Economy mains_241001_170242.pdf

UPSC CSE 2024/25 GS-3 MAINS MODULE By Dr. Shivin Chaudhary Merged PDF  ‭Inclusive Growth‬ ‭PYQs‬ ‭1.‬ W ‭ ith‬ ‭a‬ ‭consideration‬ ‭towards‬ ‭the‬ ‭strategy‬ ‭of‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭growth,‬ ‭the‬‭new‬‭companies‬‭bill,‬‭20...

UPSC CSE 2024/25 GS-3 MAINS MODULE By Dr. Shivin Chaudhary Merged PDF  ‭Inclusive Growth‬ ‭PYQs‬ ‭1.‬ W ‭ ith‬ ‭a‬ ‭consideration‬ ‭towards‬ ‭the‬ ‭strategy‬ ‭of‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭growth,‬ ‭the‬‭new‬‭companies‬‭bill,‬‭2013‬ ‭has‬ ‭indirectly‬ ‭made‬ ‭CSR‬ ‭a‬ ‭mandatory‬ ‭obligation‬‭.‬ ‭Discuss‬ ‭the‬ ‭challenges‬ ‭expected‬ ‭in‬ ‭its‬ ‭implementation‬ ‭in‬ ‭right‬ ‭earnest.‬ ‭Also‬ ‭discuss‬‭other‬‭provisions‬‭in‬‭the‬‭bill‬‭and‬‭their‬‭implications.‬ ‭(‬‭2013)‬ ‭2.‬ ‭Capitalism‬ ‭has‬ ‭guided‬ ‭the‬ ‭world‬ ‭economy‬ ‭to‬ ‭unprecedented‬ ‭prosperity.‬ ‭However,‬ ‭it‬ ‭often‬ ‭encourages‬‭shortsightedness‬‭and‬‭contributes‬‭to‬‭wide‬‭disparities‬‭between‬‭the‬‭rich‬‭and‬‭the‬‭poor.‬ ‭In‬ ‭this‬ ‭light,‬ ‭would‬ ‭it‬ ‭be‬ ‭correct‬ ‭to‬ ‭believe‬ ‭and‬ ‭adopt‬‭capitalism‬‭driving‬‭inclusive‬‭growth‬‭in‬ ‭India‬‭? Discuss. (‬‭‬2014)‬ ‭3.‬ ‭Pradhan‬ ‭Mantri‬ ‭Jan-Dhan‬ ‭Yojana‬ ‭(PMJDY)‬ ‭is‬ ‭necessary‬ ‭for‬ ‭bringing‬ ‭unbanked‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭institutional‬ ‭finance‬ ‭fold.‬ ‭Do‬ ‭you‬ ‭agree‬ ‭with‬ ‭this‬ ‭for‬ ‭financial‬‭inclusion‬‭of‬‭the‬‭poorer‬‭section‬‭of‬ ‭the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion. (‬‭‬2016)‬ ‭4.‬ ‭Comment‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭challenges‬ ‭for‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭growth‬ ‭which‬ ‭include‬ ‭careless‬ ‭and‬ ‭useless‬ ‭manpower‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭Indian‬ ‭context.‬ ‭Suggest‬ ‭measures‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭taken‬ ‭for‬ ‭facing‬ ‭these‬‭challenges.‬ ‭(‬‭2016)‬ ‭5.‬ ‭What‬ ‭are‬ ‭the‬ ‭salient‬ ‭features‬ ‭of‬ ‭‘inclusive‬ ‭growth’‬‭?‬ ‭Has‬ ‭India‬ ‭been‬ ‭experiencing‬ ‭such‬ ‭a‬ ‭growth process? Analyze and suggest measures for inclusive growth. (‬‭‬2017)‬ ‭6.‬ ‭It‬ ‭is‬ ‭argued‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭strategy‬ ‭of‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭growth‬ ‭is‬ ‭intended‬ ‭to‬ ‭meet‬ ‭the‬ ‭objectives‬ ‭of‬ ‭inclusiveness and sustainability together. Comment on this statement. (‬‭‬2019)‬ ‭7.‬ ‭Explain‬ ‭intra-generational‬ ‭and‬ ‭inter-generational‬ ‭issues‬ ‭of‬ ‭equity‬ ‭from‬ ‭the‬ ‭perspective‬ ‭of‬ ‭inclusive growth and sustainable development. (‬‭‬2020)‬ ‭8.‬ ‭Is‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭growth‬ ‭possible‬ ‭under‬ ‭market‬ ‭economy‬‭?‬ ‭State‬ ‭the‬ ‭significance‬ ‭of‬ ‭financial‬ ‭inclusion‬‭in achieving economic growth in India. (‬‭‬2022)‬ ‭Introduction‬ I‭nclusive‬ ‭growth‬ ‭is‬ ‭an‬ ‭economic‬ ‭model‬ ‭that‬ ‭ensures‬ ‭the‬ ‭equitable‬ ‭distribution‬ ‭of‬ ‭prosperity‬ ‭benefits‬ ‭across‬ ‭all‬ ‭societal‬ ‭segments,‬ ‭aiming‬ ‭to‬ ‭reduce‬ ‭poverty‬ ‭and‬ ‭inequality‬ ‭by‬ ‭providing‬ ‭meaningful‬ ‭opportunities‬‭for‬‭participation‬‭and‬‭contribution,‬‭regardless‬‭of‬‭one's‬‭economic,‬‭political,‬‭social,‬‭or‬‭cultural‬ ‭background.‬ ‭According‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭World‬ ‭Bank‬ ‭Inclusive‬ ‭Growth‬ ‭refers‬ ‭both‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭pace‬ ‭and‬ ‭pattern‬ ‭of‬ ‭growth,‬ ‭which‬ ‭are‬ ‭interlinked‬ ‭and‬ ‭must‬ ‭be‬ ‭addressed‬ ‭together.‬ ‭Indian‬ ‭model‬ ‭of‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭growth‬ ‭is‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭philosophy‬ ‭of‬ ‭Sabka‬ ‭Sath,‬ ‭Sabka‬ ‭Vikas,‬ ‭Sabka‬ ‭Vishwas,‬ ‭Sabka‬ ‭Prayas‬‭.‬ ‭Rooted‬ ‭in‬ ‭collaborative‬ ‭governance,‬ ‭Indian‬ ‭model‬ ‭of‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭growth‬ ‭aims‬ ‭to‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭benefits‬ ‭of‬ ‭development reach every citizen equally.‬ ‭Constitutional Provisions related to Inclusive Growth‬ ‭‬ ‭Article‬ ‭38‬‭:‬ ‭Mandates‬ ‭the‬ ‭state‬ ‭to‬ ‭foster‬ ‭social‬ ‭order‬ ‭by‬ ‭promoting‬ ‭welfare‬ ‭and‬ ‭minimizing income and status inequalities among people and groups.‬ ‭‬ ‭Article‬‭39‬‭:‬‭Directs‬‭the‬‭state‬‭to‬‭ensure‬‭equitable‬‭distribution‬‭of‬‭resources‬‭and‬‭prevent‬ ‭the concentration of wealth, promoting an adequate livelihood for all.‬ ‭‬ ‭Article‬ ‭41‬‭:‬ ‭Requires‬ ‭the‬ ‭state‬ ‭to‬ ‭provide‬ ‭the‬ ‭right‬ ‭to‬ ‭work,‬ ‭education,‬ ‭and‬ ‭public‬ ‭assistance‬ ‭for‬ ‭unemployment,‬ ‭old‬ ‭age,‬ ‭sickness,‬ ‭and‬ ‭disablement‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭its‬ ‭capacity.‬  ‭‬ ‭Article‬ ‭46‬‭:‬ ‭Aims‬ ‭to‬ ‭enhance‬ ‭the‬ ‭educational‬‭and‬‭economic‬‭well-being‬‭of‬‭Scheduled‬ ‭ astes,‬ ‭Scheduled‬ ‭Tribes,‬ ‭and‬ ‭other‬ ‭weaker‬ ‭sections,‬ ‭protecting‬ ‭them‬ ‭from‬ C ‭exploitation.‬ ‭‬ ‭Article‬ ‭47‬‭:‬ ‭Obligates‬ ‭the‬ ‭state‬ ‭to‬ ‭improve‬ ‭public‬ ‭health‬ ‭and‬ ‭raise‬ ‭the‬ ‭nutrition‬ ‭and‬ ‭living standards of its citizens.‬ ‭India’s Performance on various Inclusive Growth Indicators‬ ‭Indicator‬ ‭ ata/Valu‬ D ‭Year/Source‬ ‭e‬ ‭Unemployment Rate‬ ‭7.6%‬ ‭ arch‬‭2024,‬‭Centre‬‭for‬‭Monitoring‬‭Indian‬ M ‭Economy (CMIE)‬ ‭Labor‬ ‭Force‬ ‭Participation‬ ‭Rate‬ ‭37%‬ ‭Periodic‬ ‭Labour‬ ‭Force‬ ‭Survey‬ ‭Report‬ ‭(Women)‬ ‭2022-23‬ ‭Literacy Rate‬ ‭77.7%‬ ‭2017-18, National Statistical Commission‬ ‭Financial Inclusion‬ ‭60.1%‬ ‭RBI’s Financial Inclusion (FI) Index 2023‬ ‭Performance‬ ‭w.r.t.‬ ‭Climate‬ ‭7‭t‬h‬ ‭Position‬ ‭Climate‬ ‭Change‬ ‭Performance‬ ‭Index‬ ‭Change‬ ‭(CCPI) 2024‬ ‭Gini Coefficient‬ ‭0.4197‬ ‭2022-2023‬ ‭ arameter‬ P ‭ escription‬ D ‭ ata/Facts‬ D ‭Economic Growth‬ ‭GDP Growth Rate‬ ‭7.6% in 2023-24, indicating robust economic activity‬ ‭(Source: National Statistical Office)‬ ‭ overty‬ P ‭ eduction in‬ R ‭ ecreased from 29.17% in 2013-14 to 11.28% in‬ D ‭Reduction‬ ‭Multidimensional‬ ‭2022-23; 24.82 crore people moved out of poverty‬ ‭Poverty‬ ‭(Source: NITI Aayog)‬ ‭ uman‬ H ‭Human Development‬ ‭HDI value of 0.644 in 2022, placing India 134th globally‬ ‭Development‬ ‭Index (HDI)‬ ‭(Source: UNDP)‬ ‭Gender Inclusion‬ ‭ ocus on Women's‬ F ‭ ver 430,000 individuals impacted by SIG's‬ O ‭Empowerment‬ ‭interventions, 62% women; 48% of 52,000+ enterprises‬ ‭women-owned (Source: UNDP)‬ ‭ gricultural‬ A I‭nsurance and Credit‬ P ‭ radhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) covered‬ ‭Development‬ ‭Inclusivity for Farmers‬ ‭31.7 million farmers in 2022-23 (Source: UNDP)‬ ‭Education Access‬ Q‭ uality and‬ ‭ nrolment rate in primary education reached 96% by‬ E ‭Accessibility of‬ ‭2023 (Source: Ministry of Education)‬ ‭Education‬ ‭Healthcare‬ ‭Improvements in‬ ‭ yushman Bharat scheme covered over 50 million‬ A ‭Accessibility‬ ‭Public Health‬ ‭people by 2024 (Source: Ministry of Health and Family‬ ‭Infrastructure‬ ‭Welfare)‬ ‭Employment‬ ‭Job Creation and Skill‬ ‭Skill India mission trained over 40 million people by‬ ‭Opportunities‬ ‭Development‬ ‭2023 (Source: Ministry of Skill Development and‬ ‭Entrepreneurship)‬ ‭Social Protection‬ ‭ ccess to Social‬ A ‭National Social Assistance Programme expanded to‬ ‭Security Schemes‬ ‭cover 20 million more individuals by 2024 (Source:‬ ‭Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment)‬  ‭ rban‬ U ‭ ustainable Urban‬ S ‭ mart Cities Mission initiated 100 smart city projects‬ S ‭Development‬ ‭Growth and Smart‬ ‭focusing on sustainable urban planning (Source:‬ ‭Cities‬ ‭Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs)‬ ‭ ural‬ R ‭ nhancement of‬ E ‭ radhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)‬ P ‭Development‬ ‭Rural Infrastructure‬ ‭connected 95% of habitations by roads as of 2024‬ ‭and Services‬ ‭(Source: Ministry of Rural Development)‬ ‭ nvironmental‬ E ‭ reen Energy‬ G ‭ ational Solar Mission expanded solar capacity to 40‬ N ‭Sustainability‬ ‭Initiatives and‬ ‭GW by 2024 (Source: Ministry of New and Renewable‬ ‭Conservation‬ ‭Energy)‬ ‭ echnological‬ T ‭Digital Inclusion and‬ ‭Digital India initiative resulted in over 70% internet‬ ‭Advancement‬ ‭Innovation‬ ‭penetration across rural and urban areas by 2024‬ ‭(Source: Ministry of Electronics and Information‬ ‭Technology)‬ ‭Cultural Diversity‬ ‭ reservation and‬ P ‭'Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat' initiative enhanced‬ ‭Promotion of Cultural‬ ‭inter-state cultural exchange (Source: Ministry of‬ ‭Heritage‬ ‭Culture)‬ ‭Income inequality in India‬ ‭‬ ‭As‬‭of‬‭2022-2023,‬‭the‬‭top‬‭1%‬‭of‬‭the‬‭population‬‭in‬‭India‬‭holds‬‭22.6%‬‭of‬‭the‬‭country's‬‭income‬ ‭and‬ ‭40.1%‬ ‭of‬ ‭its‬ ‭wealth,‬ ‭which‬ ‭are‬ ‭the‬ ‭highest‬ ‭levels‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬‭country's‬‭history. This‬‭is‬‭also‬ ‭among the highest shares in the world, higher than South Africa and Brazil. ‬ ‭‬ ‭The‬ ‭top‬ ‭10%‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭population‬ ‭holds‬ ‭77%‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭country's‬ ‭wealth,‬ ‭while‬ ‭the‬ ‭bottom‬ ‭50%‬ ‭only‬‭has‬‭13%. The‬‭90/10‬‭ratio,‬‭which‬‭measures‬‭the‬‭ratio‬‭of‬‭the‬‭top‬‭10%‬‭to‬‭the‬‭bottom‬‭10%‬ ‭of‬ ‭incomes,‬ ‭increased‬ ‭from‬ ‭6.7‬ ‭in‬ ‭2017-18‬ ‭to‬ ‭6.9‬ ‭in‬‭2022-23.‬‭(‬‭Source:‬‭World‬‭Inequality‬ ‭Report 2022‬‭)‬ ‭Components of Inclusive Growth‬ ‭‬ E ‭ conomic‬‭Inclusion‬‭:‬‭Enhancing‬‭access‬‭to‬‭jobs,‬‭markets,‬‭and‬‭fair‬‭compensation‬‭through‬‭skills‬ ‭training and job creation.‬ ‭‬ ‭Social‬ ‭Inclusion‬‭:‬ ‭Ensuring‬ ‭equal‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭essential‬‭services‬‭like‬‭education,‬‭healthcare,‬‭and‬ ‭housing, particularly for marginalized groups.‬ ‭‬ ‭Institutional‬ ‭Inclusion‬‭:‬ ‭Improving‬ ‭governance‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭responsive‬ ‭and‬ ‭accountable‬ ‭to‬ ‭all,‬ ‭especially the marginalized and vulnerable.‬ ‭‬ ‭Financial‬‭Inclusion‬‭:‬‭Expanding‬‭access‬‭to‬‭financial‬‭services‬‭such‬‭as‬‭banking‬‭and‬‭insurance‬‭to‬ ‭underserved populations.‬ ‭‬ ‭Technological‬ ‭Inclusion‬‭:‬ ‭Reducing‬ ‭the‬ ‭digital‬ ‭divide‬ ‭by‬ ‭ensuring‬ ‭universal‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭digital‬ ‭technologies and the internet.‬ ‭‬ ‭Gender‬‭Inclusion‬‭:‬‭Achieving‬‭gender‬‭equality‬‭in‬‭all‬‭spheres,‬‭allowing‬‭equal‬‭opportunities‬‭for‬‭all‬ ‭genders.‬ ‭‬ ‭Geographic‬ ‭Inclusion‬‭:‬ ‭Promoting‬ ‭equitable‬ ‭development‬ ‭across‬ ‭all‬ ‭regions,‬ ‭addressing‬ ‭disparities in infrastructure and investment.‬ ‭‬ ‭Political‬ ‭Inclusion‬‭:‬ ‭Ensuring‬ ‭that‬ ‭everyone‬ ‭has‬ ‭a‬ ‭voice‬ ‭in‬ ‭political‬ ‭processes‬ ‭and‬ ‭policy-making, fostering fair governance.‬ ‭Salient Features of Inclusive Growth‬  ‭‬ E ‭ quitable‬‭Opportunities‬‭:‬‭Provides‬‭equal‬‭market‬‭access‬‭and‬‭removes‬‭barriers‬‭for‬‭marginalized‬ ‭groups.‬ ‭‬ ‭Poverty‬‭Reduction‬‭:‬‭Targets‬‭poverty‬‭through‬‭social‬‭safety‬‭nets,‬‭job‬‭creation,‬‭and‬‭better‬‭access‬ ‭to education and healthcare.‬ ‭‬ ‭Sustainable Development‬‭: Focuses on environmentally‬‭friendly growth strategies.‬ ‭‬ ‭Comprehensive‬ ‭Employment‬‭:‬ ‭Creates‬ ‭productive‬ ‭and‬ ‭decent‬ ‭jobs,‬ ‭especially‬ ‭for‬ ‭underprivileged groups.‬ ‭‬ ‭Social‬‭Inclusion‬‭:‬‭Ensures‬‭participation‬‭of‬‭all‬‭societal‬‭groups,‬‭including‬‭women,‬‭minorities,‬‭and‬ ‭the disabled.‬ ‭‬ ‭Regional Balance‬‭: Reduces regional disparities in‬‭growth.‬ ‭‬ ‭Participation‬ ‭and‬ ‭Empowerment‬‭:‬ ‭Encourages‬ ‭stakeholder‬ ‭involvement‬ ‭in‬ ‭decision-making‬ ‭processes.‬ ‭‬ ‭Access‬ ‭to‬ ‭Services‬‭:‬ ‭Ensures‬ ‭availability‬ ‭of‬ ‭essential‬ ‭services‬ ‭like‬ ‭health,‬ ‭education,‬ ‭and‬ ‭finance to all.‬ ‭‬ ‭Good‬ ‭Governance‬‭:‬ ‭Promotes‬ ‭transparency,‬ ‭accountability,‬ ‭and‬ ‭efficiency‬ ‭in‬ ‭public‬ ‭administration.‬ ‭Strategy of Inclusive Growth‬‭(‬‭Objectives of inclusiveness‬‭and sustainability)‬ ‭Strategy of Inclusive Growth (Objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability)‬ ‭ conomic‬ E ‭‬ s ‭ ignificantly‬‭expanded‬‭financial‬‭access,‬‭opening‬‭more‬‭than‬‭50‬‭crore‬ ‭Inclusiveness‬ ‭bank‬‭accounts.‬‭This‬‭initiative‬‭has‬‭helped‬‭integrate‬‭a‬‭vast‬‭number‬‭of‬ ‭Indians‬ ‭into‬ ‭the‬ ‭banking‬ ‭system,‬ ‭facilitating‬ ‭better‬ ‭savings,‬ ‭credit‬ ‭availability, and financial security.‬ ‭‬ ‭MSMEs‬ ‭Support‬‭:‬ ‭The‬ ‭Micro‬ ‭Units‬ ‭Development‬ ‭&‬ ‭Refinance‬ ‭Agency‬ ‭(MUDRA)‬ ‭continues‬ ‭to‬ ‭empower‬ ‭small‬ ‭businesses‬ ‭by‬  ‭ roviding‬ ‭essential‬ ‭credit‬ ‭support,‬ ‭fostering‬ ‭grassroots-level‬ p ‭entrepreneurship and contributing to job creation.‬ ‭ ocial‬ S ‭‬ E ‭ ducation‬‭and‬‭Skill‬‭Development‬‭:‬‭The‬‭Skill‬‭India‬‭Mission‬‭aims‬‭to‬ ‭Inclusiveness‬ ‭train‬ ‭hundreds‬ ‭of‬ ‭millions,‬ ‭equipping‬ ‭them‬ ‭with‬ ‭skills‬ ‭relevant‬ ‭to‬ ‭current‬ ‭industrial‬ ‭needs,‬ ‭thus‬ ‭enhancing‬ ‭employability‬ ‭and‬ ‭productivity.‬ ‭‬ ‭Targeted‬ ‭Programs‬ ‭for‬ ‭Disadvantaged‬ ‭Groups‬‭:‬ ‭The‬ ‭Mahatma‬ ‭Gandhi‬ ‭National‬ ‭Rural‬ ‭Employment‬ ‭Guarantee‬ ‭Act‬ ‭(MGNREGA)‬ ‭supports‬ ‭rural‬ ‭households‬ ‭by‬ ‭providing‬ ‭guaranteed‬ ‭wage‬ ‭employment,‬ ‭thus‬ ‭alleviating‬ ‭rural‬ ‭poverty‬ ‭and‬ ‭empowering‬ ‭communities through consistent income.‬ ‭ nvironmental‬ E ‭‬ R ‭ enewable‬ ‭Energy‬ ‭Projects‬‭:‬ ‭Aligning‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭Paris‬ ‭Agreement‬ ‭Sustainability‬ ‭goals,‬ ‭India‬ ‭targets‬ ‭a‬ ‭substantial‬ ‭increase‬ ‭in‬ ‭renewable‬ ‭energy‬ ‭capacity,‬ ‭aiming‬ ‭for‬ ‭175‬ ‭GW‬ ‭by‬ ‭2022,‬ ‭emphasizing‬ ‭the‬ ‭growth‬ ‭in‬ ‭solar and wind energy sectors.‬ ‭‬ ‭Smart‬ ‭Cities‬ ‭Mission‬‭:‬ ‭This‬ ‭project‬ ‭plans‬ ‭to‬ ‭develop‬ ‭100‬ ‭smart‬ ‭cities‬ ‭across‬ ‭India,‬ ‭focusing‬ ‭on‬ ‭sustainable‬ ‭urban‬ ‭living‬ ‭through‬ ‭innovative and efficient infrastructure and services.‬ ‭ conomic‬ E ‭‬ I‭nfrastructure‬‭Development‬‭:‬‭Major‬‭infrastructure‬‭initiatives‬‭like‬‭the‬ ‭Sustainability‬ ‭Bharatmala‬ ‭and‬ ‭Sagarmala‬ ‭projects‬ ‭enhance‬ ‭connectivity‬ ‭and‬ ‭support‬‭economic‬‭activities‬‭across‬‭urban‬‭and‬‭rural‬‭areas,‬‭crucial‬‭for‬ ‭holistic economic growth.‬ ‭‬ ‭Agricultural‬ ‭Reforms‬‭:‬ ‭The‬ ‭government's‬ ‭focus‬ ‭on‬ ‭stabilizing‬ ‭agricultural‬ ‭income‬ ‭through‬ ‭various‬ ‭supports‬ ‭and‬ ‭reforms‬ ‭aims‬ ‭to‬ ‭reduce‬ ‭dependency‬ ‭on‬ ‭unpredictable‬ ‭monsoon‬ ‭seasons‬ ‭and‬ ‭enhance productivity.‬ ‭Need for Inclusive Growth‬ ‭ ccessibility to‬ A ‭‬ T ‭ here's‬ ‭a‬‭crucial‬‭gap‬‭in‬‭terms‬‭of‬‭accessibility‬‭and‬‭quality‬‭of‬‭core‬ ‭Public Services‬ ‭public‬ ‭services‬ ‭like‬ ‭healthcare‬ ‭and‬ ‭education,‬ ‭as‬ ‭spending‬ ‭remains low, which affects service delivery.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Health‬ ‭Expenditure:‬ ‭India's‬ ‭spending‬ ‭on‬ ‭health‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭percentage‬ ‭of‬ ‭its‬ ‭GDP‬ ‭was‬‭2.1%‬‭for‬‭the‬‭fiscal‬‭year‬‭2023‬ ‭according to budget estimates.