Electrical Auxiliary System Reviewer PDF

ELECTRICAL AUXILIARY SYSTEM ▪ Example: A wire rated for 10A Group 1 might have a margin to safely carry 12A for short periods without...

ELECTRICAL AUXILIARY SYSTEM ▪ Example: A wire rated for 10A Group 1 might have a margin to safely carry 12A for short periods without degrading. Reliable Design 3. Temperature Margin All electrical components in the auxiliary systems should be ▪ Definition: The difference designed for reliability. between the operating temperature range of a Safety Margins component and the temperature The main electrical systems at which it might fail. should include a 10% safety ▪ Purpose: To ensure that margin. Important factors like components do not overheat short-circuit calculations and de- under normal or slightly elevated rating should be considered conditions. during design. ▪ Example: An electronic component rated for 85°C might have a margin that allows it to 1. Voltage Margin function up to 100°C without ▪ Definition: The difference immediate failure. between the nominal operating 4. Power Margin voltage of a component or system and the maximum or minimum ▪ Definition: The difference voltage it can safely handle. between the expected power ▪ Purpose: To prevent damage or consumption or dissipation and malfunction due to voltage the maximum power the system or fluctuations, surges, or drops. component can handle. ▪ Example: A power supply ▪ Purpose: To prevent overheating, designed to operate at 12V might component stress, and energy have a margin to function correctly inefficiency. within a range of 10-15V ▪ Example: A resistor rated for 0.5W might have a safety margin 2. Current Margin that allows it to dissipate 0.6W ▪ Definition: The difference without damage. between the nominal operating current and the maximum current that a component can safely carry. ▪ Purpose: To avoid overheating or overloading, which could lead to component failure or fire hazards. Importance of Safety Margins High Voltage Switchgear Safety margins are critical for The main HV switchgear preventing accidents, ensuring components found in indoor and system reliability, and extending outdoor switchgear include the the lifespan of electrical following. components and systems. They provide a buffer against Circuit Breakers unexpected conditions and help Instrument Transformers maintain safety standards. Earthing Switches Fault Tolerance Step Up/Down transformer Disconnecting Switch Electrical components must be Relays able to handle maximum stress Busbars during faults, even under worst- Surge Arresters case scenarios when the main protection fails and backup systems are activated. Electric Motors Example: An electric motor is a device used Uninterruptible Power Supply to convert electricity into (UPS) mechanical energy—opposite to Backup Generators an electric generator. They Battery Backup Systems, Etc. operate using principles of electromagnetism, which shows that a force is applied when an Environmental Suitability electric current is present in a magnetic field. The equipment should work well in the local climate and be unaffected by signals from Ventilation and Enclosure wireless communication devices. Motors should be totally enclosed Example: fan-cooled (IP54) with IP55 cable Temperature termination points. Vertical motors Humidity need a top cover to prevent dirt and moisture ingress. Dust and Particles, Etc. Terminal Boxes and Earthing Terminal boxes should be large enough for proper cable  connections. Each motor must enclosed cubicles, incline blocks have earthing bolts with washers toward the door for easy access. on the frame and an earthing Equipment Wiring screw in the terminal box. All wiring connections are easily accessible and removable. Starters and Contactors Terminate small wires with Equip with short circuit protection approved crimp connectors and and local disconnecting devices. use slip-on ferrules for Control voltage should come from identification at both ends. a grounded 415/240V isolating transformer with primary circuit breaker and secondary fuse. Earthing Contactors' operating coils should Earthing, also known as connect to the grounded side of grounding, is a critical safety the transformer. measure in electrical systems. Starters and contactors must It involves connecting electrical meet IEC 292.1 or NEMA IC I installations or devices to the standards, support direct-on-line earth, providing a path for starting, handle 30 operations per electrical currents to safely hour, and be installed in ventilated dissipate in the event of a fault. (indoor) or weatherproof (outdoor) This process helps protect both enclosures with all necessary people and equipment from components, including locks, electric shocks, fire hazards, and cable entries, and bus bars. damage caused by excess Relays current. Use machine tool type relays with Warning Labels contact convertibility, designed for Use synthetic resin labels with 10A thermal current from 6 to engraved letters in the required 600V AC. languages. For indoor circuit Terminal Blocks breakers and starters, transparent plastic with contrasting engraved Mount terminal blocks accessibly lettering is acceptable. with at least 100 mm spacing between adjacent blocks and 200 mm between the bottom block and the cable gland plate. Provide enough terminals for all cables, including 20% spares. In  ELECTRICAL AUXILIARY SYSTEM Types of Battery Storage Group 2 Lead – Acid Batteries POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM A rechargeable battery that uses What is Power Distribution lead and sulphuric acid to System? function. → Transmission Lines