamentals of Agricultural Engineering ltinTiuences the economy of a country. The more the ability to convert commercial energy, is the better is the economy of country. natural raw eneIgy nto (2) Non-commercial Energv: The energy derived from nature and used as such is known as non-conmmercial energy. Wood, animal dung cake (upaley), biomass, etc., are common examples of non-commercial energy. 3.1.2.3. On the basis of Energy storage or cycling time involved They are classified as follows: (i) Non-renewable resources (ii) Renewable resources () Non-rcnewable Resources: Non-renewable resources have a cycling time greater than 100 years. Fossil fuels, uranium, etc., are common examples of non-renewable energy since the rate of their utilisation far exceeds the rate,at which, they are formed, i.e. storage of non-renewable energy is finite and does not get replesnished, after their consumption. (i)Rencwable Resources: They have a cycling time less than hundred years. Solar energy. wind energy, hydro energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, etc., are common examples of renewable energy since their supply is not affected by the rate of their consumption. i.e. storage of renewable energy is unlimited and gets replenished after their consumption. 3.1.2.4.0n the Basis of Traditional Use They are classified as follows : () Conventional energy resources (ii) Non-conventional energy resources () Conventional Energy Resources: Those energy rescurces which have been used for many decades, are known as conventional energy resources. Fossil fuels nuclear and hydro resources are common examples of conventional energy resources. (i) Non-conventional Energy Resources: Those energy resources, which are considered for large scale use after the oil crisis of 1973, are known as non-conventional energy resources. Solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy etc., are common examples of non conventional energy resources. 3.1.2.5. On the Basis of Availability on Farm They are classified as follows : (i) Animate Energy Resource (ii) Inanimate Energy Resource (i) Animate Energy Resource: The energy which is derived (obtained) from known as animate energy source. Human beings and animals are common example ofanimatemuscles, is resources. (i) In-animate Energy Resource: The energy which is obtained other than known as in animate energy. Electricity, solar energy, fossil fuels energy, etc., are muscles, is of in animate energy. common examples 3.1.2.6. Comparison between Conventional and Renewable Energy S. Particulars Conventional Renewable No. Energy Energy 1 Nature Exhaustible 2. Ecofriedly No Non-exhaustible Yes 3 Reliability Yes No 4 Initial Cost Low High 5 Availability Limited Unlimited 6. Extraction and Purification Required Contd... Energy Resources 255 S. Particulars No. Conventional Renewable Energy Energy 7. Examples Coal, Petroleum, Wind energy, Solar LPG, CNG energy Geothermal energy, Hydroenegy, Ocean Thermal Energy Conventional Efficiency High Low Storage Easy Difficult 3.1.3. ORIGIN OF SOURCES OF The following are the sources of fuel : ENERGY (i) Fossil Fuels Energy (iii) Hydro Energy (ii) Nuclear Energy (v) WindEnergy (iv) Solar Energy (vii) Geothermal Energy (vi) Biomass Energy (ix) Ocean Thermal Energy (vii) Tidal Energy (x) Ocean Wave Energy (xi) Biofuel 3.1.3.1. Fossil Fuel Energy (A)Introduction : The literal meaning of fossil is derived from old part of pre-historic animal or plant, i.e.; It is biological life,that once existed on the parts of the earth at varying depth, during several million surface of the earth. It is formed in various years by slow decomposition and chemical action of buried organic matter under favourable condition environment. Coial, crude oille and gas are common examples of(pressure, heat and bacterial marine fossil fuels. They are used to run the vehicle, cooking, lighting, washing, togenerate electricity, for making plastic and (B) Disadvantages: The following are the main paints, etc. disadvantages : () lts storage is limited (ii) It is not ecofriendly (iii) Cost is high 3.1.3.2. Hydro Energy (A) Introduction : Hydro energy is derived from water and used. Since water is about times denser than air. It is renewable energy. It is most advanced and flexible 800 a well-developed and established source of electric power. source power. It is of (B)Advantages of Hydro Electric Energy:The following are the main advantages of Hydro Electric energy. (i) Renewable Source (i) No ash disposal (iii) Base as well as peak load (iv) Long Life (v) Used as versatile purpose (C) Disadvantages of Hydro Electric Energy : The following are the main disadvantages of Hydro Electric energy () Dependence on Nature (ii) High initial cost (ii) Long duration for Commissioning 3.1.3.3. Nuclear Eneary Nuclear energy is derived through either nucelar fission or fusion U23, U235 (isotopes of uranium) and Pu²39 (plutonium) are used as nuclear fuels for nuclear fission in nuclear reactor to  Fundamentals of 256 generate electricity. Out of these, only U23 occurs in nature, U233 and Agricultural Engineerin Reactors. Th232 andU238 are Puz59 asare obtained from g Th232 andU238 respectively in Fast Breeder known fertile Natural Urnaium contains 0.71 per-cent U3 and 99.29 percent of U238 materials. 