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Education‬ ‭Expenditure:‬ ‭the‬ ‭allocation‬ ‭for‬‭the‬‭education‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭higher‬ ‭education‬ ‭sector‬ ‭was‬ ‭just‬ ‭about‬ ‭2.9%‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬‭country’s‬‭GDP‬‭for‬‭the‬‭fiscal‬‭year‬‭2023.‬‭Countries‬‭such‬ ‭as‬‭the‬‭United‬‭States‬‭and‬‭the‬‭United‬‭Kingdom‬‭spends‬‭6%‬ ‭& 4.2% of GDP on education.‬ ‭Nutrition and Health‬ ‭‬ I‭ndia‬ ‭is‬ ‭still‬ ‭facing‬ ‭widespread‬ ‭health‬ ‭problems‬ ‭like‬ ‭malnutrition‬ ‭and‬ ‭undernourishment,‬ ‭especially‬ ‭among‬ ‭marginalized‬ ‭sections‬ ‭such as adolescent girls.‬  ‭o‬ T ‭ he‬ ‭latest‬‭data‬‭from‬‭the‬‭National‬‭Family‬‭Health‬‭Survey-5‬ ‭(NFHS-5)‬ ‭offers‬ ‭insights‬ ‭into‬ ‭malnutrition‬ ‭and‬ ‭undernourishment‬‭among‬‭children‬‭in‬‭India:‬‭Stunting‬‭(low‬ ‭height‬ ‭for‬ ‭age)‬‭-‬ ‭35.5%,‬ ‭Wasting‬ ‭(low‬ ‭weight‬ ‭for‬ ‭height)‬‭- 7.7%,‬‭Underweight children‬‭-32.1%.‬ ‭ conomic and‬ E ‭‬ T ‭ here‬‭is‬‭significant‬‭intra-state‬‭and‬‭inter-state‬‭disparities‬‭reflected‬ ‭Social Inequality‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭Human‬ ‭Development‬ ‭and‬ ‭Per‬ ‭Capita‬ ‭Income‬ ‭in‬ ‭India,‬ ‭demonstrating‬ ‭the‬ ‭urgent‬ ‭need‬ ‭for‬ ‭policies‬ ‭that‬ ‭foster‬ ‭equitable‬ ‭growth.‬ ‭o‬ ‭In‬ ‭the‬ ‭Human‬ ‭Development‬ ‭Report‬ ‭2023-24,‬ ‭published‬ ‭by‬‭UNDP,‬‭India‬‭ranked‬‭134‬‭out‬‭of‬‭193‬‭countries,‬‭showing‬ ‭poor status of human development in India.‬ ‭o‬ ‭There‬‭is‬‭a‬‭widespread‬‭inter-state‬‭disparity‬‭in‬‭terms‬‭of‬‭per‬ ‭capita‬ ‭income.‬ ‭In‬ ‭2020-21‬ ‭(based‬ ‭on‬ ‭current‬‭price),‬‭Goa‬ ‭topped‬‭the‬‭Per‬‭Capita‬‭Income‬‭list‬‭(₹4,31,351)‬‭while‬‭Bihar‬ ‭was at the bottom (₹43,605).‬ ‭ gricultural and‬ A ‭‬ ‭The‬ ‭agricultural‬ ‭sector‬ ‭exhibits‬ ‭low‬ ‭growth‬ ‭rates‬ ‭and‬ ‭receives‬ ‭Employment Issues‬ i‭nadequate‬ ‭policy‬ ‭attention.‬ ‭Moreover,‬ ‭employment‬ ‭quality‬ ‭is‬ ‭poor,‬ ‭and‬ ‭there‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭trend‬ ‭towards‬ ‭the‬ ‭casualization‬ ‭of‬ ‭labor,‬ ‭which undermines job security and living standards.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Informalization‬ ‭of‬ ‭Jobs:‬ ‭According‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭India‬ ‭Employment‬ ‭Report‬ ‭2024,‬ ‭about‬ ‭90%‬ ‭of‬ ‭workers‬ ‭are‬ ‭in‬ ‭informal‬ ‭jobs.‬ ‭Additionally,‬ ‭while‬ ‭the‬ ‭share‬ ‭of‬ ‭regular‬ ‭employment‬ ‭had‬ ‭been‬ ‭rising‬ ‭since‬ ‭2000,‬ ‭it‬ ‭began‬ ‭to‬ ‭decline after 2018.‬ ‭Rural-Urban Divide‬ ‭‬ t‭he‬ ‭gap‬ ‭between‬ ‭rural‬ ‭and‬ ‭urban‬ ‭areas‬ ‭in‬ ‭terms‬ ‭of‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭infrastructure, services, and opportunities.‬ ‭o‬ ‭The‬ ‭"Internet‬ ‭in‬ ‭India‬ ‭Report‬ ‭2023"‬ ‭notes‬ ‭that‬ ‭while‬ ‭rural‬‭India‬‭has‬‭seen‬‭a‬‭surge‬‭in‬‭active‬‭internet‬‭users,‬‭their‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭digital‬ ‭services‬ ‭like‬ ‭digital‬ ‭payments‬ ‭remains‬ ‭limited,‬ ‭with‬ ‭only‬ ‭about‬‭36%‬‭of‬‭such‬‭users‬‭based‬‭in‬‭rural‬ ‭areas.‬ ‭ ender & Social‬ G ‭‬ I‭nclusive‬ ‭growth‬ ‭must‬ ‭address‬ ‭gender‬ ‭disparities‬ ‭and‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭Inequalities‬ ‭equal opportunities for all social groups.‬ ‭o‬ ‭On‬‭the‬‭Gender‬‭Inequality‬‭Index‬‭(GII)‬‭2022,‬‭India‬‭ranked‬ ‭at 108 out of 193 countries with a score of 0.437.‬ ‭ ustainable‬ S ‭‬ E ‭ conomic‬ ‭growth‬ ‭must‬ ‭be‬ ‭sustainable‬ ‭and‬ ‭environmentally‬ ‭Development:‬ ‭conscious.‬‭Sustainable‬‭development‬‭is‬‭vital‬‭for‬‭inclusive‬‭growth‬‭&‬ ‭long-term prosperity.‬ ‭o‬ ‭As‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭fiscal‬ ‭year‬ ‭2023,‬ ‭a‬ ‭substantial‬ ‭73%‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭country's‬ ‭electricity‬ ‭generation‬ ‭still‬ ‭comes‬ ‭from‬ ‭coal‬ ‭and lignite sources.‬  ‭o‬ L ‭ ack‬ ‭of‬ ‭sustainable‬ ‭development‬ ‭leads‬ ‭to‬ ‭extreme‬ ‭weather‬ ‭events‬ ‭affecting‬ ‭the‬ ‭poor‬ ‭and‬ ‭marginalized‬ ‭population the most.‬ ‭ rade and‬ T ‭‬ E ‭ nhancing‬ ‭trade‬ ‭competitiveness‬ ‭and‬ ‭effectively‬ ‭utilizing‬‭foreign‬ ‭Investment‬ ‭direct‬ ‭investment‬ ‭and‬ ‭new‬ ‭technologies‬ ‭require‬ ‭a‬ ‭skilled‬ ‭labor‬ ‭force,‬‭emphasizing‬‭the‬‭need‬‭for‬‭improved‬‭education‬‭and‬‭training‬ ‭systems.‬ ‭o‬ ‭According‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭Human‬ ‭Development‬ ‭Report‬ ‭2020,‬ ‭only‬ ‭about‬ ‭20%‬ ‭of‬ ‭India's‬ ‭labor‬ ‭force‬ ‭is‬‭classified‬‭as‬ ‭"skilled."‬ ‭o‬ ‭As‬ ‭per‬ ‭the‬ ‭India‬ ‭Skill‬ ‭Report‬ ‭2023‬ ‭reveals‬ ‭that‬ ‭only‬ ‭50.3% of the young in the workforce are employable.‬ ‭Inclusive growth and sustainability through inter and intra generational inclusiveness‬ ‭‬ I‭ntra-generational‬ ‭Equity:‬ ‭Intra-generational‬ ‭equity‬ ‭focuses‬ ‭on‬ ‭fairness‬ ‭among‬ ‭different‬ ‭groups‬‭within‬‭the‬‭same‬‭generation,‬‭addressing‬‭disparities‬‭in‬‭access‬‭to‬‭resources,‬‭opportunities,‬ ‭and outcomes.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Examples:‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Economic‬ ‭Policies‬‭:‬ ‭Progressive‬ ‭taxation‬ ‭and‬ ‭social‬ ‭welfare‬ ‭programs‬ ‭like‬ ‭India's‬ ‭Direct‬ ‭Benefit‬ ‭Transfer‬ ‭(DBT)‬ ‭scheme‬ ‭redistribute‬ ‭wealth‬ ‭to‬ ‭support‬ ‭marginalized groups.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Access‬ ‭to‬ ‭Services‬‭:‬ ‭The‬ ‭Right‬ ‭to‬ ‭Education‬ ‭Act‬ ‭ensures‬ ‭free‬ ‭education‬ ‭for‬ ‭children, reducing educational disparities.‬ ‭‬ ‭Inter-generational‬ ‭Equity:‬ ‭Inter-generational‬ ‭equity‬ ‭ensures‬ ‭fairness‬ ‭in‬ ‭resource‬ ‭distribution‬ ‭between current and future generations, vital for sustainable development.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Examples:‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Environmental‬ ‭Protection‬‭:‬ ‭Sustainable‬ ‭practices‬ ‭like‬ ‭afforestation‬ ‭and‬ ‭renewable‬‭energy‬‭projects‬‭prevent‬‭resource‬‭depletion.‬‭For‬‭instance,‬‭the‬‭National‬ ‭Solar Mission promotes solar energy use.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Debt‬ ‭and‬ ‭Economic‬ ‭Policies‬‭:‬ ‭Fiscal‬ ‭prudence‬ ‭avoids‬ ‭high‬ ‭national‬ ‭debt,‬ ‭preventing future economic burdens.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Climate‬ ‭Change‬‭:‬ ‭India's‬ ‭commitment‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭Paris‬ ‭Agreement‬ ‭aims‬ ‭to‬ ‭cap‬ ‭emissions‬‭and‬‭transition‬‭to‬‭renewable‬‭energy,‬‭ensuring‬‭a‬‭livable‬‭planet‬‭for‬‭future‬ ‭generations.‬ ‭Associated Challenges‬ ‭‬ H ‭ istorical‬ ‭Factors:‬ ‭Historical‬ ‭discrimination‬ ‭against‬ ‭certain‬ ‭social‬ ‭groups‬ ‭has‬ ‭limited‬ ‭their‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭education,‬ ‭employment,‬ ‭and‬ ‭healthcare,‬ ‭affecting‬ ‭their‬ ‭social,‬ ‭political‬ ‭&‬ ‭economic‬ ‭mobility.‬ ‭Despite‬ ‭reservation‬ ‭policies‬ ‭post-independence,‬ ‭social‬ ‭upliftment‬ ‭has‬ ‭been‬ ‭minimal‬ ‭and largely confined to limited economic and political successes.‬ ‭‬ ‭Poverty:‬ ‭Despite‬ ‭high‬ ‭growth‬ ‭rates,‬ ‭poverty‬ ‭remains‬ ‭widespread.‬ ‭It‬ ‭affects‬ ‭one’s‬ ‭ability‬ ‭to‬ ‭access various services and resources available to make improvement in their living standards.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Despite‬‭improvements,‬‭India‬‭still‬‭has‬‭more‬‭than‬‭230‬‭million‬‭people‬‭who‬‭are‬‭poor‬‭as‬‭per‬ ‭the‬ ‭UNDP‬ ‭Multi-dimensional‬ ‭Poverty‬ ‭Index‬ ‭2023.‬ ‭11.8%‬ ‭of‬ ‭people‬ ‭in‬ ‭India‬ ‭were‬ ‭multidimensionally poor and deprived of nutrition in 2019/2021.