The most traditional and widely → Substations used type. They cost-effective but → Distribution Lines have a shorter lifespan and lower → Transformers energy density. → Distribution Panels and Switchgear Lithium – Ion Batteries → Consumers A rechargeable battery that utilizes lithium ions moving Understanding Back-up Generators between electrodes during charging and discharging Portable Generators processes. Standby Generators Known for higher energy density, longer lifespan, and faster Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) charging. More expensive but Systems offers better performance. Offline/Standby UPS Line – Interactive UPS Flow Batteries Online/Double – Conversion Ups Produces chemical energy by mixing two chemical constituents Battery Storage System that are dissolved in liquids contained within the device with a Battery Storage Systems are used membrane separating them. to store energy for later use, Use liquid electrolytes and are providing backup during power suitable for large–scale energy outages, managing energy loads, storage. They have a long cycle and integrating renewable energy life and can be scaled up easily. sources. Lighting Systems B. Daylight Harvesting Sensors Emergency Lighting Systems Automatically adjust the is a backup lighting setup that artificial lighting based on automatically activates when the natural daylight levels to main power supply fails save energy. C. Timer-Based Systems: Types of Emergency Lighting Lighting is automatically adjusted based on A. Standby Lighting programmed schedules Activates during power loss (e.g., dimming at night or to maintain general during off-hours). operations. B. Escape Route Lighting D. Smart Lighting Systems Ensures safe evacuation Integration with by illuminating escape home/building automation routes. systems, controlled C. Open Area (Anti-Panic) remotely via apps or voice Lighting commands. Prevents panic by providing adequate lighting in large spaces. Energy-Efficient Lighting Technologies Automated Lighting Controls are types of lighting that use less electricity to produce the same or are systems that automatically better light compared to manage lighting based on factors traditional bulbs. like time, occupancy, or daylight levels. Grounding and Surge Protection Types of Automated Controls Surge Protection A. Occupancy Sensors Lights turn on when motion is detected and turn off after a period of inactivity (e.g., infrared and ultrasonic sensors.) The Difference Between Grounding Importance of Grounding and Surge and Surge Protection Protection Grounding Safety Equipment Protection System Provides a direct path for Reliability electrical current to flow into the earth, ensuring safety by Protect Against Lightning Strikes stabilizing voltage levels and Compliance and Regulation preventing electric shock. Primary Role Methods of Grounding Protects people from electrical Earth Grounding (Direct shock. Stabilizes the electrical Grounding) system, preventing unwanted voltages. Provides a direct path for Prevents electrical fires by electrical current to dissipate into diverting fault the earth during faults or surges. currents safely. Residential Commercial Equipment Grounding Surge Protection Protects users from electric shock Protects electrical equipment by ensuring that metal parts of from transient over voltages equipment do not become live in caused by external events such case of a fault. as lightning strikes, power surges, or electrical switching. Signal Grounding Primary Role Reduces electrical noise and interference, ensuring proper Protects electrical equipment functioning of sensitive from overvoltage spikes. equipment. Prevents damage to sensitive devices (computers, electronics, etc.) from sudden voltage surges. Extends the lifespan of equipment by preventing exposure to damaging surges. Methods of Surge Protection Devices HVAC System Group 3 Point-of-Use Surge Protectors Protect individual devices What is HVAC system? like computers, TVs, and home appliances from An HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, power surges. and Air Conditioning) system is Line Filter Surge Protector responsible for maintaining indoor Filter out noise and surges comfort by regulating from the power line. temperature, humidity, and air Surge-Protected USB Charging quality, ensuring a pleasant Ports atmosphere for occupants. Protect small electronic devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and Key components of HVAC system other USB-powered while charging. A. Heating Systems - These provides warmth during colder days Proper Grounding B. Ventilation Systems - These ensure proper air circulation and Residential/Commercial remove stale air. Grounding C. Cooling Systems - These keeps Minimum depth is 8 feet spaces or area cool during (2.44 meters) into the warmer days. ground. Most grounding rods are 8- 10 feet long TYPES OF HVAC SYSTEMS 1. Split Systems Substations/Industrial settings These consist of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit, connected by refrigerant lines. Grounding may require deeper rods or a more extensive 2. Hybrid Heat Pump System grounding system to handle In a dual-fuel system, also known larger electrical loads. as a hybrid system, the central The National electric Code heating system includes an (NEC) requires ground to be electric heat pump that works in driven at least 8 feet into the conjunction with a furnace. earth for adequate grounding. Proper grounding is essential for electrical safety, equipment protection, and stable system operation.  