Endocrine System Test Review PDF

Endocrine System Test Review 1. Know that Mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids, and glucocorticoids are produced in the adrenal glands. In the adrenal cortex: mineralocorticoids: aldosterone, gonadocorticoids (estrogen and testosterone), glucocorticoids [deals with glucose levels, metabolism, long...

Endocrine System Test Review 1. Know that Mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids, and glucocorticoids are produced in the adrenal glands. In the adrenal cortex: mineralocorticoids: aldosterone, gonadocorticoids (estrogen and testosterone), glucocorticoids [deals with glucose levels, metabolism, long term stress, and gluconeogenisis] (cortisol) 2. What are tropic hormones? What do they do? (which hormones are tropic hormones?) Tropic hormone is when they target other endocrine glands, their job is to stimulate target glands to produce their own hormones Hromones: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL) 3. Know where all of the hormones are produced (glands, nerves) 4. Diabetes insipidus vs Diabetes mellitus type I and Diabetes mellitus type II Diabetes insipidus: blood glucose levels are normal but kidneys can’t properly concentrate urine (low levels of ADH) Diabetes mellitus type 1: pancreas does not make insulin; the bodies immune system attacks the iselt cells in the pancreas that make insulin (NO insulin) Diabetes mellitus type 2: pancreas makes less insluin that used to and the body becomes resistant to insulin (Reversable diabetes) All 3 of the diabetes have POLYURIA, Only Mellitus has POLYFASCIA 5. Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands Exocrine: substances into a ductal system to an epithelial tissue outside the body Endocrine: secrete products directly into the bloodstream into the body 6. What do prostaglandins do? Affect several bodily functions, including inflammation, pain (injury or tissue damage) 7. Know the mechanisms of activation for both steroid and protein hormones. Protein hormones react with receptors on the surface of the cell and the sequence of events result in hormone action is relatively rapid. - Hormone binds to receptors on the outside cell - Activate G-protein  - Adenylcyclase (enzyme) - ATP - CAMP (second messenger) - Activates Protein Kinase Steroid hormones typically react with receptors sites inside a cell, actions included synthesis of proteins and it is relatively slow. - Hormone enters the cell - Bind to receptors in Nucleus - Activate NEW genes (makes a brand new protein) - NEW PROTEIN 8. Positive vs. Negative feedback Negative: prevent an excessive response to the stimulus Postive: itensifies the response until an endpoint is reached 9. What is thyroid hormone made of? What are the two forms that it comes in? Thyroid: known for controlling metabolism, growth, and many other bodily functions T3 and T4 (Triiodothyronine & Thyroxine) 10. What causes Cretinism? Pituitary dwarfism? Cretinism caused by maternal hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency Pituitary dwarfism caused by brain tumors or diseases that affect the pituitary or hypothalamus, head trauma, radiation therapy for certain cancers, and an autoimmune condition called (lymphocytic Hypophysitis) 11. Hyperthyroidism vs. Hypothyroidism? What are the symptoms? Which one has a symptom of Exophthalmos? Hyperthyroidism: the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone (muscle weakness, trouble sleeping, irregular heartbeat, etc.), Symptom of Exophthalmos ← (Buldging of the eyes) Hypothyroidism: thyroid gland does not make enough hormones (Fatigue, weight gain, joint and muscle pain, a puffy face, etc.) 12. What controls the secretions of PTH and Calcitonin? Glucagon and Insulin? PTH: controlled by a feedback loop of calcium levels in your blood to your Parathyroid Glands Calcitonin: thyroid releases calcitonin based on the level of calcium in your blood (decreases when its high) Calcium Levels Glucagon: circulating glucose Insulin: plasma glucose concentration (decrease it when its high) Calcium Levels 13. Know what all of the hormones do. (use your charts!) 14. What hormones come from them? What stimulates them to release those hormones? Connected to question 13 !!!!! 15. Treatment for Diabetes type I and II Type 1: taking insulin, counting carbohydrates (fats and protein), monitoring blood sugar often, eating healthy foods, excercising regulary (keeping a health weight), etc. Type 2: Metformin, losing weight to achieve a BMI in healthy range, living an active life, eating a healthy, balanced diet, etc. 16. What is gluconeogenesis? When does it occur? Gluconeogenisis: process of making glucose from its own breakdown products or from the breakdown products of lipids or protein ( 17. What controls the adenohypophysis? What does the Neurohypophysis do? Hypothalamus Neurohypohysis: structural foundation of a neuro-humoral system coordinating fluid balance and reproductive function 18. What is Ketoacidosis? What metabolic disorder is associated with it? Happens when your blood turns acidic because there are too man y ketones in your blood due to a lack of insulin. Metabolic Acidosis 19. Know the general locations of the endocrine glands. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland are in your brain. The thyroid and parathyroid glands are in your neck. The thymus is between your lungs, the adrenals are on top of your kidneys, and the pancreas is behind your stomach. 20. Alpha vs. Beta cells in the pancreas. The beta cell produces insulin the only blood glucose lowering hormone of the body the apha cell releases gluacgon which elevate blood glucose. 21. What are the Islets of Langerhans? Heteroeneous cells clusters in the pancreas, consisting mainly of insulin secreting beta cells, glucagon secreting alpha cells and somatostatin secreting delta cells. 22. Be able to compare and contrast the endocrine system and nervous system 23. The matching diagrams from Quiz 2 will be on the test again. So be able to identify what each hormone does and what gland each hormone comes from.