E.M QUIZ PDF

MANILA BAY: Severe Pollution from Domestic HABITAT DESTRUCTION Waste, Industrial Runoff, Untreated Sewage Major hub for commerce, tourism, and 1. Damage to Mangroves fishing-Manila Bay is a key economic zone in 2. Coral Reefs From Land Reclamation the Phi...

MANILA BAY: Severe Pollution from Domestic HABITAT DESTRUCTION Waste, Industrial Runoff, Untreated Sewage Major hub for commerce, tourism, and 1. Damage to Mangroves fishing-Manila Bay is a key economic zone in 2. Coral Reefs From Land Reclamation the Philippines, supporting trade, tourism, 3. Destructive Fishing and the fishing industry. LAGUNA DE BAY: Pollution, Illegal Fish Pens, BFAR POLICIES Over extraction of Water Resources Largest freshwater lake in the Philippines- BUREAU OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC Laguna de Bay is the biggest lake in the RESOURCES (BFAR) – is a government agency country and serves as a vital source of water under the Department of Agriculture in the and fish for local communities. Philippines. Its primary role is the development, management, conservation, and protection of the VISAYAN SEA AND TAÑON STRAIT; country’s fisheries and aquatic resources. Challenges from Urbanization and Population Growth. Mandate of BFAR: VISAYAN SEA: The Visayan Sea is a rich 1. Sustainable Fisheries Development fishing ground in central Philippines, known 2. Conservation and Protection for its abundant fish species but threatened by overfishing and pollution. Functions of BFAR: TAÑON STRAIT: Tañon Strait is a 1. Regulation and Licensing biodiversity hotspot between Cebu and 2. Conservation and Resource Management. Negros, home to dolphins and whales, facing challenges from illegal fishing and BFAR in the Philippines implements several key policies for managing bays and fisheries to ensure Fisheries: Declining Fish Stocks Due to sustainable use, conservation, and protection of the Overfishing, Especially Sardines and Tuna. country's aquatic resources. Some of the notable Significant decline in key species, especially policies include: sardines and tuna- Populations of sardines and tuna are rapidly decreasing due to 1. RA 8550 FISHERIES CODE – This law excessive fishing pressure. governs the exploitation, management, conservation, and protection of the country’s IUUF: Illegal, Unreported, And Unregulated fisheries and aquatic resources. Fishing Persists. 2. CLOSED FISHING SEASONS – BFAR implements seasonal closures in certain regions Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing to allow fish stocks to recover during spawning activities continue to challenge effective periods. fisheries management. 3. NATIONAL SARDINES MANAGEMENT PLAN – is a policy framework designed to CHALLENGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT sustainably manage the sardine population Environmental Challenges refers to problems or within a country's waters. issues that harm the natural environment. 4. FISHER FOLK REGISTRATION SYSTEM – is a government-led initiative designed to POLLUTION PROBLEMS register and maintain a database of small-scale 1. Domestic Waste fishers, fishing vessels, and related 2. Agricultural Runoff stakeholders. 3. Industrial Discharge CLIMATE CHANGE 1. Rising Temperatures 2. Ocean Acidification 3. Extreme Weather  DENR POLICIES 1. PARIS AGREEMENT (2015) – It was outcome of the negotiations launched in 2011 at the 17th DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND Conference of the parties in Durban to develop a NATURAL RESOURCES (DENR) – the primary legal instrument applicable to all parties to cut agency responsible for the conservation, greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions and to be management, development, and proper use of the implemented from 2020. country’s environment and natural resources. 2. KYOTO PROTOCOL – obliges industrialized LEGAL BASIS OF DENR countries and countries of the former Soviet bloc 1. PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 461 – Divided the to cut their emissions of greenhouse gases by Department of Agriculture and Natural an average of about five percent (5%) for the Resources (DANR) into two different functional period 2008-2012 compared with 1990 levels. Fifty- department: five countries ratified the protocol except some the (DA) Department of Agriculture and highly industrialized countries. (DNR) Department of Natural Resources. Executive Order no. 131 Creates the 3. THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL – phases down Department of Environment, Energy the consumption and production of the different and Natural Resources (DEENR) ODS (OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES) in a Executive Order no. 192 From DEENR, it step-wise manner, with different timetables for was renamed into Department of developed and developing countries (referred to as Environment and Natural Resources “Article 5 countries”). (DENR). It established the department’s mandate and function 4. CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD) – Known informally as the biodiversity Organizational Outcome: covers two (2) basic convention is an international legally binding treaty concerns; with three main goals: 1. ON NATURAL RESOURCES 1. conservation of biodiversity; 2. ON ENVIRONMENT 2. sustainable use of biodiversity; LAWS AND POLICIES UNDER THE DENR: 3. fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. 1. R.A 6969 The Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 5. UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK 1990 CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 2. R.A 7942 The Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (U.N.F.C.C.C) – stabilizes greenhouse gases 3. R.A 8749 The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 concentration. Acknowledging that change in 4. R.A 9003 The Ecological Solid Waste the Earth's climate and its adverse effects are a Management Act of 2000 common concern of humankind, concerned that 5. R.A 9275 The Philippine Clean Water Act of human activities have been substantially 2004 increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES 6. BASEL CONVENTION (1989) – objective to control the transboundary movements of 1. LACK OF FUNDING /RESOURCES hazardous waste and their disposal. Adopted on 2. CORRUPTION MARCH 22 1989 by the conference of 3. LOCAL CONFLICT plenipotentiaries in Basel Switzerland. 4. COMMUNITY ROLE 7. STOCKHOLM CONVENTION – objective to eliminate or restrict the production and use INTERNATIONAL POLICIES persistent organic pollutions (POPS). INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION OR TREATY – 8. RAMSAR CONVENTION 1971 – in Ramsar, an agreement between different countries that is Iran. Aimed at the conservation and sustainable legally binding to the contracting States. use of wetlands. 9. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and  Flora) – is an international agreement History of the European Union (EU) established in 1973 to regulate and monitor the international trade of wildlife species. 