ELS UNIVERSE-EXTINCTIONS PDF

- closest to the sun - Essentially spherical due to their own gravity - Rocky crust with craters - But are not large enough to sweep their o...

- closest to the sun - Essentially spherical due to their own gravity - Rocky crust with craters - But are not large enough to sweep their orbits - Cold on half of the planet - Clear of other debris - Hot on the half facing the sun - “Cleared the neighborhood” - Gray in color - (Pluto, Erics, Haumea, Makemake, Ceres) - Smallest planet - Found in the asteroid belt; therefore they are not considered planets Venus Moons - second planet from the sun - nicknamed “the evening star” or “the morning star” - Come in many shapes, sizes, and types - Poisonous fog - A few have atmospheres and even hidden oceans - the hottest planet beneath their surfaces - orange in color - Most planetary moons probably formed from discs of gas - gasses that make it hot: greenhouse gasses—carbon and dust circulating around planets in the early solar dioxide system - Though some are captured objects that formed elsewhere Earth and fell into orbit around larger worlds - third planet from the sun Asteroids - the Blue Planet - Only planet with large amounts of liquid water - The first asteroid (Ceres) was discovered by Giuseppe - Only planet with living things (not definite) Piazzi in 1801 - sometimes called minor planets Mars - Rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6B years ago - the RED planet - Has 2 moons NEAR (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous — Shoemaker) - Volcanoes and canyons - Rocks and sand - renamed after Eugene Shoemaker - Very thin atmosphere - monitor near-Earth asteroids - Has the largest volcano in the solar system - landed successfully on Eros Jupiter Comets - largest planet - icy body that releases gases as it orbits the Sun - Giant ball of swirling gas - colors would vary because of the different elements it - Has between 80 and 95 moons carry - Has two very thin rings - Has a large red spot, which is a giant storm Meteor Saturn - streak of light seen when a meteoroid heats up in the atmosphere - has rings that are made now of frozen gas, ice, and rock - Second largest planet Meteoroid - Made mostly of hydrogen and helium - Has 60 moons, one of which has a volcano - rocky or metallic fragment of an asteroid, comet, or planet Uranus Meteorite - looks like it is on its side a 90-degree angle - meteor fragment that reaches the ground/ land - mostly made up of methane - Very cold and windy **if still in space = meteoroid, in atmosphere = meteor, once it lands - Has some rings = meteorite** - Blue-green in color Sources of Comets: Neptune Oort Cloud - most distant major planet - Jan Oort - Two dark spots - Cosmological boundary of the solar system (can be found - Blue in color after Pluto) - The first planet located through mathematical calculations - Source of long-period comets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Long-period comets - take hundreds of thousands of years to complete a single Terrestrial Planets orbit around the Sun - substantially smaller Kuiper Belt - Short orbital periods and less satellites - Made up of mostly rock and metal - Gerald Kuiper - Move slowly in space - Hosts short-period comets - No rings and few moons (if any) - Short-period comets - Have a diameter of less than 13,000 km - Orbital periods of less than 200 years - Halley's Comet (76 years) Jovian Planets (gaseous planets) - Encke’s Comet (3 years) - Located on the solar system's outskirts, the Kuiper Belt is - substantially larger a "junkyard" of countless icy bodies left over from the solar - long orbital periods and numerous satellites system's formation. The Oort Cloud is a vast shell of - Made up of mostly gases (primarily hydrogen and helium) billions of comets. - Move quickly in space - Have rings and many moons “I look up at the night sky, and I know that, yes, we are part of this - Have a diameter of greater than 48,000 km Universe, we are in this Universe, but perhaps more important than both those facts is that the Universe is in us.” - Neil Degrasse Tyson Dwarf Planets - celestial bodies that orbit the Sun III. Geologic Time Scale  imprints/marks being left dahil sa tagal na naipit It is organized according to when certain organisms lived on Earth. It Mold and Cast is based on the appearance and disappearance of life-forms  are three dimensional and preserve the surface contours Uniformitarianism of the organism  A mold preserves a negative imprint on the surface while - the theory that changes in the earth's crust during  A cast preserves the external form of the organism geological history have resulted from the action of  ex. the one you bite to form pustiso: pag kinagat–mold, continuous and uniform process pag nagawa na pustiso–cast - history repeats itself  mold: nag-iiwan ng imprint, cast: product of the mold - whatever happened in the past also happens now - tornados, earthquakes, movement