Earth and Life Science -Notre Dame of Kidapawan College PDF

Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Earth and Life Science “To educate children, you must love them and love them all eq...

Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Earth and Life Science “To educate children, you must love them and love them all equally.” Quarter 2, Week 7 - St. Marcellin Champagnat Monthly Theme: Peace/International Understanding Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Evolution ‣ is the change in genetic composition of a population with each new generation over time ‣ Adaptation – enhance the organism’s ability to survive and reproduce Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Charles Darwin ‣ theorized that all species descended from a common ancestor over time ‣ On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Evidence for Evolution ‣ Homology ‣ DNA/Protein sequences ‣ Embryology ‣ Fossil record ‣ Plate tectonics ‣ Artificial selection Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department ‣ the structures or parts of Homology the body of different species that are similar in structure are called homologous structures ‣ If two or more species share a unique physical feature, such as a complex bone structure, they may all have inherited this feature from a common ancestor Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department DNA/Protein sequences ‣ the more similar the DNA/protein sequences, the more closely related they are Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Molecular Biology ‣ Like structural homologies, similarities between biological molecules can reflect shared evolutionary ancestry. At the most basic level, all living organisms share: ‣ Same genetic material (DNA) ‣ Same or highly similar genetic codes ‣ Same basic process of gene expression (transcription and translation) ‣ Same molecular building blocks, such as amino acids Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Embryology ‣ Embryology – examines the development of organisms from the early stages of fertilization Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Fossil Record ‣ Fossils - remains or traces of organisms from the past ‣Paleontology – study of fossils ‣ allows scientists to categorize structures belonging to organisms in the distant past ‣ Fossil record provides evidence that organisms have changed over time Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Plate Tectonics ‣ its movement leads to the formation of mountains and continents which in turn creates barriers between different population of species ‣ Example: when continents drift apart, populations of species that were once together may become isolated ‣ Over time, this isolation allows them to evolve independently, adapting to their unique environment Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Artificial Selection ‣ it demonstrates how species can change over time when certain traits are intentionally chosen for reproduction ‣ it involves humans breeding plants/animals for specific desirable traits such as size, color or behavior ‣ farmers used artificial selection to enhance crops (higher yield, better resistance to diseases) ‣ shows how population can evolve and change  Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Direct observation of microevolution Emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and pesticide- resistant insects Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Mechanisms: the process of evolution ‣ Evolution occurs when there is a change in the heritable information passed from one generation to the next. Beetles on a diet Beetles of a different color Low food supply – not There is a change in because of a change in Which example DNA that will be DNA illustrates evolution? passed down to the next generation Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change 1. Mutation 2. Migration 3. Genetic drift 4. Natural selection  Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Mutation ‣ introduce random changes in DNA, some of which may result in beneficial adaptations over time, contributing to evolutionary changes Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Migration ‣ process in which an organism moves from its present habitat to a new one Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Genetic Drift - is a mechanism of evolution that refers to random changes in the frequency Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Natural Selection ‣ favors the survival of certain species members and results in a change in the proportion of individuals with highly adaptive traits Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Natural Selection at work ‣ Natural selection can produce impressive adaptations that help organisms survive and reproduce. Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Speciation ‣ What are species anyway, and how do new ones evolve? ‣ A species is often defined as a group of individuals that actually or potentially interbreed in nature. Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Speciation ‣ Speciation is the process by which one group of animals or plants changes over time to become a completely new and different species. Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Causes of Speciation ‣ Geographic isolation - It occurs when a physical barrier, like a river, mountain, ocean, or even a large desert, separates a population of organisms into two or more groups. Because these groups are now cut off from each other, they can no longer interbreed. ‣ Isolation - refers to the separation of some members of the species from the population Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Reproductive Isolation ‣ when two populations of the same species can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring, even if they are in the same location. This can occur due to differences in mating behavior, physical traits, or timing of reproduction ‣ Two populations of frogs live in the same area but mate at different times of the year. Since they do not reproduce at the same time, they become reproductively isolated. Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Punctuated Equilibrium ‣ species remain relatively stable/equilibrium for long periods. However, these periods of stability are interrupted/punctuated by short, rapid bursts of significant change which new species can form ‣ the mass extinction of dinosaurs resulted from sudden global weather changes caused by the impact of an asteroid on Earth promoted the evolution of the new species of animals Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics ‣ proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck ‣ organisms can pass on traits they acquire during their lifetime to their offspring ‣ Giraffes developed long necks because their ancestors stretched their necks to reach higher leaves, and this trait was passed down to their offspring ‣ Discredited ‣ Modern science, through genetics, has shown that traits are inherited through DNA, and changes acquired during an individual’s lifetime (muscle growth from exercise) are not passed on to the offspring Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department Phylogenetic Trees ‣ show the relationships among groups of biological species based on their similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics ‣ The closer two species are on the tree, the more closely related they are  Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department ‣ Most common ancestor of A, B, C, D, & E – the last common ancestors of all 5 species ‣ Most recent common ancestor of A & B – this point indicates where species A and B shared common ancestor before they evolved into separate species. They are more closely related to each other than to other species (C, D, or E) because they split from the same ancestor more recently.  Notre Dame of Kidapawan College Integrated Basic Education Department 1. Which animal is most distantly related to the others in the tree? Platypus 2. Which animal shares the most recent common ancestor with the Gorilla in the diagram? Chimp 3. Which animal in the diagram is more closely related to the Rat: Mouse or Monkey? Mouse 4. Which animal in the diagram evolved earlier: the Opossum or the Horse? Opossum (closer to the root of the tree)