3. Packaged System Heating components overview A packaged system contains the Heating components in an HVAC traditional components of a split system are essential for providing system, but all units are housed warmth during cold weather, maintaining outside. comfortable indoor temperatures, and ensuring energy efficiency. 4. Ducted mini-split system A ducted mini-split system uses FURNACE refrigerant lines that connect a ducted indoor unit to the outdoor The furnace is the primary heating unit. Ductwork is then installed on unit in most HVAC systems, the ducted indoor unit to responsible for generating heat distribute the air throughout the that is then distributed through space. ducts to different areas of a building. 5. Ductless mini-split system HEAT PUMP A ductless mini-split system has an outdoor unit that contains the A heat pump transfers heat from compressor and condenser, as outside air or ground into the well as an indoor air handler building. It can reverse its function mounted in the room that blows to provide cooling in warm the cooled air directly into the weather. room. BOILER 6. Boiler System Heats water for distribution A home's boiler system consists through radiators or in-floor of multiple components that use heating systems. water to transfer heat gained from HEAT EXCHANGER the use of either electric or combustible fuel from the main Transfers heat from combustion unit to the rest of the home. gases or other heat sources to the air or water without mixing. BLOWER FAN HVAC SYSTEM COMPONENTS Circulates warm air through ductwork in There are two main components of a forced-air systems. HVAC system. These two parts are the air handler, heating and cooling system, and the heat exchanger. Cooling components overview Ventilation components over view Cooling components in an HVAC it ensures the circulation of fresh system are important for air, removes contaminants, maintaining comfortable indoor controls humidity, and maintains temperatures, reducing humidity, indoor air quality, all while and improving air quality. providing a comfortable and healthy environment. DUCT WORKS AIR CONDITIONER (AC UNIT): Ducts are the pathways that Removes heat from indoor air by transport conditioned air from the circulating refrigerant and AHU to various rooms and spaces transfers it outside. in the building. EVAPORATOR COIL AHU- AIR HANDLER UNIT Absorbs heat from indoor air via The AHU is the heart of the refrigerant and cools the air. ventilation system, responsible for CONDENSER COIL conditioning and distributing air throughout the building. Releases absorbed heat outside, completing the cooling cycle VENTS AND DIFFUSERS COMPRESSOR Vents allow air to enter or exit rooms. Diffusers distribute airflow Compresses refrigerant, evenly and provide a comfortable increasing its pressure and environment. temperature, enabling heat transfer from indoor air to the EXHAUST FANS outdoor environment. Remove stale air, odors, or excess EXPANSION VALVE moisture from specific spaces (bathrooms, kitchens, etc.) Reduces the pressure of the refrigerant, cooling it before it DAMPERS enters the evaporator coil to Control airflow within the duct absorb more heat. system by opening or closing REFRIGERANT sections of the ductwork. A fluid that absorbs and transfers FILTERS heat between the indoor and Filters remove dust, pollen, and outdoor units. It changes states other particles from the air, from liquid to gas during the improving air quality and cooling cycle. protecting HVAC equipment. ERV/HRV SYSTEMS (ENERGY Ductwork RECOVERY VENTILATOR/HEAT Supply Ducts RECOVERY VENTILATOR) Return Ducts These systems transfer energy (in Exhaust Ducts the form of heat or coolness) between incoming and outgoing Design Considerations air, improving energy efficiency. AHU Design Considerations CONTROL SYSTEMS Capacity (THERMOSTATS, SENSORS, ZONING) Airflow Rate Filtration Controls help regulate ventilation Energy Efficiency by adjusting airflow, temperature, Redundancy and humidity. Zoning OUTSIDE AIR INTAKE Ductwork Design Considerations Draws fresh air from outside into Material the system for ventilation. Size and Shape Insulation Pressure Loss Leakage Prevention AIR HANDLING UNITS AND DUCTWORK: FUNCTIONALITY, Maintenance DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS, AND MAINTENANCE. AHU Maintenance Filter Replacement Malls Coil Cleaning Hospitals Fan Inspection Industrial Facilities Dampers and Actuators Humidity Controls Functionality Ductwork Maintenance: Air Circulation Cleaning Temperature Control Humidity Control Leak Testing Air Filtration Insulation Inspection Ventilation Duct Sealing WHY DO WE NEED HVAC CONTROL Building Automation/ Energy SYSTEMS? Management System The HVAC equipment needs a 1. Head-end Computer/Software - control system to regulate it may also be known as a The operation of a heating workstation, the front-end, or system and/or air-conditioning energy management software system. 2. Network Infrastructure - it supplies network to the stations through the ethernet cables HOW DO HVAC CONTROL SYSTEMS 3. Controllers - A device that is WORK? connected to the network infrastructure and provides a To comprehend HVAC control means for monitoring and/or systems, it’s essential to grasp controlling end devices. the concept of a sequence of 4. End Devices - These devices operations, or logic statement. include sensors that measure the This framework automates HVAC value of a variable. functions by utilizing input data from sensors and coordinating actions of other equipment occurring simultaneously. Types of HVAC Controls Direct Digital Controls (DDC) - Used in newer or reconstructed facilities Pneumatic HVAC controls - Usually used in older facilities