1. Post World War II Context – This period 10. MARPOL CONVENTION – International marks the beginning of discussions on Convention for the Prevention of Pollution European integration, driven by the need to from Ships one of the most important address environmental challenges caused by international treaties aimed at preventing industrialization and war damage. pollution of the marine environment by ships due 2. Treaties of Rome (1957) – These treaties to operational or accidental causes. established the European Economic Community (EEC) and included provisions CASE STUDY: Philippine Plant Becomes the 1st for environmental protection, laying the Overseas Production Site to Operate on 100% groundwork for future environmental Renewable Energy. policies. 3. Single European Act (1987) – A significant reform that created a single CHAPTER 5: INTERNATIONAL market and introduced a legal basis for ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES environmental policy, emphasizing International Environmental Issues – refers to sustainable development. global challenges that affect the environment across 4. Maastricht Treaty (1993) This treaty national borders. established the EU, expanded its competencies to include environmental Examples: protection, and integrated sustainable development into its objectives. 1. CLIMATE CHANGE – long-term shifts in 5. Treaty of Lisbon (2007) – Further temperatures and weather patterns. enhanced the EU's commitment to 2. GLOBAL WARMING – unusually rapid environmental sustainability, establishing a increase in Earth's average surface robust legal framework for environmental temperature. protection and emphasizing climate 3. POLLUTION – anything that makes the change and a low-carbon economy. earth dirty and unhealthy. 4. DEFORESTATION – removal and EU’s Environmental Principles – These are destruction of a forest or stand of trees from fundamental guidelines that shape the EU's land. approach to environmental policy and regulation. 5. OVERPOPULATION – the human population rises to an extent exceeding the 1. PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE – carrying capacity of the ecological setting. promotes taking of precautionary actions in situations where there is uncertainty in EUROPEAN UNION (EU) – A political and the possibility of environmental harm economic union comprising 27 European occurring, rather than waiting until the harm countries that have come together to foster actually occurs. economic cooperation, political integration, and 2. PREVENTION PRINCIPLE – to eliminate peace in Europe. or reduce risks before they cause environmental harm, based on what is Created by the Maastricht Treaty, which already known. entered into force on November 1, 1993. The 3. RECTIFICATION AT SOURCE treaty was designed to enhance European PRINCIPLE – Initiatives that aim to reduce political and economic integration. pollution by addressing and correcting environmental issues and its consequences and industrial processes directly. 4. PREVENTION OVER MITIGATION – Rather than managing pollution after it  occurs, this principle emphasizes preventing 2. Mitigating Environmental Risks – helps it altogether. to mitigate risks such as air and water 5. POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE (PPP) – pollution, toxic waste, and habitat Compensating the victims of pollution and destruction, ensuring that the environment the cost of restoring the environmental remains safe and healthy for current and degradation. future generations. 3. Promoting Sustainable Development – EU ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME – supports the concept of sustainable structured plan or initiative designed to address development, which seeks to balance specific environmental challenges and promote economic growth with environmental sustainability within the EU. protection. These programs set out goals, strategies, and 4. Addressing Climate Change – actions to protect the environment, combat climate environmental policies are crucial in reducing change, and ensure sustainable development. greenhouse gas emissions and promoting renewable energy sources. 3 EU ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME 5. Ensuring Public Health and Safety – 1. LIFE PROGRAMME – Launched in 1992, regulating pollutants, chemicals, and waste, the LIFE Programme is a funding environmental laws protect human health instrument for the environment and from harmful substances. climate action. It supports projects that 6. Encouraging Innovation and Green contribute to the implementation of EU Economy – policies can drive innovation by environmental and climate policy, focusing encouraging the development of cleaner on areas like biodiversity, circular technologies, sustainable business practices, economy, and climate change and a green economy. mitigation. 7. Legal Accountability and Compliance – 2. 8TH ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION ensures that those who cause harm to the PROGRAMME – guides EU environmental environment are responsible for mitigating policy until 2030. It aims to achieve a that harm, creating a fair and just system of climate-neutral, resource-efficient environmental governance. economy and include objectives such as European Union’s Notable Legislations: reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing resilience to climate change, and 1. European Climate Law – establishes a promoting a circular economy. legally binding commitment for the EU to 3. EUROPEAN GREEN DEAL – aims to make achieve climate neutrality by 2050. This the EU's economy sustainable by turning means reducing greenhouse gas emissions climate and environmental challenges into to net zero by that year. It also sets an opportunities. It includes initiatives across interim target of reducing net greenhouse various sectors to achieve climate neutrality gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 by 2050. compared to 1990 levels. 2. Habitat and Birds Directive – protecting Environmental Policy and Legislation – the biodiversity within the EU by safeguarding actions, rules, and regulations established by habitats and species. The Habitat Directive governments, organizations, or institutions to specifically aims to protect rare, threatened, protect the environment and promote sustainability. or endemic species (those found only in a IMPORTANCE: particular region). 3. Air Quality Directive – aims to improve air 1. Protecting Natural Resources – help quality across the EU, ensuring a healthier manage and protect natural resources like environment for both people and nature. Its air, water, forests, and wildlife. primary goal is to protect human health and  the environment from the harmful effects of air pollution. CASE STUDY: “France: Agreement on the Treatment of End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs)”