Educational Psychology PDF

Educational Psychology K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor of Education, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors, Madurai. Educational Psychology It is the applied branch of psychology The principles, laws and techniques of psychology are applied to the teaching-learning situat...

Educational Psychology K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor of Education, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors, Madurai. Educational Psychology It is the applied branch of psychology The principles, laws and techniques of psychology are applied to the teaching-learning situations. The aims of education is to desirable change in behaviour. It combines two features. (Education and Psychology) K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Meaning of Educational Psychology Educational psychology is a study of experiences and behaviour of the learner in relation to educational environment. Educational psychology is a branch of applied psychology which deals with teaching and learning by incorporating psychological principles. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Definition of Educational Psychology “Educational psychology is the branch of psychology which deals with teaching and learning”. - Skinner (1938) K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Definition of Educational Psychology Educational psychology describes and explains the learning experiences of an individual from birth through old age. Crow and Crow (1973). K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Definition of Educational Psychology “Educational psychology is a subject to be studied, an area or field of knowledge, a set of applications of laws and principles from a field of knowledge to a social process, a set of tools and techniques, and a field of research”. - Anderson (1949) K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Nature of Educational Psychology It is a science following the scientific approach. It adopts the systematic enquiry and scientific approach to study behaviour. It is not a perfect science but, it is a growing science. It is a positive science rather than the normative science. It is related to social science in a sense that it also studies the human beings and their sociability. It is a research based study. It helps the teacher to understand themselves and learners. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Scope of Educational Psychology The Learning Learning The Learner Process Experience Learning Teaching Environment and Learning K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Significance of Educational Psychology To understand the learner To understand the problems of learner To understand the learning process To understand the developmental characteristics To select methods of teaching To improve quality of teaching To create conductive learning environment To understand the problems of learner To make socialization in classroom K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Significance of Educational Psychology To maintain discipline To identify the special needs children To enable teachers for curriculum development To render guidance service To know the teacher himself To evaluate the performance To conduct the research. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Introduction Human life starts with the conception in the mother’s womb as a result of the process of fertilisation of the ovum of the mother by the sperm cell of the father.  The mother’s womb then becomes the place for the growth and development of the new life. ‘Foetus’ Baby weight increases by 11,00,000 times. Tiny ‘Zygote’ grows into a baby of about 50 cm long with a weight of about 3.5 kg at the time of birth.  Growth: Meaning It is quantitative changes of the body. It can be measured in kg, pounds, meters, inches etc. The Encyclopedia of Britannica defines ‘growth’ as an increase in the size or the amount of an entity. The word growth is used for all those structural and physiological changes that takes place within individual during the process of maturation. Growth is change in size, in proportion, disappearance of old features and acquisition of new ones (Hurlock).  Characteristics of growth Growth refers to increase caused by becoming larger and heavier. It is quantitative, additive, augumental. It is objectively observable and measurable. Growth does not continue throughout life; it stops when maturity has been obtained. Growth may or may not bring development.  Rate of growth is not uniform. It proceeds more rapidly in the early years of life but slows down in the later years of infancy. At puberty, there is sudden rise in the speed of growth. There exist wide range of individual differences among children with respect to growth. The rate of growth of different parts of the body is different. Development: Meaning and Definition Development means a progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience. (Hurlock). Development is concerned with growth as well as those changes in behavior which results from environmental situations (Anderson). Characteristics of development Development is ‘directional’ and ‘sequential’. Development is continuous in all areas of mental activity. It does not stop with puberty as in the case of growth. The goal of development is to enable the individual to adapt to the environment in which he lives. It is a complex process of integrating may structures and functions.  Characteristics of development Rate of development is not uniform throughout the life span of an individual. Development is influenced by maturation and learning. It is very much related to one’s environment. Stimulating environment helps an individual to develop many skills. Since development is qualitative in nature, it can not be measured directly. Development is possible even without growth.  