ECTOparasites PDF

**-Ectoparasites** **Holometabola: full metamorphism:** egg larvae pupa adult E.g.: flies and fleas **Hemimetabola: partial metamorphism:** egg nymph adult. E.g.: ticks, mites, lice **Fleas:** - **laterally flattened** - **6 legs** - **big hind legs** - **backwards facing spines so ca...

**-Ectoparasites** **Holometabola: full metamorphism:** egg larvae pupa adult E.g.: flies and fleas **Hemimetabola: partial metamorphism:** egg nymph adult. E.g.: ticks, mites, lice **Fleas:** - **laterally flattened** - **6 legs** - **big hind legs** - **backwards facing spines so cant be pulled off.** - **Adult males and females are obligate blood suckers, younger feed off debris** - **Substances in saliva act as allergens causing allergic response resulting in inflammation and pruritic (flea allergic dermatitis)** - **Greatest FAD reactions are from animals intermittently exposed** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Parasite: | **Species | **Clinical | **Tx/Dx** | **Looks | | ** | affected** | signs/disea | | like** | | | | ses | | | | | | associated* | | | | | | * | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | Ctenocephal | Cat flea, | - Myxomat | Dx: flea | l | | felis | | (poxvir | | ong | | | | us) | Tx: | head, | | | | | adulticides | pointed | | | | - Bartone | , | nose | | | | lla | environment | | | | | hensela | al | | | | | e | treatment | | | | | (cat | | | | | | scratch | | | | | | disease | | | | | | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feline | | | | | | infecti | | | | | | ous | | | | | | anaemia | | | | | | (mycopl | | | | | | asma | | | | | | haemofe | | | | | | lis) | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yersini | | | | | | a | | | | | | pestis | | | | | | (plague | | | | | | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rickett | | | | | | sia | | | | | | felis | | | | | | (typhus | | | | | | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dipylid | | | | | | ium | | | | | | caninum | | | | | | (dog | | | | | | tapewor | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Ctenocephal | Dog flea | As above | | rounded | | ides | | | | head | | canis | | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Ceratophyll | Hen flea | As above | | n | | gallinae | | | | o | | | | | | mouth parts | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Spilopsyllu | Rabbit flea | As above | | vertical | | s | | | | comb and | | cuniculi | | | | mouth part | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Archaeopsyl | Hedgehog | As above | |  | | erinacei | affects | | | | | | dogs) | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ **Flies: holometabolous** - **Brachycera = short antennae** - **Nematocera = worm like antennae** Directly cause bites, allergies, bot flies, myiasis, indirectly transmit diseases +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Parasite** | **Lifecycle** | **Clinical | **Tx/Dx** | | | | signs/diseases | | | | | carried** | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Simuliidae | | \- Onchocerca | \- husbandry | | (**black fly = | | spp (protozoa) | (remove manure | | **simulium | | -- sweet itch | and carcasses, | | spp)** | | | ensure health | | | | | of animals) | | | | | | | | | | \- mechanical | | | | | (barriers, | | | | | meshes, traps) | | | | | | | | | | \- chemical | | | | | (insecticides | | | | | and repellents) | | | | | | | | | | \- biological | | | | | control | | | | | (parasitoid | | | | | wasps) | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Culicidae |  | dirofiliara | | | **culex and | | immitis, | | | aedes)** | | viruses | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Ceratopogonid | | Onchocerca spp, | As above | | ae | | protozoa and | | | (**biting midge | | viruses | | | = | | (bluetongue) | | | **ulicoides)** | | | | | | | Most common | | | | | cause of sweet | | | | | itch in horses | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Psychodidae | Eggs laid on | Leishmania spp | As above | | (**sand flies = | ground and | | | | **phlebotomus | larvae live in | | | | spp)** | humid soil/leaf | | | | | litter. Only | | | | | female adults | | | | | drink blood | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Muscidae | House flies eat | Pinkeye | As above | | (house and | "stuff" | (Moraxella | | | stable flies)** | | bovis) | | | | Stable flies | | | | | eat blood | Summer mastitis | | | | | | | | | | Salmonella | | | | | | | | | | campylobacter | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Tabanidae | ** | 10.png) | pluvalis | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Hippoboscidae | Single egg | Irritation, | As above | | (keds) sheep | hatches inside | rubbing, wool | | | ked and new | female goes | loss | | | forest fly | through three | | | | (horse)** | stages and | | | | | emerges in time | | | | | to stick to | | | | | hair and | | | | | pupate. | | | | | Transmitted | | | | | through direct | | | | | contact (sheep | | | | | ked) | | | | | | | | | | New forest: Has | | | | | wings but can | | | | | only fly short | | | | | distances. | | | | | Female produces | | | | | larvae that | | | | | pupate on | | | | | ground | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Glossinidae | | Vectors of | As above | | (tsetse | | parastitic | | | flies)** | | protozoa | | | | | causing | | | | | trypanosomiasis | | | | | in humans and | | | | | nagana in | | | | | livestock | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Oestridae |  | | | | warbles)** | | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Sarcophagidae | | Myiasis in | As above | | (flesh flies)** | | livestock | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Calliphoridae | | Fly strike in | As above | | (blow flies)** | | sheep and | | | | | rabbits | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **\\** **Lice: phthiraptera** - **Have claws** - **Dorso-ventrally flattened** - **Wingless** - **Chewing or sucking adapted mouthparts** **Lifecycle takes 3-4 weeks depending on species, all on host** **Chewing or sucking** **Genus** **Host** **Look like** ------------------------ --------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ sucking Haematopinus Pigs, cattle, horses all legs are the same length sucking linognathus Cattle, sheep, goats, dogs shorter front legs chewing damalinia Cattle, sheep, goats, horses chewing felicola cats  chewing trichodectes dogs chewing lipeurus birds  chewing cuclotogaster birds chewing menacanthus birds  chewing gliricola Guinea pigs chewing gyropus Guinea pigs  **Mites:** **cycle = 1-4 weeks** **tx: treat affected animals, if contagious, in contact animals as well (not necessary in demodex). Bird mites: clean environment, tx underlying immunocompromise** **ID: mites have fewer body segments that insectsm adults have 4 pairs of legs, smaller than ticks, larvae only have 3 pairs of legs (but can tell apart based on \# of body segments), surface mites have longer legs designed for walking on host, burrowers have short stubby legs and 3^rd^/4^th^ pair of legs small** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Burrowing | **Name** | **Species | **image** | **Infestati | | or | | affected** | | on | | surface** | | | | looks | | | | | | like** | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | Burrowing | Sarcoptes | Zoonotic -- |  | pruritus | | | | species. | | due to | | | | Highly | | hypersensit | | | | contagious | | ivity | | | | via direct | | of mite | | | | contact | | fecal | | | | | | material | | | | | | | | | | | | Dx by DEEP | | | | | | skin scrape | | | | | | in 12+ | | | | | | sites | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Burrowing | Trixacarus | Guinea pigs | | Pruritus, | | | | | | alopecia, | | | | | | dermatitis | | | | | | | | | | | | Secondary | | | | | | bacterial | | | | | | infection | | | | | | in severe | | | | | | infection | | | | | | | | | | | | Dx: | | | | | | examining | | | | | | hair shafts | | | | | | or skin | | | | | | scraping | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Burrowing | Notoedres | Mainly cats |  | alopecia, | | | | ears) | | dermatitis | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Burrowing | knemidocopt | Birds | | Inflammatio | | | es | (scaly face | | n | | | | and tassel | | and exudate | | | | foot) | | that dries | | | | | | | | | | | | Hyperkerato | | | | | | sis, | | | | | | lameness, | | | | | | deformities | | | | | | , | | | | | | pruritus | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Burrowing | demodex | Dogs -- |  | (commensal) | | | | puppy by | head | to see at | | | | bitch | down in | low levels, | | | | | hair | only cause | | | | | follicle | disease if | | | | | and | immune | | | | | sebaceous | issue | | | | | glands | | | | | | | Dx: hair | | | | | | pluck and | | | | | | skin scrape | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Surface | psoroptes | Sheep (P. | | Often | | | | ovis) | | irritant | | | | | | causing | | | | Cows: (P. | | rubbing and | | | | ovis) | | trauma | | | | | | | | | | Horses: (P. | | - Sheep | | | | equi) | | scab | | | | | | (severe | | | | Rabbits (P. | | hyperse | | | | cuniculi) | | nsitivity | | | | | | and | | | | | | self | | | | | | trauma) | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rabbit | | | | | | ear | | | | | | mites | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Surface | chorioptes | C. bovis = |  | causing | | | | horses | | rubbing but | | | | | | rare trauma | | | | | | | | | | | | Localised | | | | | | infestation | | | | | | s | | | | | | and | | | | | | therefore | | | | | | lesions | | | | | | (lower legs | | | | | | of horses, | | | | | | tail and | | | | | | perineum of | | | | | | cows)\_ | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Surface | otodectes | Cat and dog | | Irritation | | | | ear mite | | of ears and | | | | | | thick red | | | | | | crusts in | | | | | | the | | | | | | external | | | | | | ears. Can | | | | | | spread to | | | | | | inner ear | | | | | | with | | | | | | bacterial | | | | | | and fungal | | | | | | secondary | | | | | | infections | | | | | | | | | | | | - CS -- | | | | | | head | | | | | | shaking | | | | | | , | | | | | | ear | | | | | | scratch | | | | | | ing, | | | | | | ear | | | | | | droop | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Surface | cheyletiell | Dogs (C. |  | mage33.png) | dermatitis | | | | | | and | | | | Cats (C. | | pruritus | | | | blakei | | | | | | | | Mild but | | | | Rabbit (C. | | can be | | | | parasitivor | | severe in | | | | ax) | | ill animals | | | | | | | | | | | | Walking | | | | | | dandruff | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Surface | Trombicula | Everyone? | | Ground | | | (chigger) | | | living only | | | | | | larvae | | | | | | parasitic | | | | | | | | | | | | Find on | | | | | | legs and | | | | | | belly | | | | | | | | | | | | Hypersensit | | | | | | ivity | | | | | | to bites | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Surface | dermanyssus | chicken |  | at night, | | | | | | bite human | | | | | | | | | | | | Loss of | | | | | | condition, | | | | | | drop in egg | | | | | | production, | | | | | | and death | | | | | | due to | | | | | | anaemia | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Surface | ornithonyss | birds | | Blood | | | us | | | feeder, | | | | | | primarily | | | | | | on host but | | | | | | can live | | | | | | off 2-3 | | | | | | weeks. Grey | | | | | | plack on | | | | | | feathers | | | | | | | | | | | | Matting | | | | | | scabbing | | | | | | especially | | | | | | around vent | | | | | | | | | | | | Reduced | | | | | | production, | | | | | | anaemia, | | | | | | occasionall | | | | | | y | | | | | | death | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Surface | chriodiscoi | Guinea pig |  | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Surface | listrophoru | rabbit | | Not many | | | s | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ **Ticks** **Ixodidae = hard body** **Argasidae = soft body = when not feeding, stay in nest of host** **Disease spread: transstadial = transmission between stages (larva to nymph)** **Transovarial= vertical transmission via eggs** **Tickborne fever: anaplasma phagocytophilum (rickettsia) = transstadial** - **Fever, immunosuppression, haemorrhagic syndrome** **Tick pyaemia: in lambs 2-12 weeks old** - **Immunosuppression by anaplasmosis** - **Staph aureus introduced through bite wound** **Lyme disease:** - **Rash, recurrent lameness, lack of appetite, depression, rarely kidneys, heart or nervous system disease** **Louping Ill: sheep and grouse and occasionally in people and other animals** - **Infects CNS causing significant suffering in clinically affected animals** **Theileriosis: similar to protozoans causing malaria and sleeping sickness** - **Lymphadenopathy, fever, haemorrhages, anorexia, collapse, pulmonary oedema, dyspnoea and death** **Babesiosis: many species spread to** - **Pyrexia, severe haemolytic anaemia, haemoglobinuria and death (red water fever)** **Control: dips, sprays, pour ons, collars, tages etc to kill adults on animals** **Remove ASAP, most pathogens only transmitted after been feeding a while** **Vaccinate against tick born infection (lyme and louping ill)**