on the land are all the **Water seeping into the rock can dissolve the shell, leaving the same shell's imprint in the rock and creating a mold. A fossil mold is a - it's a repetitive cycle hollow space left in a rock by an dissolved object. If the mold fills in with minerals or mud, the filling can later harden. The resulting fossil Absolute Dating is called a cast. - determine the exact age of an artifact or site Preserved Remains - determines numeral age (alam kung kailan nangyari) - high precision, tells you a definite number  preservation of original skeletons and soft body parts - quantitative measurement –tells the exact time frame (ex.,  amber; encased whole; yes, they are fossils; this is from 250M years ago) mummification - works better for igneous and metamorphic rocks - radiometric dating (more often using Carbon-14 or other ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- isotopes), amino acid dating, dendrochronology, and thermoluminescence Eons - Uranium-238 ~lumabas sa test  longest subdivision which can last up to hundreds and Relative Dating millions of years  determined by the prevalence of certain fossils - opposite of absolute dating  phanerozoic eon-visible life - determine which object is older, which came first, in  precambrian- hadean, archean, and proterozoic eon chronological order - arranges fossils in order Eras - works better for sedimentary rocks - low precision  next-longest subdivision - qualitative measurement –more of a description  an era marks a major shift in the types of fossils present - biostratigraphy, stratigraphy, and cross-dating  Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic thermoluminescence  Periods Nicolas Steno  divisions within an era  periods mark stages within an era where different kinds of - pioneered stratigraphy: theory on how geological strata life exsted (Cambrian, etc.) were laid down - made fundamental contributions to four branches of Epochs science:  shortest subdivision - anatomy, paleontology (study of fossils), geology, crystallography: study of crystals  divides periods into smaller units and is also determined - founder of the Principles of Stratigraphy by life-form changes Steno's Laws of Stratigraphy New Epoch: 1. Superposition: rock layers in the bottom are older than - Anthropocene–when humans began affecting the earth, those on top of them environment, and nature ((factories, nuclear), waste, 2. Original Horizontality: rock layers form in a horizontal deforestation, poaching, etc.) position. Some are curved because of deformation (folding Cyanobacteria produced oxygen. process -compression, convergent boundary can make it vertical) Great oxygenation: Folding occurs when tectonic processes stress a rock, and the rock - too much oxygen that it became poisonous (by their own bends or becomes "curved" instead of breaking. waste oxygen) for cyanobacteria because they prefer any other element except oxygen. 3. Lateral Continuity: rock layers are extended laterally and continuously. Separation may happen but still aligned Different Eons and Eras 4. Cross-Cutting Relationship: rock layers that cut across are older than the cut itself (cut, fault, intrusion is younger) Hadean eon (4.6 to 4.0 billion years ago) 5. Inclusion: any inclusions in rock layers are older than the rock that contains. Inclusions (rocks and other fossils) are - started when the earth coalesced older - Why? tendency: earthquakes form gaps and these gaps would be filled by the layer on top of it - earth's first oceans - formation of DNA (prokaryotic) Types of Fossils - tectonic activity - first continent Petrification - prokaryote bacteria - banded iron formation  hardened through time - great oxygenation events  form when minerals replace the structure of an organism Proterozoic eon Compression - oxygen crisis (too much oxygen)  formed due to the burial of plants or plant parts in - first eukaryotes to stabilize oxygen sediments - snowball earth  - multicellular life (the emergence of eukaryotes - The presence of the ozone layer Paleozoic era - Cambrian explosion (age of invertebrates) - age of fishes (jawless and fungi(decomposers) - land plants - the age of amphibians - insects - coal deposits - extinctions (Permian-Triassic) Mesozoic era (252 to 66 million years ago - age of reptiles - Pangaea - age of conifers - age of dinosaurs (existed until the Cretaceous - Paleogene extinction) - birds (mammals and birds both evolved: transition coming) and flowering plants (how did they survive the great impact: birds fly mammals dug underground) Cenozoic era - dinosaur extinction - age of mammals - grass - apes - Stone Age (hominids were the early proto-humans) - homo-sapiens (modern-day man) MASS EXTINCTIONS: 1. Ordovician-Silurian | 440 MA | 86% 2. Late Devonian | 365 MA | 75% 3. Permian-Triassic | 252 MA | 96% 4. Triassic-Jurassic | 201.3 MA | 80% 5. Cretaceous-Paleogene | 66 MA | 60% 6. Holocene | 11,700 YA TO PRESENT | 100%