Endogenic Processes 11th Grade PDF

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to 1. Define Endogenic Processes; 2. Identify and explain each processes; 3. Realize the importance and contributions of these processes to the planet.  en·do·gen·ic Formed located or occurring beneath the s...

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to 1. Define Endogenic Processes; 2. Identify and explain each processes; 3. Realize the importance and contributions of these processes to the planet.  en·do·gen·ic Formed located or occurring beneath the surface of the earth. ENDOGENIC PROCESSES Endogenic Processes are geological processes that occur beneath the surface of the Earth. It is associated with energy originating in the interior of the solid earth. ENDOGENIC PROCESSES The ground we live on is moving all the time. The forces within the earth that cause the ground to move are called ENDOGENIC FORCES. ENDOGENIC PROCESSES 1. Folding & Faulting 2. Heat in the Earth’s Interior 3. Magmatism 4. Metamorphism 5. Volcanism & Plutonism ENDOGENIC PROCESS FOLDING & FAULTING FOLDING When two forces push towards each other from opposite sides, the rock layers will bend into folds. The process by which folds are formed are due to compressional forces known as folding. There are large-scale and small- scale folds. Large-scale folds are found mainly along destructive plate boundaries. FAULTIN G Faulting is displacement of more the fracturing and brittle rock strata along a fault plane either caused by tension or compression. A break in rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock movement has occurred is called a fault. FAULTING The process of forming faulting. a fault is The line of fault which appears on land surface is known as fault line. These lines are often lines of weakness which allow molten rock to rise up onto the earth surface when there is active volcanic activity nearby. TYPES OF FAULTING ENDOGENIC PROCESS INTERIOR HEAT CATEGORIES OF HEAT 1. Primordial Heat 2. Radioactive Heat 1. PRIMORDIAL HEAT Heat generated during earth’s formation. Sources: a. Accretion Energy b. Adiabatic Compression c. Core Formation Energy a. ACCRETION ENERGY Heat released from collision of planetary objects during the early formation of the planets. b. ADIABATIC COMPRESSION Heat generated as materials are compressed. c. Coreformationenergy-Heat from the earth’s core 2. RADIOACTIVE HEAT Heat generated by long-term radioactive decay. Sources: K ,Th , 40 232 U235, U238  How the earth’s internal heat distributed? Consider CONVECTION and CONDUCTION CONVECTIO N When a fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated and then travels away from the source, it carries the thermal energy along. This type of heat transfer is called convection. The fluid above a hot surface expands, becomes less dense, and rises. CIRCULATION OF HEAT ENDOGENIC PROCESS MAGMATISM MAGMATISM Happens when magma generated and develops into igneous rocks.  Where does 1. Mid-oceanic magma ridges 2. Mantle plumes form? 3. Subduction zones MID-OCEANIC RIDGES The rising magma in mantle convection cell brings heat to the surface, transferring heat to the overlying rocks. MID-OCEANIC RIDGES The transfer of heat due to the convection is accompanied by a decrease in pressure or decompression associated with the spreading of the tectonic plates. MANTLE PLUMES The transfer of heat and the compression result to magma generation. The source of heat for mantle plumes is much deeper. SUBDUCTION ZONES Oceanic crustal rocks are formed along spreading centers, typically beneath several kilometers of sea water. ENDOGENIC PROCESS METAMORPHISM METAMORPHISM Process of changing materials that make up the rock. The chemical components and geologic characteristics of the rock change because of exposure to heat & pressure.  Influencin g Rock Behavior 1. Compression 2. Tension 3. Shearing 4. Confining COMPRESSION Rocks push or squeeze against one another where the stress produced is directed towards the center. TENSION Rocks pulled apart Rocks may separate in opposite direction SHEARIN GSome of the portion of a plate at the edge may break away in different directions. Eventually making the plate smaller inside. CONFINING The crust become compact, thus making it look smaller. ENDOGENIC PROCESS VOLCANISM PLUTONIS the formation of M intrusive igneous rock by solidification of magma beneath the earth's surface. VOLCANISM the phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid- surface planet. VOLCANO A volcano is a vent or opening on planet’s surface which allows molten rock called magma, volcanic ash and gas to escape out onto its surface. A volcano gives a look like a mountain from which lava erupts. The hot TECTONIC PLATES Most volcanoes are formed by the movement of tectonic plates on the surface of the earth. These plates are basically huge pieces of rock that ‘float’ on the mantle (a layer of the earth that is sort-of liquid rock). AREAS WHERE Edge of tectonic plates VOLCANOES MOST OCCUR Crater – funnel shaped pit at CRATER the top of a volcano. formed when material is blown out of the volcano by explosions C a l CALDERA d e Types of Volcan COMPOSITE VOLCANOES Composite volcanoes often form the largest and tallest volcanoes. They are the most explosive and dangerous of the types of volcanoes. Mt. Saint Helens in Washington state. CINDER CONE VOLCANOES Usually smaller in Size than composite volcanoes, and the eruptions are Smaller also. They form into steep cone shaped hills. Paricutin in Mexico SHIELD VOLCANOES Shield volcanoes do not erupt or explode like composite or cinder cone volcanoes. Shield volcanoes have much smaller eruptions producing less ash. Muana Loa in Hawaii. Gases and Pyroclas GAS & -Most of the gas released PYROCLASTS Pyroclastic flow descending Mayon volcano, Philippines. During eruption is water vapor -Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrochloric acid, are given off in lesser amounts -Surface water introduced into A volcanic system can greatly increase the explositivity of an eruption.  Types of Volcani c HAWAIIAN ERUPTION In a Hawaiian eruption, fluid lava is ejected from a vent as fire fountains or lava flows. The 1969 eruption at Mauna Ulu, a vent of Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii, was a spectacular example of fire fountaining. Photo by D.A. Swanson, August 22, 1969. STROMBOLIAN ERUPTION Short bursts of glowing lava, created from the bursting of large gas bubbles at the summit vent of a volcano typify a Strombolian eruption. This photo, taken from the Summit of Stromboli, a volcano in The Aeolian Islands, Italy, shows a classic example of this activity. Photo by Andrew Hague. VULCANIAN ERUPTION Relatively small but violent explosions of viscous lava Create columns of ash and gas and occasional pyroclastic flows,as seen at this eruption of the Santiaguito volcanic dome complex in Guatemala. Photo by Jessica Ball, March 15, 2009. PINIAN ERUPTION The largest and most violent of all Explosive eruptions,Plinian eruptions send columns of pulverized rock, ash, and gases that rise miles into the atmosphere in a matter of minutes. Mount St. Helens in Washington State experienced a Plinian eruption following a major flank collapse in 1980. Photo by Austin Post, USGS, May 18, 1980.  Types of Lava Flow PAHOEHO E A smooth and Continuous lava crust. Pahoehoe forms when the effusion rate is low and consequently the velocity of lava flow is slow. Pahoehoe lava flow is usually at least 10 times slower than typical AA. lava flow A A Aa lava is a rough rubbly crust of a lava flow. It is a major lava flow type. PILLOW LAVA A distinctive lava flow Morphology that has been appearing in our dredges is pillow lava. Pillow lavas form when hot lava flows into water and cools rapidly, creating long tubes and bulbous pillow- Shaped mounds of rock. Pillow lavas are found not only in the ocean but also under glaciers that overlie volcanoes. BLOCK Y Blocky flows are common if the silica content of lavas is higher (composition of basaltic andesite to rhyolite). YOUTUBE VIDEO What causes a volcanic eruption