‬  ‭o‬ I‭ndia‬‭ranked‬‭111‬‭out‬‭of‬‭a‬‭total‬‭of‬‭125‬‭countries‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Global‬‭Hunger‬‭Index‬‭(GHI‬‭)‬‭2023‬ ‭highlighting the dire situation of hunger in India.‬ ‭‬ ‭Unemployment:‬ ‭The‬ ‭India‬ ‭Employment‬ ‭Report‬ ‭2024‬ ‭highlights‬ ‭that‬ ‭India's‬ ‭youth‬ ‭make‬ ‭up‬ ‭about‬ ‭83%‬‭of‬‭its‬‭unemployed,‬‭with‬‭those‬‭holding‬‭at‬‭least‬‭secondary‬‭education‬‭increasing‬‭from‬ ‭35.2% in 2000 to 65.7% in 2022.‬ ‭‬ ‭Income‬ ‭Inequality:‬ ‭According‬ ‭to‬ ‭Oxfam‬ ‭Report‬ ‭2023‬‭,‬ ‭the‬ ‭top‬ ‭10%‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Indian‬ ‭population‬ ‭holds 77% of the total national wealth.‬ ‭o‬ ‭73%‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭wealth‬ ‭generated‬ ‭in‬ ‭2017‬ ‭went‬ ‭to‬‭the‬‭richest‬‭1%,‬‭while‬‭around‬‭670‬‭million‬ ‭Indians‬‭who‬‭comprise‬‭the‬‭poorest‬‭half‬‭of‬‭the‬‭population‬‭saw‬‭only‬‭a‬‭1%‬‭increase‬‭in‬‭their‬ ‭wealth.‬ ‭o‬ ‭63‬ ‭million‬ ‭of‬ ‭them‬ ‭are‬ ‭pushed‬ ‭into‬ ‭poverty‬ ‭because‬ ‭of‬ ‭healthcare‬ ‭costs‬ ‭every‬ ‭year‬ ‭-‬ ‭almost two people every second.‬ ‭‬ ‭Social‬‭Exclusion:‬‭systematic‬‭marginalization‬‭of‬‭individuals‬‭or‬‭groups‬‭from‬‭societal‬‭processes,‬ ‭which‬ ‭denies‬ ‭them‬ ‭the‬ ‭opportunities‬ ‭and‬ ‭resources‬ ‭that‬‭are‬‭normally‬‭available‬‭to‬‭members‬‭of‬ ‭society‬ ‭and‬ ‭which‬ ‭are‬ ‭key‬ ‭to‬ ‭social‬ ‭integration.‬ ‭Certain‬ ‭groups‬ ‭like‬ ‭Scheduled‬ ‭Castes‬ ‭(SCs),‬ ‭Scheduled‬ ‭Tribes‬ ‭(STs),‬ ‭women,‬ ‭and‬ ‭religious‬ ‭minorities‬ ‭often‬ ‭face‬ ‭exclusion‬‭from‬‭economic,‬ ‭social, and political processes.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Periodic‬ ‭Labour‬ ‭Force‬ ‭Survey‬ ‭(2022-23‬‭)‬ ‭indicates‬ ‭that‬ ‭Female‬ ‭Labor‬ ‭Force‬ ‭Participation Rate (FLFPR)‬‭is at 37% only.‬ ‭o‬ ‭According‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭National‬ ‭Human‬ ‭Rights‬ ‭Commission‬‭,‬ ‭about‬ ‭92%‬ ‭of‬ ‭transgender‬ ‭individuals‬ ‭are‬ ‭excluded‬ ‭from‬ ‭economic‬ ‭activities,‬ ‭often‬ ‭leading‬ ‭to‬ ‭roles‬ ‭in‬ ‭begging‬ ‭or‬ ‭sex work due to job denials despite qualifications.‬ ‭‬ ‭Overdependence‬ ‭on‬ ‭Agriculture‬ ‭&‬ ‭Issue‬ ‭of‬ ‭disguised‬ ‭unemployment‬‭:‬ ‭Though‬ ‭India‬ ‭is‬ ‭striving‬ ‭to‬ ‭become‬ ‭the‬ ‭manufacturing‬ ‭hub‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭world,‬ ‭a‬ ‭large‬ ‭workforce‬ ‭still‬ ‭depends‬ ‭of‬ ‭Agriculture sectors for their livelihood.‬ ‭o‬ ‭In‬‭the‬‭fiscal‬‭year‬‭2022-23,‬‭agriculture‬‭sector‬‭contributed‬‭only‬‭around‬‭15%‬‭to‬‭India’s‬‭GDP‬ ‭(fiscal 2022-23) while providing employment to India’s 45.76% of the total workforce.‬ ‭‬ ‭Jobless‬ ‭Growth:‬ ‭Despite‬ ‭India's‬ ‭GDP‬ ‭growing‬ ‭at‬ ‭an‬‭average‬‭rate‬‭of‬‭about‬‭7%‬‭annually‬‭over‬ ‭the‬‭past‬‭decade,‬‭employment‬‭growth‬‭has‬‭not‬‭kept‬‭pace,‬‭often‬‭remaining‬‭below‬‭1%‬‭according‬‭to‬ ‭the‬‭Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy‬‭(CMIE).‬ ‭‬ ‭Governance‬‭Issues:‬‭Corruption,‬‭inefficiency‬‭and‬‭mal-administration‬‭in‬‭governance‬‭have‬‭led‬‭to‬ ‭misuse‬ ‭and‬ ‭misappropriation‬ ‭of‬ ‭resources‬ ‭allocated‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭poor‬ ‭and‬‭marginalized,‬‭negatively‬ ‭impacting the inclusive growth in India.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Mal-administration‬‭and‬‭misuse‬‭oof‬‭healthcare‬‭resources‬‭during‬‭COVID-19‬‭pandemic‬‭led‬ ‭to‬ ‭unavailability‬ ‭of‬ ‭essential‬ ‭healthcare‬ ‭services,‬ ‭often‬ ‭resulting‬ ‭in‬ ‭loss‬ ‭of‬ ‭life‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭patients.‬ ‭o‬ ‭India‬ ‭ranked‬ ‭93‬ ‭out‬ ‭of‬ ‭180‬ ‭countries‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭corruption‬ ‭perceptions‬ ‭index‬ ‭for‬ ‭2023,‬ ‭showing rampant state of corruption prevalent in the country.‬ ‭‬ ‭Social‬ ‭Norms‬ ‭and‬‭Discrimination:‬‭Persistent‬‭social‬‭norms‬‭and‬‭discrimination‬‭against‬‭certain‬ ‭groups‬‭affect‬‭equal‬‭opportunity.‬‭For‬‭example,‬‭Cultural‬‭norms‬‭have‬‭traditionally‬‭viewed‬‭females‬ ‭as‬ ‭subordinate‬ ‭to‬ ‭males,‬ ‭leading‬ ‭to‬ ‭restricted‬ ‭educational‬ ‭and‬ ‭employment‬ ‭opportunities‬ ‭for‬ ‭women, thereby perpetuating economic dependence and limited societal roles.‬ ‭‬ ‭Regional‬ ‭Disparities:‬ ‭States‬‭like‬‭Maharashtra‬‭and‬‭Tamil‬‭Nadu‬‭show‬‭higher‬‭GSVA‬‭in‬‭services‬ ‭and‬ ‭industry,‬ ‭indicating‬ ‭robust‬ ‭economic‬ ‭activity,‬‭whereas‬‭states‬‭like‬‭Bihar‬‭and‬‭Uttar‬‭Pradesh,‬ ‭although rich in agricultural output, lag in industrial and service contributions.‬ ‭‬ ‭Climate‬ ‭Change‬ ‭and‬ ‭Disasters:‬ ‭disproportionately‬ ‭affect‬ ‭the‬ ‭poor‬ ‭and‬ ‭marginalized‬ ‭communities‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭Tribals,‬ ‭Slum‬ ‭dwellers,‬ ‭Farmers‬ ‭etc.‬ ‭Climate‬ ‭led‬ ‭displacements‬ ‭have‬ ‭become new normal resulting in further deterioration of condition of poor in India.‬ ‭‬ ‭Human Resource related challenges (Careless and Useless manpower)‬  ‭o‬ S ‭ kill‬‭Mismatch‬‭and‬‭Underutilization‬‭Workers‬‭in‬‭India‬‭often‬‭occupy‬‭jobs‬‭unsuitable‬‭for‬ ‭their‬ ‭skill‬ ‭levels,‬ ‭leading‬ ‭to‬ ‭underutilization‬ ‭due‬ ‭to‬ ‭an‬ ‭educational‬ ‭emphasis‬ ‭on‬ ‭rote‬ ‭learning.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Unemployment‬ ‭and‬ ‭Underemployment‬ ‭High‬ ‭unemployment‬ ‭and‬ ‭underemployment‬ ‭persist,‬‭especially‬‭among‬‭youth‬‭and‬‭graduates,‬‭as‬‭the‬‭formal‬‭sector‬‭fails‬‭to‬‭absorb‬‭new‬ ‭entrants.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Lack‬ ‭of‬ ‭Vocational‬ ‭Training‬ ‭and‬ ‭Education‬ ‭There's‬ ‭a‬ ‭pronounced‬ ‭gap‬ ‭in‬‭vocational‬ ‭and‬ ‭technical‬ ‭education‬ ‭that‬ ‭aligns‬ ‭with‬ ‭industry‬ ‭demands,‬ ‭signaling‬ ‭a‬ ‭need‬ ‭for‬ ‭educational reform.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Labor‬ ‭Market‬ ‭Rigidities‬ ‭Stringent‬ ‭labor‬ ‭laws‬‭restrict‬‭employment‬‭growth‬‭in‬‭the‬‭formal‬ ‭sector‬ ‭and‬ ‭encourage‬ ‭reliance‬ ‭on‬ ‭contract‬ ‭labor,‬ ‭resulting‬ ‭in‬ ‭job‬ ‭insecurity‬ ‭and‬ ‭less‬ ‭training investment.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Informal‬‭Sector‬‭Predominance‬‭A‬‭significant‬‭portion‬‭of‬‭the‬‭workforce‬‭is‬‭employed‬‭in‬‭the‬ ‭informal sector, facing low job security, productivity, and wages.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Economic‬‭and‬‭Social‬‭Barriers‬‭Caste‬‭and‬‭gender‬‭discrimination‬‭limit‬‭access‬‭to‬‭quality‬ ‭jobs, exacerbating social and income inequalities.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Lack‬ ‭of‬ ‭Entrepreneurial‬ ‭Support‬ ‭Potential‬ ‭entrepreneurial‬ ‭growth‬ ‭is‬ ‭hindered‬ ‭by‬ ‭inadequate support in financing, infrastructure, and mentorship‬ ‭Measure for Inclusive Growth‬ ‭Land Reforms‬ ‭‬ I‭n the early years post-independence, India undertook significant land‬ ‭reforms, including the abolition of zamindari systems and the‬ ‭distribution of land to the landless, aiming to reduce rural poverty and‬ ‭promote agricultural productivity.‬ ‭ ublic‬ P ‭‬ E ‭ stablished nationwide to ensure food security for all, especially the‬ ‭Distribution‬ ‭poor, by distributing subsidized wheat, rice, sugar, and other‬ ‭System (PDS)‬ ‭essentials.‬ ‭Five-Year Plans‬ ‭‬ I‭nitiated in 1951, these comprehensive development plans have‬ ‭emphasized sectors such as agriculture, education, and health to‬ ‭ensure balanced economic development across regions.‬ ‭ 1th Five Year‬ 1 ‭‬ ‭Laid special emphasis on Inclusive Growth for the first time.‬ ‭Plan (2007-12)‬ ‭ welfth Five Year‬ T ‭‬ ‭Focuses on Growth which is: Faster, Inclusive, and Sustainable.