Comparison between Growth and Development Growth Development Growth is quantitative Development is both quantitative and qualitative. Growth could be objectively observed It is mainly qualitative it can not be measured. Growth does not continue throughout It is continuous in all areas of mental the life span. It stops after maturation activity; it does not stop after puberty is obtained Growth is one aspect of development Development is complex and many sided Growth occurs in different parts of the Development describes the changes in organism the organism as a whole Growth is not directional Development is progressive and sequential Growth Development Rate of growth is not uniform in all parts Rate of development is also not uniform of the organism Individual differences exist in growth Children differ in their level of among children development in different aspects Growth is not affected very much by Learning and experience affect learning development to a very great extent Growth may or may not lead to Development in one aspect promotes development development in other aspects ( among physical, mental, social, emotional and moral).  Growth and development are a joint product of both heredity and environment.  Maturation Maturation is a natural process. It is the growth which takes place within the individual. Maturation is the process of becoming completely developed mentally or emotionally. Relationship among Maturation, Learning and Environment Development occurs as a result of maturation and experience. Infant boy Vs Infant Chimbanzee – The aim of the experiment was to see to what extent, the chimpanzee could be humanised by the human environment. Gesell and Thomson’s Co-twin study.  Heredity Heredity is defined as the totality of biologically transmitted factors that influence the structure of the body. Everything the child begets biologically from his parents belongs to heredity. The child inherits the traits and characteristics of his parents and forefathers through ‘Chromosomes’. ‘Genes’ are the real genetic units.  Environment The term ‘Environment’ influences belonging to different categories which affect the growth process of the individual making him what he is.  Transmission Mechanism of Heredity Fraternal twins Identical twins  Dimensions of Development Physical Development Cognitive Development Emotional Development Social Development Moral Development and Language Development K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Physical Development Development of internal and external organs of an individual. External – Height, weight, body proportions Internal – Neuromuscular system Endocrine glands Circulatory system Digestive system Respiratory system Reproductive system K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Physical Development Anatomical growth Physiological growth Motor Development Cognitive Development Cognitive Development Development of Intellectual abilities like Sensation, perception, thinking, reasoning, memory, imagination, creativity etc. Concept Development – It involves both discrimination and generalization. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Cognitive Development Development of language – Speech, vocabulary and written communication. Memory Level Problem solving ability Concrete Thinking Abstract thinking K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Emotional Development Emotional Development Fear Anger  Emotional Development Primary emotions: Angry, Fear and Joy. Positive emotions: Delight, Elation, Affection, Joy Negative emotions: Distress, Anger, Disgust, Fear, Jealousy Pre-school children tend to express their emotion freely and openly  Emotional Development Often hurt the feeling of others (6 to 9) They are very sensitive to criticism and need praise and recognition. Conflict occurs after 9 Small infancy – crying, beating and biting others At the age of 6 they vent their anger through verbal abuses. Jealousy  According to freud there seems to be twin facted emotional behaviour of individuals during infancy and childhood. Male children much affection towards mother – Oeidipus complex Female children opposing emotions of their mother. – Electra complex. Social Development Social development means acquisition of the ability to behave in accordance with social expectations or attaining of maturity in social relationship. Hurlock (1950) Infant is not social at birth. Infant is not able to distinguish between person and object. Child’s interest - Upto 12 months – Toys K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Social Development ✓ Later child’s interest – Play materials to play mates. ✓ 7-8 years – Make friendship regardless of gender difference. ✓ Adolescence – Social behavior is dominated by desires. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai Social Development Social contact widened. At the end of adolescence the individual attains social maturity. K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai MORAL Development K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai MORAL Development K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai  Important Developmental Stages I Prenatal Stages (From conception to birth) 1. Germinal period (First 2 weeks) 2. Embryonic stage ( III to VIII week) 3. Fetal stage (IX week to birth)  II Postnatal stages 1. Infancy - From birth to 2 years 2. Childhood – Early childhood (From 3 to 6 yrs) - Later childhood (from 7 to 11 yrs). 3. Pre-adolescence (From 11 to 13 yrs) 4. Adolescence (from 14 to 17 yrs.) 5. Adulthood - Early adulthood 20 -40 yrs.) 6. Middle age (From 40-60 Years) 7. Old age (Above 60 years)  Developmental Stages - Hurlock Infancy – birth to 5 years Childhood – 5 to 12 years Adolescence – 12 to 18/20 Adulthood – After 20 years  Acknowledgement Dr.M.Manivannan, Psychology of Learning and Human Development, Neelkamal Publishers, New Delhi. Prof. K.Nagarajan, Sri Ram Publishers, Chennai. Google Images Unsplash Images PowerPoint Presentation SlideShare PDF K.Thangavel, Assistant Professor, Thiagarajar College of Preceptors (Aided) Madurai