3.1.3.4. Solar Energy (A) Introduction : Solar energy is energy derived from the sun in the form of solar It is harnessed by either direct sources (like solar cooker solar steam system, solar radiation. cells, etc.), or indirect sources (biomass production, wind, tidal, etc.) The output ofdryer, the solar 2.8 × 1025 kWy-, The energy reaching the earth is 1.5 x 108 kWhy. It is used for sun is cooking. heating, generating power, etc. drying. (B) Disadvantages The following are the main disadvantages of solar energy : (i) It is a very dilute form of energy. (ii) It is intermittent in nature. (ii) It is not steadily and continuous in nature. 3.1.3.!.Wind Energy A) Introduction: Wind energy dervied from wind. It is used to propel sail boats, to lift water and to grind wheat into flour (by using wind mill), for generating electricity using wind turbine. It is most common in Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Germany (World leader). (B) Disadvantages The following are the main disadvantages of wind energy : (i) Wind mills produce less energy as compared to other (ii) They are totally dependent on wind, which may not be conventional forms ofenergy production. (iii) Wind mill is big, bulky and available all the time at all the places. inconvenient use as compared to other forms of energy. to 3.1.3.6. Biomass Energy The material contained in the acts as a fuel. It includes wood, cropbody of living organims (plants, animals) is called biomass. It after death, etc. It is used for residue, baggases, excreta of living organism and cooking, heating, to run engine, to generate their bodies biomass into biogas and producer electricity, and most of them are in China. gas. Atpresent, there are millions of biogas plants inconverting the world Disadvantages. The following are the main (i) It is dispersed and disadvantages of biomass energy : (ii) It has low energy land-intensive source. (ii) Capacity is density. determined by avaiability of biomass and not (iv) It is labour intensive. (v) It is not suitable for varying loads. feasible to set up at all 3.1.3.7.Geothermal Energy locations. Geothermal energy is energy derived by geysers, hot springs (etc.) These tapping the heat of the earth itself like volcano, Newzealand, USA, Iceland etc., energy i.e. Sources are used to generate power in countries like Italy. interior the earth towards the of Geothermal energy is the Wm2, while the radial energy, coming out of the molten surface. The average rate, at which temperature earth increases by 30°C km as gradient 0.03°C cm-!. this heat emergy is about 0.05 one moves inwards. Thus, on an average the temperature of  carbon fuel Improve for treessugar an Biofuel 3.1.3.9. is Liquid power.unning 1000 the mechanical ofthe wave, les attraction Hesources ato a1.3.8. Energy 3.1.4. for vehicles and alcohol m. warm (A) (in) asthelectricity an () Liquid (C) (ii) The (B) water (iii) ()) (iii) They monoxide Biodiesel vehicles vehicle grasses a nd (ii) () (i) a it it Oceanmoves between Tidal Ocean () (i) Efficiency Installation continuous Advantages Thefollowing Collection thermodynamic Introduction issurface I ergyGaseous roducer rces. commonLiquid examples Gaseous Solid Solid PHYSICAL STATE are OF starch in madebiofuel Disadvantages about heated m, but Energy or CLASSIFICATION Energy Energy classified in emissions. is it and itsmade pure crops. by is s are phenomenon water Thermal up in other the Tidal are 5°C. by coastal gas,examples Energy Energy pure al s o usually is cost very power and the earthuseful Tidal :and Energy of hydrocabrons from form,fermenting the of the and : Ocean narrowing gobar solid Resources as Resources. form, used With is OTE of storage Ocean cycle sun, Energy main The the reason, and Resources. Resources follows Bioethanol vegetables either very lo w supply of average formsenergyWave Resources. gas, of energy but advanced but as heating-up to colder thermal is the liquid feed bioalcohol it the high. and advantages Thermal yield of at (OTE) it : from is it is sugar may energy an channel moon. is of Energy is acetylene resources.Wood, varies difference deep OFusually widely oils, is usually stocks mechanical average energy much power. form a energy NaturalKerosene, diesel-powered technology components beof coal, ENERGY animal for such from assured. the done isEnergy of water. exists fo They greater of and resources. (i) used used ocean temperature the Tideshydro used ethanol ocean in In arise hydrogen gas, petrol, coke, Liquid asfats as beingbioethanol as to 2 by temperature power, the the in estuary. than Liquefied a or int 5% waternaturethermal twice power, are vehicles.diesel he a of charcoal, recycled production. plant tropical generated gas diesel, RESOURCES additive, gasoline Energy USA developed, only. occurs and energy which of form this. a material or around of This day. that petroleum alcohol and are Itgreases. and an hence, of in regions common Resources is additive oil through turn,aroundtemperature is In primarly converts most to in Ethanol : due reduce Brazil. cellulosic