‬ ‭Plan‬ ‭ ationalization‬ N ‭‬ A ‭ imed to extend banking services to rural areas, enhancing financial‬ ‭of Banks (1969)‬ ‭inclusion and ensuring that credit was available to the underprivileged‬ ‭and rural sectors of the economy.‬ ‭Green‬ ‭‬ ‭Boosted agricultural productivity in several states, leading to‬ ‭ evolution‬ R i‭ncreased food production and rural employment, thus reducing food‬ ‭(1960s-70s)‬ ‭shortages.‬ ‭ omen‬ W ‭‬ E ‭ stablishment of bodies such as the National Commission for Women‬ ‭Empowerment‬ ‭(NCW) and the National Council for Empowerment of Women to‬ ‭promote women's rights.‬ ‭ ender‬ G ‭‬ R ‭ eservation of seats in Local Self Government Institutions to‬ ‭Inclusiveness‬ ‭enhance gender inclusivity.‬ ‭ eservation‬ R ‭‬ S ‭ eats are reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and‬ ‭Policies‬ ‭Other Backward Castes in educational institutions and government‬ ‭jobs.‬ ‭ olitical‬ P ‭‬ R ‭ eserved seats in Parliament and State Assemblies for SCs and STs‬ ‭Inclusion‬ ‭to encourage political participation.‬ ‭Minority Welfare‬ ‭‬ C ‭ onstitution of Minority Commissions to safeguard the interests of‬ ‭minority communities.‬ ‭ id-Day Meal‬ M ‭‬ L ‭ aunched to boost school attendance and nutrition among children,‬ ‭Scheme (1995)‬ ‭especially in rural areas.‬ ‭ ahatma Gandhi‬ M ‭‬ G ‭ uarantees 100 days of wage-employment per year to rural‬ ‭National Rural‬ ‭households whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual‬ ‭Employment‬ ‭work. This has been crucial in providing economic security to rural‬ ‭Guarantee Act‬ ‭families. The scheme reserves at least 33% of its benefits for women‬ ‭(MGNREGA,‬ ‭and also focuses on improving irrigation facilities for Scheduled‬ ‭2005)‬ ‭Castes and Scheduled Tribes.‬ ‭ ight to‬ R ‭‬ M ‭ andates free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14‬ ‭Education Act‬ ‭years, aiming to improve literacy and educational standards across‬ ‭(2009)‬ ‭the country.‬ ‭ an Dhan Yojana‬ J ‭‬ A ‭ ims to increase banking penetration, and ensure access to financial‬ ‭(2014)‬ ‭services such as bank accounts, insurance, and pensions.‬ ‭ ake in India‬ M ‭‬ L ‭ aunched to encourage companies to manufacture in India and‬ ‭(2014)‬ ‭incentivize dedicated investments into manufacturing. This initiative‬ ‭also focuses on job creation and skill enhancement in various‬ ‭sectors.‬ ‭ igital India‬ D ‭‬ L ‭ aunched to ensure government services are available electronically,‬ ‭(2015)‬ ‭improving online infrastructure and increasing internet connectivity,‬ ‭especially in rural areas.‬  ‭ radhan Mantri‬ P ‭‬ A ‭ n initiative aimed at providing affordable housing to the urban poor‬ ‭Awas Yojana‬ ‭by the year 2022 through a credit-linked subsidy scheme.‬ ‭(2015)‬ ‭ yushman‬ A ‭ program to provide health insurance that covers up to 5 lakh rupees per‬ A ‭Bharat (2018)‬ ‭family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization across public‬ ‭and private empaneled hospitals in India.‬ ‭Recent Initiatives by government for Promoting Inclusive growth‬ ‭Agriculture‬ ‭‬ ‭Pradhan‬‭Mantri‬‭Kisan‬‭Samman‬‭Nidhi‬‭(PM-KISAN)‬‭:‬‭Provides‬‭income‬‭support‬‭(Rs.‬‭6000/year)‬ ‭to all landholding farmers' families to supplement their financial needs.‬ ‭‬ ‭Pradhan‬ ‭Mantri‬ ‭Fasal‬ ‭Bima‬ ‭Yojana‬ ‭(PMFBY)‬‭:‬ ‭A‬ ‭crop‬ ‭insurance‬ ‭scheme‬ ‭to‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭that‬ ‭farmers are financially supported in the event of failed crops due to natural calamities.‬ ‭‬ ‭Agricultural‬ ‭Mechanization:‬ ‭Provides‬ ‭financial‬ ‭assistance‬ ‭and‬ ‭subsidies‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭purchase‬‭of‬ ‭various‬ ‭agricultural‬ ‭machinery‬ ‭and‬ ‭equipment,‬ ‭encouraging‬ ‭modern‬ ‭farming‬ ‭techniques‬ ‭and‬ ‭increasing farm output and efficiency.‬ ‭Healthcare‬ ‭‬ ‭Ayushman‬ ‭Bharat‬ ‭Pradhan‬ ‭Mantri‬‭Jan‬‭Arogya‬‭Yojana‬‭(PMJAY)‬‭:‬‭Offers‬‭health‬‭insurance‬‭to‬ ‭over 500 million uninsured Indians, covering several medical procedures.‬ ‭‬ ‭National‬‭Health‬‭Mission‬‭:‬‭Aims‬‭to‬‭provide‬‭effective‬‭healthcare‬‭to‬‭rural‬‭populations‬‭with‬‭a‬‭focus‬ ‭on accessibility, affordability, and quality.‬ ‭‬ ‭Telemedicine‬ ‭Initiatives:‬ ‭Under‬ ‭the‬ ‭Digital‬ ‭India‬ ‭umbrella,‬ ‭these‬ ‭initiatives‬ ‭aim‬ ‭to‬ ‭bridge‬ ‭the‬ ‭rural-urban‬ ‭health‬ ‭divide‬ ‭by‬ ‭linking‬ ‭remote‬ ‭areas‬ ‭via‬ ‭telemedicine‬ ‭for‬ ‭consultations‬ ‭and‬ ‭treatments.‬ ‭‬ ‭National‬ ‭Programme‬ ‭for‬ ‭Health‬ ‭Care‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Elderly‬ ‭(NPHCE)‬‭:‬ ‭An‬ ‭initiative‬ ‭focused‬ ‭on‬ ‭providing specialized and comprehensive healthcare to the elderly.‬ ‭Education‬ ‭‬ ‭National‬ ‭Education‬ ‭Policy‬ ‭(NEP)‬ ‭2020‬‭:‬ ‭Overhauls‬ ‭the‬ ‭Indian‬ ‭educational‬ ‭system‬ ‭to‬ ‭make‬ ‭education more holistic, flexible, and aligned with the needs of the 21st century.‬ ‭‬ ‭Samagra‬ ‭Shiksha‬ ‭Abhiyan‬‭:‬ ‭An‬ ‭integrated‬ ‭scheme‬ ‭for‬ ‭school‬ ‭education‬ ‭extending‬ ‭from‬ ‭preschool to senior secondary levels to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education.‬ ‭‬ ‭PM‬‭eVidya‬‭Initiative:‬‭a‬‭comprehensive‬‭effort‬‭to‬‭centralize‬‭and‬‭streamline‬‭all‬‭digital,‬‭online,‬‭and‬ ‭broadcast‬ ‭educational‬ ‭resources,‬ ‭ensuring‬ ‭accessibility‬ ‭to‬ ‭quality‬ ‭education‬ ‭across‬ ‭diverse‬ ‭geographies and demographics.‬ ‭‬ ‭SWAYAM‬‭Initiative:‬‭promotes‬‭inclusive‬‭growth‬‭by‬‭providing‬‭free‬‭online‬‭courses‬‭across‬‭various‬ ‭subjects‬ ‭from‬ ‭school‬ ‭to‬ ‭postgraduate‬ ‭levels,‬ ‭ensuring‬ ‭that‬ ‭quality‬ ‭education‬ ‭is‬ ‭accessible‬ ‭to‬ ‭everyone, regardless of their location or economic status.‬ ‭Skill Development‬ ‭‬ ‭Skill‬ ‭India‬ ‭Mission‬‭:‬ ‭Targets‬ ‭skilling‬ ‭over‬ ‭400‬ ‭million‬ ‭people‬ ‭across‬ ‭India‬ ‭to‬ ‭make‬ ‭them‬ ‭employable and economically productive.‬ ‭‬ ‭Pradhan‬ ‭Mantri‬ ‭Kaushal‬ ‭Vikas‬ ‭Yojana‬ ‭(PMKVY)‬‭:‬ ‭Encourages‬ ‭aptitude‬ ‭towards‬ ‭employable‬ ‭skills by providing monetary awards and certification.‬ ‭Digital and IT‬ ‭‬ ‭Digital‬ ‭India‬‭:‬ ‭Aims‬ ‭to‬ ‭transform‬ ‭India‬ ‭into‬ ‭a‬ ‭digitally‬ ‭empowered‬ ‭society‬ ‭with‬ ‭a‬ ‭focus‬ ‭on‬ ‭electronic public services.‬  ‭‬ ‭BharatNet‬‭:‬ ‭Seeks‬ ‭to‬ ‭connect‬ ‭rural‬ ‭areas‬ ‭with‬ ‭high-speed‬ ‭internet‬‭networks‬‭to‬‭promote‬‭digital‬ ‭inclusivity.‬ ‭‬ C ‭ ommon‬ ‭Service‬ ‭Centres‬ ‭(CSCs):‬ ‭These‬ ‭are‬ ‭access‬ ‭points‬ ‭for‬ ‭delivery‬ ‭of‬ ‭essential‬ ‭public‬ ‭utility‬ ‭services,‬ ‭social‬ ‭welfare‬ ‭schemes,‬ ‭healthcare,‬ ‭financial,‬ ‭education,‬ ‭and‬ ‭agriculture‬ ‭services, apart from a host of B2C services to citizens in rural and remote areas of the country.‬ ‭‬ ‭UMANG‬ ‭App‬ ‭(Unified‬ ‭Mobile‬ ‭Application‬ ‭for‬ ‭New-age‬ ‭Governance):‬‭provides‬‭access‬‭to‬‭a‬ ‭wide‬ ‭range‬ ‭of‬ ‭government‬ ‭services‬ ‭from‬ ‭Central,‬ ‭State,‬ ‭and‬ ‭Local‬ ‭Government‬ ‭bodies‬ ‭and‬ ‭other citizen-centric services.‬ ‭Financial Inclusion‬ ‭‬ ‭Jan‬ ‭Dhan‬ ‭Yojana‬‭:‬ ‭A‬ ‭nationwide‬ ‭scheme‬ ‭to‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭financial‬ ‭services,‬ ‭like‬ ‭banking‬ ‭savings & deposit accounts, remittance, credit, insurance, and pension.‬ ‭‬ ‭MUDRA‬ ‭Yojana‬‭:‬‭Provides‬‭loans‬‭to‬‭micro‬‭and‬‭small‬‭enterprises‬‭operating‬‭in‬‭the‬‭non-corporate‬ ‭small business sector.‬ ‭Urban Development‬ ‭‬ ‭Smart‬‭Cities‬‭Mission‬‭:‬‭Focuses‬‭on‬‭developing‬‭100‬‭smart‬‭cities‬‭across‬‭India‬‭to‬‭promote‬‭cities‬ ‭that‬ ‭provide‬ ‭core‬ ‭infrastructure,‬ ‭give‬ ‭a‬ ‭decent‬ ‭quality‬ ‭of‬ ‭life‬ ‭to‬ ‭their‬ ‭citizens,‬ ‭and‬ ‭apply‬‭smart‬ ‭solutions to improve services and infrastructure.‬ ‭‬ ‭Atal‬ ‭Mission‬ ‭for‬ ‭Rejuvenation‬ ‭and‬ ‭Urban‬ ‭Transformation‬ ‭(AMRUT)‬‭:‬ ‭Aims‬ ‭at‬ ‭transforming‬ ‭urban living conditions through infrastructure upgrades and improved service delivery in cities.‬ ‭Energy and Environment‬ ‭‬ ‭Ujjwala‬ ‭Yojana‬‭:‬ ‭Provides‬ ‭LPG‬ ‭connections‬ ‭to‬ ‭BPL‬ ‭households‬ ‭to‬ ‭promote‬ ‭the‬ ‭use‬ ‭of‬ ‭clean‬ ‭fuels.‬ ‭‬ ‭Solar‬ ‭Charkha‬ ‭Mission‬‭:‬ ‭Promotes‬ ‭green‬ ‭energy‬ ‭by‬ ‭setting‬ ‭up‬ ‭solar‬ ‭charkha‬ ‭clusters,‬ ‭which‬ ‭provide sustainable employment and reduce the carbon footprint.‬ ‭‬ ‭International‬ ‭Solar‬ ‭Alliance:‬‭to‬‭promote‬‭inclusive‬‭growth‬‭by‬‭facilitating‬‭widespread‬‭access‬‭to‬ ‭affordable,‬‭clean‬‭solar‬‭energy,‬‭thereby‬‭enhancing‬‭energy‬‭security‬‭and‬‭sustainable‬‭development‬ ‭across its member countries.‬ ‭‬ ‭India's‬ ‭Nationally‬ ‭Determined‬ ‭Contributions‬ ‭(NDCs)‬ ‭under‬ ‭the‬ ‭Paris‬ ‭Agreement:‬ ‭also‬ ‭promote‬‭inclusive‬‭growth‬‭by‬‭fostering‬‭job‬‭creation‬‭in‬‭green‬‭industries‬‭and‬‭ensuring‬‭sustainable‬ ‭development that benefits all sectors of society.‬ ‭Employment and Entrepreneurship‬ ‭‬ ‭Startup‬ ‭India‬‭:‬ ‭Supports‬ ‭entrepreneurship‬ ‭among‬ ‭the‬ ‭youth‬ ‭by‬ ‭simplifying‬ ‭the‬ ‭process‬ ‭of‬ ‭starting a company and providing various incentives.‬ ‭‬ ‭Pradhan‬ ‭Mantri‬ ‭Employment‬ ‭Generation‬ ‭Programme‬ ‭(PMEGP)‬‭:‬ ‭Aims‬ ‭to‬ ‭generate‬ ‭self-employment opportunities through the establishment of micro-enterprises.‬ ‭Financial Inclusion‬ ‭Status of Financial Inclusion‬ ‭Banking Services‬ ‭‬ ‭Account‬ ‭Ownership‬‭:‬ ‭The‬ ‭Pradhan‬ ‭Mantri‬ ‭Jan-Dhan‬ ‭Yojana‬ ‭has‬ ‭significantly‬ ‭expanded‬ ‭banking‬ ‭access,‬ ‭with‬ ‭over‬ ‭51‬ ‭crore‬ ‭accounts‬ ‭opened‬ ‭and‬ ‭a‬ ‭total‬ ‭deposit‬ ‭balance‬ ‭of‬ ‭Rs.‬ ‭2,08,855 crore as of November 2023​​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Usage‬‭of‬‭Accounts‬‭:‬‭Despite‬‭the‬‭high‬‭number‬‭of‬‭accounts,‬‭about‬‭4.30‬‭crore‬‭remain‬‭inactive‬ ‭with zero balance, highlighting challenges such as financial literacy and actual usage​​.‬ ‭Digital Payments‬  ‭‬ G ‭ rowth‬ ‭in‬ ‭Digital‬ ‭Transactions‬‭:‬ ‭Digital‬ ‭transactions,‬ ‭particularly‬ ‭through‬ ‭UPI,‬ ‭have‬‭seen‬ ‭massive‬ ‭growth,‬ ‭increasing‬ ‭from‬ ‭92‬ ‭crore‬‭transactions‬‭in‬‭FY‬‭2017-18‬‭to‬‭8,371‬‭crore‬‭in‬‭FY‬ ‭2022-23​​.‬ ‭Credit Accessibility‬ ‭‬ ‭Credit‬‭to‬‭Vulnerable‬‭Groups‬‭:‬‭Access‬‭remains‬‭limited‬‭for‬‭small‬‭farmers,‬‭entrepreneurs,‬‭and‬ ‭low-income households, with some support from microfinance institutions and NBFCs.‬ ‭‬ ‭Microcredit‬ ‭Schemes‬‭:‬ ‭Government‬ ‭initiatives‬ ‭like‬ ‭the‬ ‭Mudra‬ ‭Yojana‬ ‭are‬ ‭crucial,‬ ‭consistently disbursing substantial funds to support small businesses annually.‬ ‭Insurance and Pension‬ ‭‬ ‭Insurance‬ ‭Coverage‬‭:‬ ‭As‬ ‭of‬ ‭2023,‬ ‭insurance‬ ‭penetration‬ ‭in‬ ‭India‬ ‭is‬ ‭4%‬ ‭of‬ ‭GDP,‬ ‭with‬ ‭life‬ ‭insurance‬ ‭at‬ ‭3%‬ ‭and‬ ‭non-life‬ ‭insurance‬ ‭at‬ ‭1%.‬ ‭This‬ ‭reflects‬‭steady‬‭but‬‭slow‬‭growth‬‭in‬‭the‬ ‭sector, with substantial room for improvement to match global averages​‬ ‭‬ ‭Pension‬ ‭Schemes‬‭:‬ ‭Coverage‬ ‭remains‬ ‭notably‬ ‭sparse,‬ ‭particularly‬ ‭among‬ ‭informal‬ ‭sector‬ ‭workers, highlighting a significant area for policy enhancement.‬ ‭Significance of financial Inclusion‬ ‭‬ ‭Household‬ ‭Welfare‬‭:‬ ‭Improved‬ ‭service‬ ‭access‬ ‭in‬ ‭rural‬ ‭areas‬ ‭enhances‬ ‭income‬ ‭management‬ ‭and savings​​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Entrepreneurship‬‭:‬ ‭Fintech‬ ‭innovations‬ ‭increase‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭financial‬‭services,‬‭crucial‬‭for‬‭small‬ ‭businesses​‬ ‭‬ ‭Women's‬‭Empowerment‬‭:‬‭Policies‬‭aim‬‭to‬‭boost‬‭financial‬‭awareness‬‭among‬‭women,‬‭supporting‬ ‭economic independence​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Financial Stability‬‭: Enhanced customer protection‬‭frameworks stabilize the financial markets​​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Economic‬‭Output‬‭:‬‭A‬‭significant‬‭improvement‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Financial‬‭Inclusion‬‭Index‬‭indicates‬‭broader‬ ‭financial service utilization​​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Poverty‬ ‭Reduction‬‭:‬ ‭Achieving‬ ‭an‬ ‭80%‬ ‭financial‬ ‭inclusion‬ ‭rate‬ ‭has‬ ‭significantly‬ ‭impacted‬ ‭poverty and inequality reduction​​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Digital Advancements‬‭: Digital financial services growth‬‭supports the Digital India initiative​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Formal‬ ‭Financial‬ ‭Channels‬‭:‬ ‭Improved‬ ‭formal‬ ‭financial‬‭infrastructure‬‭reduces‬‭dependence‬‭on‬ ‭informal services​​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Government‬ ‭Services‬‭:‬ ‭Efficient‬ ‭direct‬ ‭benefit‬ ‭transfers‬ ‭and‬ ‭grievance‬ ‭redress‬ ‭mechanisms‬ ‭improve service delivery​​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Financial‬ ‭Literacy‬‭:‬ ‭Enhanced‬ ‭tools‬‭and‬‭approaches‬‭are‬‭being‬‭developed‬‭to‬‭improve‬‭financial‬ ‭literacy, particularly in digital services​​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Agricultural‬‭and‬‭Microfinance‬‭Support‬‭:‬‭Financial‬‭inclusion‬‭supports‬‭agricultural‬‭development‬ ‭and strengthens MFIs​​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Economic‬ ‭Recovery‬ ‭and‬ ‭Sustainability‬‭:‬ ‭Financial‬ ‭inclusion‬ ‭aids‬ ‭in‬ ‭economic‬ ‭recovery‬ ‭and‬ ‭promotes sustainable development through better regulation and technology use​​.‬ ‭Strengths‬ ‭‬ ‭Government‬ ‭Initiatives‬‭:‬ ‭The‬ ‭Pradhan‬ ‭Mantri‬ ‭Jan-Dhan‬‭Yojana‬‭has‬‭successfully‬‭opened‬‭over‬ ‭51‬ ‭crore‬ ‭accounts,‬ ‭drastically‬ ‭improving‬ ‭banking‬ ‭access‬ ‭across‬ ‭India.‬ ‭Similarly,‬ ‭the‬ ‭Mudra‬ ‭Yojana has effectively extended credit to small enterprises, disbursing significant funds annually.‬ ‭‬ ‭Technological‬ ‭Integration‬‭:‬ ‭Digital‬ ‭platforms‬ ‭like‬ ‭the‬ ‭Unified‬ ‭Payments‬ ‭Interface‬ ‭(UPI)‬ ‭have‬ ‭transformed‬ ‭banking,‬ ‭facilitating‬ ‭billions‬ ‭of‬ ‭transactions‬ ‭and‬ ‭significantly‬ ‭enhancing‬ ‭user‬ ‭engagement across various demographics.‬ ‭Challenges‬ ‭‬ ‭Financial‬ ‭Literacy‬‭:‬ ‭Financial‬ ‭literacy‬ ‭remains‬ ‭low,‬ ‭especially‬ ‭in‬ ‭rural‬ ‭areas,‬ ‭limiting‬ ‭effective‬ ‭utilization‬ ‭of‬ ‭financial‬ ‭services.‬ ‭The‬ ‭need‬ ‭for‬ ‭tailored‬ ‭educational‬ ‭programs‬ ‭is‬ ‭acute‬ ‭to‬ ‭bridge‬ ‭this gap.‬ ‭‬ R ‭ ural‬ ‭Penetration‬‭:‬ ‭Despite‬ ‭the‬ ‭growth‬ ‭in‬ ‭digital‬ ‭banking‬ ‭solutions,‬ ‭the‬ ‭physical‬ ‭banking‬ ‭infrastructure‬‭in‬‭remote‬‭areas‬‭lags,‬‭impacting‬‭the‬‭delivery‬‭of‬‭financial‬‭services‬‭where‬‭branches‬ ‭and ATMs are still crucial.‬ ‭‬ ‭Gender‬ ‭Gap‬‭:‬ ‭Financial‬ ‭inclusion‬ ‭rates‬ ‭for‬ ‭women‬ ‭trail‬ ‭those‬ ‭of‬ ‭men,‬ ‭underscoring‬ ‭persistent‬ ‭socio-economic‬ ‭barriers.‬ ‭Initiatives‬ ‭like‬ ‭the‬ ‭Bharatiya‬ ‭Mahila‬ ‭Bank‬ ‭and‬ ‭targeted‬ ‭microfinance‬ ‭projects are in place, but greater efforts are needed.‬ ‭‬ ‭Quality‬ ‭of‬ ‭Services‬‭:‬ ‭The‬ ‭reliability‬ ‭and‬ ‭quality‬ ‭of‬ ‭financial‬ ‭services‬ ‭in‬ ‭semi-urban‬ ‭and‬ ‭rural‬ ‭areas‬ ‭are‬ ‭problematic,‬ ‭with‬ ‭frequent‬ ‭service‬ ‭disruptions‬ ‭and‬ ‭inadequate‬ ‭customer‬ ‭support‬ ‭diminishing trust and usage.‬ ‭Analysis of PM-JDY as a tool for financial inclusion of Poor of Indian Society‬ ‭Achievements:‬ ‭‬ ‭Financial Inclusion:‬ ‭o‬ ‭Over 50 crore accounts opened as of August 2023, with deposits totaling over ₹1.75‬ ‭lakh crore.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Millions of previously unbanked individuals, especially in rural areas, now have access to‬ ‭banking.‬ ‭‬ ‭Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT):‬‭Crucial for DBT initiatives,‬‭ensuring subsidies and welfare‬ ‭benefits are directly credited to beneficiaries, reducing leakage and corruption.‬ ‭‬ ‭Financial Literacy:‬‭Programs educate the poor on banking,‬‭savings, and financial products,‬ ‭increasing awareness and participation in the formal financial system.‬ ‭‬ ‭Insurance and Pension Schemes:‬ ‭o‬ ‭Account holders eligible for Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) and‬ ‭Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), providing accidental and life‬ ‭insurance.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Linked with Atal Pension Yojana (APY) to promote retirement savings among‬ ‭unorganized sector workers.‬ ‭Challenges and Limitations:‬ ‭‬ ‭Dormant Accounts:‬‭Many PMJDY accounts remain inactive,‬‭raising concerns about their‬ ‭actual utilization.‬ ‭‬ ‭Limited Access to Credit:‬‭Credit disbursement to PMJDY‬‭account holders is limited, with‬ ‭banks perceiving them as high-risk due to low income and lack of credit history.‬ ‭‬ ‭Operational Challenges:‬‭Issues like biometric authentication‬‭failures, inadequate physical‬ ‭banking infrastructure, and connectivity problems in remote areas persist.‬ ‭‬ ‭Financial Literacy Gaps:‬‭Significant gaps remain,‬‭with many account holders lacking the‬ ‭understanding to fully utilize available financial services.‬ ‭‬ ‭Exclusion of the Ultra-Poor:‬‭The ultra-poor, often‬‭lacking necessary documents or minimal‬ ‭required balance, still find it difficult to open and maintain accounts, leaving them excluded from‬ ‭formal financial services.‬ ‭Inclusive Growth through CSR Provisions‬ ‭‬ ‭Addressing‬ ‭Social‬ ‭Inequalities:‬ ‭CSR‬ ‭activities‬ ‭targeting‬ ‭hunger,‬ ‭poverty,‬ ‭and‬ ‭malnutrition‬ ‭address‬ ‭basic‬ ‭human‬ ‭needs,‬ ‭reduce‬ ‭social‬ ‭inequalities,‬ ‭and‬ ‭enhance‬ ‭the‬ ‭quality‬ ‭of‬ ‭life‬ ‭for‬ ‭marginalized communities.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Tata‬ ‭Chemicals:‬ ‭Their‬ ‭"Okhai"‬ ‭initiative‬ ‭supports‬ ‭rural‬ ‭artisans,‬ ‭reducing‬ ‭poverty‬‭and‬ ‭improving living standards.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Reliance‬ ‭Foundation:‬ ‭Their‬ ‭nutrition‬ ‭projects‬ ‭have‬ ‭benefited‬ ‭over‬ ‭2‬ ‭million‬ ‭children‬ ‭and mothers, reducing malnutrition rates.‬ ‭‬ ‭Promoting‬ ‭Education‬ ‭and‬ ‭Skills‬ ‭Development:‬ ‭By‬ ‭investing‬ ‭in‬ ‭education‬ ‭and‬ ‭vocational‬ ‭training,‬‭companies‬‭help‬‭build‬‭a‬‭skilled‬‭workforce,‬‭improve‬‭employability,‬‭and‬‭promote‬‭economic‬ ‭inclusion.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Infosys‬ ‭Foundation:‬ ‭They‬ ‭have‬ ‭built‬ ‭libraries,‬ ‭funded‬ ‭schools,‬ ‭and‬ ‭provided‬ ‭scholarships, benefiting over 13,000 students annually.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Larsen‬ ‭&‬ ‭Toubro‬ ‭(L&T):‬‭Their‬‭vocational‬‭training‬‭centers‬‭have‬‭equipped‬‭over‬‭50,000‬ ‭youth with employable skills.‬  ‭‬ E ‭ mpowering‬ ‭Women‬ ‭and‬ ‭Promoting‬ ‭Gender‬ ‭Equality:‬ ‭CSR‬ ‭initiatives‬ ‭focusing‬ ‭on‬ ‭gender‬ ‭equality‬‭and‬‭women's‬‭empowerment‬‭contribute‬‭to‬‭social‬‭inclusion‬‭by‬‭providing‬‭opportunities‬‭for‬ ‭women to participate in economic activities.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Hindustan‬ ‭Unilever’s‬ ‭Project‬ ‭Shakti:‬ ‭Empowers‬ ‭rural‬ ‭women‬ ‭by‬ ‭training‬ ‭them‬ ‭to‬ ‭become micro-entrepreneurs.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭PepsiCo:‬ ‭Their‬ ‭programs‬ ‭have‬ ‭reached‬ ‭over‬ ‭50,000‬ ‭women,‬ ‭offering‬ ‭training‬ ‭in‬ ‭agriculture, business skills, and leadership.‬ ‭‬ ‭Environmental‬ ‭Sustainability:‬ ‭CSR‬ ‭projects‬ ‭promoting‬ ‭environmental‬ ‭sustainability‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭economic‬‭development‬‭does‬‭not‬‭come‬‭at‬‭the‬‭cost‬‭of‬‭environmental‬‭degradation,‬‭benefiting‬‭both‬ ‭current and future generations.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭ITC‬ ‭Limited:‬ ‭Their‬ ‭projects‬ ‭focus‬ ‭on‬ ‭watershed‬ ‭development,‬ ‭afforestation,‬ ‭and‬ ‭sustainable agriculture, benefiting over 6 million farmers.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Wipro:‬ ‭Their‬ ‭sustainability‬ ‭initiatives‬ ‭include‬ ‭reducing‬ ‭carbon‬ ‭footprint‬ ‭and‬ ‭water‬ ‭conservation.‬ ‭‬ ‭Rural‬‭Development:‬‭Supporting‬‭rural‬‭development‬‭projects‬‭helps‬‭bridge‬‭the‬‭urban-rural‬‭divide,‬ ‭promoting balanced regional development and ensuring that growth benefits rural areas.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Mahindra‬ ‭&‬ ‭Mahindra:‬ ‭Their‬ ‭"Project‬ ‭Hariyali"‬ ‭has‬ ‭planted‬ ‭over‬ ‭18‬ ‭million‬ ‭trees,‬ ‭improving rural landscapes and providing sustainable livelihoods.‬ ‭▪‬ ‭Aditya‬ ‭Birla‬ ‭Group:‬ ‭Their‬ ‭initiatives‬ ‭in‬ ‭healthcare‬ ‭camps,‬ ‭education‬ ‭programs,‬ ‭and‬ ‭infrastructure‬‭development‬‭have‬‭transformed‬‭the‬‭lives‬‭of‬‭over‬‭7.5‬‭million‬‭people‬‭in‬‭rural‬ ‭areas.‬ I‭mpact of Capitalism and Neo Liberal Policies (LPG reforms) in Inclusive Growth‬ ‭Positive Impacts‬ ‭‬ ‭Economic Growth‬ ‭o‬ ‭GDP Growth‬‭: India's GDP growth for 2022-23 was 7.0%,‬‭with projections for 2023-24 at‬ ‭7.6%, indicating sustained robust performance​​.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)‬‭: Although specific‬‭figures for 2023 are not available,‬ ‭ongoing economic momentum suggests a positive environment for foreign investment.‬ ‭‬ ‭Job Creation‬‭: The IT and service sectors expanded‬‭significantly, with services like finance and‬ ‭real estate growing by 12.2% in early 2023, reflecting strong job creation potential​​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Infrastructure Development‬‭: The National Infrastructure‬‭Pipeline, with plans to invest $1.4‬ ‭trillion by 2025, supports sustained economic growth and regional job creation.‬ ‭‬ ‭Health and Education‬‭: Spending in these crucial sectors‬‭remains below 3% of GDP each, with‬ ‭potential for increase aligned with ongoing economic growth.‬ ‭Negative Impacts‬ ‭‬ ‭Income Inequality and Regional Disparities‬ ‭o‬ ‭Wealth Distribution‬‭: The richest 1% of Indians own‬‭40.1% of national wealth, indicating‬ ‭extreme wealth concentration, much higher than in countries like the US or Brazil​.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Access to Services‬‭: Disparities are evident in healthcare‬‭and education, with millions‬ ‭unable to afford necessary healthcare, pushing many into poverty annually​(Oxfam‬ ‭International)​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Labor Market Issues‬ ‭o‬ ‭Precarious Employment‬‭: A significant portion of the‬‭workforce in the informal sector‬ ‭lacks job security and social benefits, impacting economic stability​​.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Gender Disparities‬‭: Women face higher unemployment‬‭and underemployment, often in‬ ‭insecure and lower-paying jobs​(Oxfam International)​.‬ ‭‬ ‭Environmental Concerns‬  ‭o‬ R ‭ esource Depletion and Pollution‬‭: Overexploitation of resources and inadequate urban‬ ‭planning have led to severe environmental degradation, particularly in urban areas like‬ ‭Delhi​​.‬ ‭Way Forward‬ ‭‬ E ‭ nhance‬ ‭Educational‬ ‭Access‬ ‭and‬ ‭Quality:‬ ‭Fully‬ ‭implement‬ ‭the‬ ‭National‬ ‭Education‬ ‭Policy,‬ ‭focusing‬ ‭on‬ ‭vocational‬ ‭training,‬ ‭instruction‬ ‭in‬ ‭vernacular‬ ‭languages,‬ ‭and‬ ‭strengthening‬ ‭school‬ ‭complexes.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Expand‬ ‭digital‬ ‭education‬ ‭platforms‬ ‭like‬ ‭SWAYAM‬ ‭and‬‭DIKSHA‬‭to‬‭improve‬‭educational‬ ‭outreach, particularly in remote areas.‬ ‭‬ ‭Increase‬ ‭Social‬ ‭Welfare‬ ‭Funding:‬ ‭Boost‬ ‭social‬ ‭welfare‬ ‭spending‬ ‭by‬ ‭utilizing‬ ‭funds‬ ‭from‬ ‭disinvestment‬ ‭proceeds.‬ ‭Foster‬ ‭partnerships‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭civil‬ ‭society‬ ‭and‬ ‭corporate‬ ‭sector‬ ‭to‬ ‭enhance contributions to social programs.‬ ‭‬ ‭Expand‬ ‭E-Governance‬ ‭and‬ ‭Digital‬ ‭Services:‬ ‭Accelerate‬ ‭the‬ ‭deployment‬ ‭of‬ ‭digital‬ ‭infrastructure‬ ‭to‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭that‬ ‭services‬ ‭like‬ ‭e-Learning,‬ ‭e-Governance,‬ ‭and‬ ‭telemedicine‬ ‭are‬ ‭accessible‬‭in‬‭the‬‭remotest‬‭parts‬‭of‬‭the‬‭country.‬‭Example:‬‭The‬‭e-Sanjeevani‬‭platform's‬‭success‬ ‭in providing healthcare solutions remotely.‬ ‭‬ ‭Bridging‬‭Rural-Urban‬‭Divide:‬‭To‬‭bridge‬‭the‬‭rural-urban‬‭divide‬‭for‬‭inclusive‬‭growth‬‭in‬‭India,‬‭key‬ ‭strategies‬‭include‬‭improving‬‭infrastructure‬‭like‬‭roads‬‭and‬‭digital‬‭connectivity,‬‭enhancing‬‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭quality‬ ‭education‬ ‭and‬ ‭healthcare,‬ ‭and‬ ‭supporting‬‭rural‬‭economies‬‭through‬‭agricultural‬‭hubs‬ ‭and MSME development.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Household‬ ‭Consumption‬ ‭Expenditure‬ ‭Survey‬ ‭of‬ ‭2022-23‬‭highlights‬‭that‬‭rural-urban‬ ‭divide‬ ‭in‬ ‭MPCE‬ ‭(Monthly‬ ‭Per‬ ‭Capita‬ ‭Consumption‬ ‭Expenditure)‬ ‭has‬ ‭decline‬ ‭considerably.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Within‬‭rural‬‭and‬‭urban‬‭areas,‬‭the‬‭consumption‬‭of‬‭the‬‭lowest‬‭5%‬‭of‬‭the‬‭MPCE‬‭population‬ ‭grew at a faster rate than the top 5%, pointing to a decline in economic inequality.‬ ‭‬ ‭Address‬ ‭intra-generational‬ ‭and‬ ‭inter-generational‬ ‭issues‬ ‭of‬ ‭equity:‬ ‭Inclusive‬ ‭growth‬ ‭in‬ ‭India necessitates addressing both intra-generational and inter-generational equity.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Intra-generational‬ ‭equity‬ ‭refers‬ ‭to‬ ‭fairness‬ ‭among‬ ‭individuals‬ ‭within‬ ‭the‬ ‭same‬ ‭generation,‬ ‭focusing‬ ‭on‬ ‭reducing‬ ‭disparities‬ ‭in‬ ‭current‬ ‭populations.‬ ‭For‬ ‭ex:‬ ‭disparity‬ ‭between‬ ‭urban‬ ‭and‬ ‭rural‬ ‭populations‬ ‭in‬ ‭terms‬ ‭of‬ ‭access‬ ‭of‬ ‭various‬ ‭services‬ ‭and‬ ‭opportunities.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Inter-generational‬ ‭equity‬ ‭looks‬ ‭at‬ ‭fairness‬ ‭across‬ ‭different‬ ‭generations,‬ ‭ensuring‬ ‭that‬ ‭future generations inherit a sustainable world.‬ ‭‬ ‭For‬ ‭example,‬ ‭the‬ ‭current‬ ‭exploitation‬ ‭of‬ ‭natural‬ ‭resources‬ ‭compromises‬ ‭the‬ ‭ability of future generations to meet their needs.‬ ‭‬ ‭Reform‬ ‭Key‬ ‭Sectors:‬ ‭Undertake‬ ‭systemic‬ ‭reforms‬ ‭in‬ ‭labor‬ ‭laws,‬ ‭agriculture,‬ ‭and‬ ‭land‬ ‭acquisition in a manner that respects democratic consensus and promotes fair practices.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Encourage‬ ‭states‬ ‭to‬ ‭adopt‬ ‭model‬ ‭agricultural‬ ‭laws‬ ‭that‬ ‭increase‬ ‭farmers'‬ ‭income‬ ‭and‬ ‭provide more market freedom.‬ ‭‬ ‭Support‬ ‭Innovation‬ ‭and‬ ‭Research:‬ ‭Enhance‬ ‭funding‬ ‭and‬ ‭policy‬ ‭support‬ ‭for‬ ‭startups‬ ‭and‬ ‭research‬ ‭institutions.‬ ‭Establish‬ ‭innovation‬ ‭hubs‬ ‭and‬ ‭incubators‬ ‭in‬ ‭collaboration‬ ‭with‬ ‭leading‬ ‭academic institutions and industry leaders.‬ ‭‬ ‭Promote‬ ‭Employment‬ ‭Generation:‬ ‭Incentivize‬ ‭sectors‬ ‭with‬ ‭high‬ ‭employment‬ ‭potential‬ ‭like‬ ‭manufacturing‬ ‭and‬ ‭services‬ ‭through‬ ‭subsidies,‬ ‭tax‬‭breaks,‬‭and‬‭infrastructure‬‭support.‬‭Support‬ ‭small and medium enterprises (SMEs) through easier credit facilities and market access.‬ ‭‬ ‭Strengthen‬ ‭Social‬ ‭Protection‬ ‭Programs:‬ ‭Extend‬ ‭and‬ ‭deepen‬ ‭the‬ ‭reach‬ ‭of‬ ‭MGNREGA‬ ‭and‬ ‭the Public Distribution System to cover more vulnerable populations.‬  ‭o‬ I‭mprove‬‭healthcare‬‭coverage‬‭under‬‭schemes‬‭like‬‭PMJAY‬‭to‬‭include‬‭more‬‭diseases‬‭and‬ ‭higher reimbursement for medical expenses.‬ ‭‬ ‭Drive‬ ‭Financial‬ ‭Inclusion:‬ ‭Expand‬ ‭the‬ ‭reach‬ ‭of‬ ‭financial‬ ‭services‬ ‭to‬ ‭unbanked‬ ‭areas,‬ ‭promoting schemes like Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Leverage‬ ‭technology‬ ‭to‬ ‭provide‬ ‭mobile‬ ‭banking‬ ‭services,‬ ‭ensuring‬ ‭that‬ ‭financial‬ ‭products are accessible to all.‬ ‭‬ ‭Empower‬ ‭Women‬ ‭Economically:‬ ‭Implement‬ ‭and‬ ‭enforce‬ ‭policies‬ ‭that‬ ‭support‬ ‭women’s‬ ‭participation‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭workforce,‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭equal‬ ‭pay,‬ ‭maternity‬ ‭benefits,‬ ‭and‬ ‭anti-discrimination‬ ‭laws.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Promote‬ ‭women-led‬ ‭enterprises‬ ‭through‬ ‭dedicated‬ ‭financial‬ ‭products‬ ‭and‬ ‭marketing‬ ‭platforms.‬ ‭o‬ ‭Utilize‬ ‭successful‬ ‭models‬ ‭like‬ ‭Kerala’s‬ ‭Kudumbashree,‬ ‭a‬ ‭community-based‬ ‭women‬ ‭empowerment project, as a template for other states.‬ ‭‬ ‭Modernize‬ ‭Agriculture:‬ ‭Support‬ ‭precision‬‭agriculture‬‭techniques‬‭and‬‭sustainable‬‭practices‬‭to‬ ‭increase‬ ‭productivity.‬ ‭Improve‬ ‭rural‬ ‭infrastructure‬ ‭like‬ ‭roads‬ ‭and‬ ‭storage‬ ‭facilities‬ ‭to‬ ‭reduce‬ ‭post-harvest losses.‬ ‭‬ ‭Inclusive‬ ‭Governance:‬ ‭Enhance‬ ‭citizen‬ ‭participation,‬ ‭boost‬ ‭transparency,‬ ‭and‬ ‭combat‬ ‭corruption.‬ ‭Strengthen‬ ‭local‬ ‭self-governments‬ ‭and‬ ‭engage‬ ‭marginalized‬ ‭groups‬ ‭in‬ ‭policy-making.‬ ‭o‬ ‭The‬ ‭Union‬ ‭Budget‬ ‭2024‬ ‭prioritizes‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭development‬‭as‬‭its‬‭foremost‬‭goal,‬‭one‬‭of‬ ‭the seven key objectives for the‬‭"Amrit Kaal"‬‭period.‬ ‭o‬ ‭It‬‭aims‬‭to‬‭promote‬‭inclusive‬‭growth‬‭for‬‭youth,‬‭women,‬‭farmers,‬‭OBCs,‬‭Scheduled‬‭Castes‬ ‭and‬ ‭Tribes,‬ ‭the‬‭differently‬‭abled,‬‭economically‬‭weaker‬‭sections,‬‭and‬‭other‬‭marginalized‬ ‭groups.‬ ‭‬ ‭Private‬ ‭Sector‬ ‭Engagement:‬ ‭Promote‬ ‭Corporate‬ ‭Social‬ ‭Responsibility‬ ‭(CSR)‬ ‭that‬ ‭targets‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭growth.‬ ‭Motivate‬ ‭private‬ ‭sector‬ ‭investment‬ ‭in‬ ‭community‬ ‭development‬ ‭and‬ ‭social‬ ‭initiatives.‬ ‭‬ ‭Sensitization‬ ‭and‬ ‭Awareness:‬ ‭Increase‬ ‭public‬ ‭understanding‬ ‭and‬ ‭sensitivity‬ ‭towards‬ ‭inclusivity‬ ‭and‬ ‭equality.‬ ‭Implement‬ ‭campaigns‬ ‭and‬ ‭educational‬ ‭programs‬ ‭to‬ ‭challenge‬ ‭stereotypes and discrimination.‬ ‭We need I.N.C.L.U.S.I.V.E. growth‬ ‭‬ ‭I‬ ‭-‬ ‭Inclusion‬ ‭of‬ ‭all‬ ‭(SDG‬ ‭10:‬ ‭Reduced‬ ‭Inequalities‬‭):‬ ‭Emphasizing‬ ‭social,‬ ‭economic,‬ ‭and‬ ‭political‬ ‭inclusion‬ ‭of‬ ‭all‬ ‭irrespective‬ ‭of‬ ‭age,‬ ‭sex,‬ ‭disability,‬ ‭race,‬ ‭ethnicity,‬ ‭origin,‬ ‭religion,‬ ‭or‬ ‭economic status, supported by "‬‭Pradhan Mantri Jan‬‭Dhan Yojana"‬‭for financial inclusion.‬ ‭‬ ‭N‬ ‭-‬ ‭Nutrition‬ ‭and‬ ‭food‬ ‭security‬ ‭(SDG‬ ‭2:‬ ‭Zero‬ ‭Hunger):‬ ‭Addressing‬ ‭hunger‬ ‭and‬ ‭promoting‬ ‭sustainable agriculture through initiatives like the‬‭"National Food Security Act."‬ ‭‬ ‭C‬‭-‬‭Care‬‭for‬‭health‬‭(SDG‬‭3:‬‭Good‬‭Health‬‭and‬‭Well-being):‬‭Enhancing‬‭healthcare‬‭accessibility‬ ‭and‬ ‭quality‬ ‭through‬ ‭"Ayushman‬ ‭Bharat"‬ ‭and‬ ‭"Mission‬ ‭Indradhanush‬‭"‬ ‭for‬ ‭vaccination‬ ‭coverage.‬ ‭‬ ‭L‬ ‭-‬ ‭Learning‬ ‭opportunities‬ ‭(SDG‬ ‭4:‬ ‭Quality‬ ