EM2 Midterms Reviewer PDF

- BOUND MORPHEMES: morphemes that EM2: HISTORY OF THE are combined to other morphemes ENGLISH LANGUAGE - ALLOMORPH: a different way to...

- BOUND MORPHEMES: morphemes that EM2: HISTORY OF THE are combined to other morphemes ENGLISH LANGUAGE - ALLOMORPH: a different way to pronounce or spell a morpheme depending on its context or the surrounding sounds UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE - IDIOM: a combination of words whose  LANGUAGE meaning cannot be predicted from its - Is a system of conventional vocal signs by constituent parts means of which humans beings communicate (Algeo, 2012)  Language is Vocal - The signs of language are basically vocal, or  Language as a System oral-aural: sounds produced by the - Language is the rules or patterns that relate mouth and interpreted by the ear words to one another WRITING AND SPEECH LEXIS- everything in a language that is  Homographs unpredictable - Words that are written alike  Homonym SYNTHETIC LANGUAGE- language that - A word either pronounced or spell like the depends deeply on the use of inflections either other internal or external  Homophones - Words that are pronounced alike PHONOLOGY- the meaningless components  Translation of language or its sound system - Interpretation of one language by another  Transliteration Grammatical Signals - Representing the spellings of one language - Techniques for relating words to one another by those of another within the structure of the sentence  PARTS OF SPEECH GESTURE AND SPEECH - Noun, verb, adjective, and adverb  Kinesics  AFFIXES - The study of communicative body - One or more added sounds or letters that language change a word’s meaning  Paralanguage - FRONT: Prefix (enthrone, dislike) - The tone and gestures that accompany - BACK: Suffix (dentist, motorist) speech and are parallel systems of - INFLECTION: change in the form of a communication word to mark distinctions (man-men) - INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES: ending  Language as Conventional mark distinctions of number, case, tense, - Language is represented in many ways mood, or comparison  CONCORD Onomatopoeia - An agreement or interconnection between - The process of echoing words words, especially marked by inflections  WORD ORDER Language Variations - Grammatical signal for all languages (The  Dialect man finished the job.: The job finished the - The variety of language associated with a man.- different meanings) particular place, social level, ethnic  FUNCTION WORDS group, sex, age grade - Are minor parts of speech (auxiliaries,  Register articles) used in word order to serve the - The variety of language used for a same as inflections particular purpose  PROSODIC SIGNALS - Pitch, stress, and tempo can indicate Language change grammatical meaning - Change in language is natural because language system is culturally transmitted - SYNTAGMATIC CHANGE: words and  Language as Signs - Language system organizes signs to sounds are affected by neighbouring words represent other things or sounds - PARADIGMATIC OR ASSOCIATIVE CHANGE: words and sounds may be MORPHEMES - Smallest linguistic sign affected by others that are not immediately - A meaningful that cannot be divided into presented but with which they are associated meaningless parts - SOCIAL CHANGE: language may change - A sequence of sounds with a recognizable because of the influence of events in the meaning world - FREE MORPHEMES: morphemes that can be used alone as words Correctness and Acceptability  ORAL-GESTURE THEORY - ACCEPTABILITY: the degree to which - Language resulted from people making users of language will judge an expression gestures with their mouths as okay  DIVINE CREATION THEORY CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE - God created language  Language is arbitrary  FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE - There is no inherent connection between a word and its meaning  REFERENTIAL  Language is a social phenomenon - Used to refer things or people around the - Language is created and used by groups of world people  POETIC  Language is a symbolic system - Used for its own sake without necessarily - Uses symbols such as words and letters to referring to the real world represent ideas and concepts  EMOTIVE  Language is systematic - Used to express emotions - Has rules that govern how words are formed  CONATIVE and used - Used to address another person and attract  Language is verbal, vocal, and sound their attention - Is primarily spoken, although it can be  PHATIC written or communicated in other means - Used to maintain social relationships  Language is non-instinctive, conventional  METALINGUISTIC - It is learned as we are not born knowing how - Used to discuss language itself to speak  Language is productive and creative - Allows us to create new words and UNIT 2: HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH expressions to describe new things and ideas LANGUAGE  Language is a system of communication - We use it to communicate with each other I. PRE- HISTORY  Language is human and structurally complex - The isle of Britain was inhabited by - It is unique to humans and is more complex NATIVE CELTS: simple and has no than any other forms of animal ambitions (PAGAN tribal people with communication their own language)  Language is unique, complex and modifiable - English is a Germanic Language which - Each language is unique and has its own set belongs to the INDO- EUROPEAN of rules and conventions language - PROTO-INDIO-EUROPEAN: tribes that Language as Means of Human Communication migrate eastward, westward, and northward - The purpose of language is to communicate, of Europe and West Asia whether through talking or writing - EST, WEST, and NORTH GERMANIC: - Language system is OPEN the three subgroups of the common - Language can be DISPLACED Germanic language - EAST GERMANIC: spoken by the people  THE THEORIES OF LANGUAGE ORIGIN who migrated back to SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE  BOW-WOW THEORY - WEST GERMANIC: ancestor of modern - Language originated from humans GERMAN, DUTCH, FLEMISH, imitating the sound of animals and other FRISIAN, and ENGLISH objects in the environment - NORTH GERMANIC: evolved into modern Scandinavian language of  DING-DONG THEORY SWEDISH, DANISH, NORWEIGIAN, - Language developed through a natural and ICELANDIC association between objects and their corresponding sounds  COGNATES - Words of common origin in different  YO-HE-HO OR LABOR THEORY languages - Language emerged from sounds produced during group activities  SUBSTRATUM EFFECT - One language systematically influenced by  BABY TALK OR SOUND ASSOCIATION the language of a subjugated group THEORY - Language evolved from simplified forms of  GRIMM’S LAW communication used by infants and - A law that is made by comparing Germanic young children language with Latin languages AD 43 - ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE: - Roman empire invaded the island historical document that records the history - PUSHED BACK the Celts into the farthest of England from Julius Caesar’s invasion to reach of WALES, IRELAND, and the year 1154 SCOTLAND (Anglo, Saxons, and Jutes) and established BRITANNIA IV. THE VIKINGS - JULIUS CAESAR: led the troops to the - Old Norse is the language used THAMES RIVER and established a - Vikings invaded Britain from the 8th to 10th MILITARY ENCAMPMENT centuries (LONDINIUM) - The influence of Old Norse on English - Intermarried with the remaining natives grammar is seen by the use of AUXILIARY and set down roots for the next 400 years VERBS, WORD ORDER, SPLIT INFINITIVES AD 410 - Outside influence from Old Norse did not - Rome’s power was disintegrating on the change the West Germanic core of the European continent and the Roman soldiers Language were ordered to abandon Britain - The Language of Pre-English germinated  CREOLE THEORY as a mixture of CELTIC and LATIN - Middle English was a new language that - Shortly after Romans left, the island was arose from contact between Old English again evaded by GERMANIC TRIBES and Old Norse from northern Europe: ANGLO- SAXONS  NORTH GERMANIC LANGUAGE THEORY II. PRIMITIVE OLD ENGLISH - English is actually a North Germanic - 450-700 A.D language that means that Scandinavians - The beginning of the emergence of English didn’t learn Old English but rather the Language English learned Old Norse - EMPEROR CLAUDIUS: conquered Britain and made part of the Roman empire V. THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD - The Roman empire collapsed and left a - Begins with the NORMAN CONQUEST at POWER VACUUM the Battle of Hastings in 1066 - The consonant sound were changed - WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR defeated - I-UMLAUT or FRONT MUTATION: King Harold and became the King of kind of Assimilation where a front vowel England towards the end of a words affects the - NORMAN INVASION: brought French vowel of a proceeding syllable, raising it into England - The Normans spoke French influenced with  PALEOLITHIC PERIOD Germanic dialect - Means old stone where humans were - Common People: English nomads and travelled from one area to the - Aristocrats: Norman French other - 10,000 French words came to English by the  NEOLITHIC PERIOD 13th century - Means new stone where humans starts - Norman French created changes in the Old practicing agriculture, domesticating English spelling and vocabulary animals, and a sedentary life - KING JOHN: ancestor of William the  AGE OF METALS Conqueror lost Normandy to the King of - Humans started using metal tools, the France population increased, and craftsmanship and - At the end of the 14th century, Anglo- transportation evolved Normans does not have any lands left and decided to adapt English as their language III. THE OLD ENGLISH PERIOD - 700-1000 A.D VI. MODERN ENGLISH PERIOD - Anglo-Saxons Period - Introduction of Christianity IMPORTANT EVENTS: - KING ALFRED THE GREAT: played an important role in the development of old  The Great Vowel Shift English language and literature and - A change in the pronunciation that began encouraged the TRASLATION OF around 1400 LATIN WORDS INTO OLD ENGLISH - A process which led to long vowel sounds (wrote Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) being raised and dipthongised - Invasion of Danes and Vikings - Most of the literature during that time was  Printing Press oral in nature - Beowulf is one of the most famous literature - William Caxton brought the Printing Press of Old English to England in 1476  - Books became cheaper and literacy became common - Spelling and grammar became fixed and the FRIST ENGLISH DICTIONARY was published in 1604  EARLY MODERN ENGLISH - The first daily English Language newspaper (THE DAILY COURANT) is published in London by Samuel Johnson - English replaces French as the Language of the law - English is used for the Parliament for the first time - The first dictionary was published (TABLE ALPHABETICALL) - William Caxton established the first English Printing Press - Shakespeare was born and died - English replaced Latin as medium of Instruction at schools - Thomas Jefferson wrote the American Declaration of Independence - Shakespeare’s first folio was published  LATE MODERN ENGLISH - The British Broadcasting was founded - The Oxford English Dictionary was founded - Webster publishes his American English dictionary