and paraffin such could 25°C of mid-ocean cost gas, and commonBiodiesel to it as out 20°C at the amplification energy to examples coal liquid waxes ON levels increase biodiesel. can is negligible. bedepths, difference by biomass. be made the used may earth, the the gas, THE in can used year gravitational of of hydrogen are of mostly tial ocean Europe. particulars, used beoctane Bioethanol to be more the Gasco1"Swater comnon BASIS assucha and generate used surface between range of from thus, th¡n tidal iides 257 gas, are as and fuel in is a as 258 Fundamentals of Agricultural Engineering RESEROUCES 3.l.5. ADVANTAGES OF LIQUID AND GASEOUS OVER SOLID RESOURCES resourcec: liquid and gaseous resources over solid The following are the main advantages of solid and gaseous resources leave no residue after burning. On the other hand. () Liquid burning. resources usually leave a lot of ash on pipelines. can be transported to distant places through (ii) Liquid and gaseous resources not whereas solid resources could be. gaseous resources have low ignition temperature, i.e. they burn easily, whereas (iii) Liquid and solids have high ignition temperature. high calorific value in comparison to solids. (iv) Liquidand gaseous resources have smoke or a little smoke on burning. On the (v) Liquid and gaseous resources produce no smoke. other hand, most of the solid resources burn with RESOURCES 3.1.6. DISADVANTAGES OF LIQUID AND GASEOUS OVER SOLID RESOURCES solid resources: The following are the main disadvantages ofliquid and gaseous resources over (i) Difficulty in storage (i) Difficulty in transportation 3.1.7. FORMS OF ENERGY The following are forms of energy : (i) Mechanical energy (ii) Thermai energy (iüi) Electrical energy (iv) Chemical Energy 3.1.7.1. Mechanical Energy It is obtained due to motion or configuration. The ability to do work by virtue of motion is called kinetic energy, whereas energy due to position or configuration of the body is calledpotential energy. It is used intransportation, agriculture, handling, processing andother industrialprocesses. It can be converted in electrical energy with the help of turbine. 3.1.7.2. Thermal Energy It is used to raise the temperature of an object during industrial process. It can also be converted to mechanical energy and electrical energy through heat engines and by use of boiler and turbine respectively. There are three grades of thermal energy. () High Grade : High grade thermal energy has temperature about 500 to 1000°C and higher. It can be converted efficiently into mechanical energy. (ii) Medium Grade : Medium grade thermal energy has can be converted into mechanical energy temperature about 150to b00 with difficulty. (iii) Low Grade : Low grade theraml energy has converted efficiently into mechanicalenergy andtemperature about 80-150°C. It cannot used is used mostly for heating Puipo 3.1.7.3. Electrical Energy Flow of electron causes electricenergy. energy and flow of current causes electricalElectrical energy, energy is considered It is used to be high-gra in trasnformation, agriculture, processing, and other industrial processes. Energy Resources 259 3.1.7.4. Chemical Energy The energy stored in a sub_tance is called chemical energy such as fuels, organic mater, Dry cell chemical energy (produced by chemical reactions) is converted into electrical energy. It can also be converted into thermal energy by combustion. 3.1.8. ENERGY CHAIN Althe sequences of energy transformation from primary to secondary energy (usable energy) is known as energy chain or energy route and is shown : Primary processing Electrical Energy transmission consumer. These days, about 30-40% of the world's energy supply is met through the electrical energy route. Electrical route Final Primary energy resource energy Consumption Non-electrical route SUBJECTIVEQUESTIONS 3.1.1. VWrite Short Notes On: () Primary and Secondary Energy Sources (i) Conventional and Non-conventional Energy Sources (ii) Commercial and Non-Commercial Energy Soruces 3.12. Discuss the main features of various types of renewable and non-renewable energy sources and explain the importance of renewable energy sources in the context of global warming. 3.1.3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources ? 3.1.4. What do you mean by energy chain ? 3.1.5. Enlist various non-conventional energy sources. 3.1.6. What are the advantages of liquidand gases energy resources over solid energy resources. 3.1.7. Write short not on tidal and wave energy. 3.1.8. Enlist fine gaseous energy resources. 3.1.9. What is the chemical formula of ethanol and biodiesel and where is mostly used. 3.1.10. Write short note on biodiesel. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 3.1.1. Which one of thefollowing is primary 3.1.3. Which one of the following is Source of energy ? commercial energy ? (a) coal (b) sun (a) electricity () petrol (c) wind (d) nuclear (c) diesel (d) all of them 3.1.2. Which one of the following is 3.1.4. Which one of the following is non secondary source of energy ? commercial energy ? (a) electrical (b) batteries (a) Cow dung cake (b) wood (c) steam (d) all of them (c) biomass (d) all of them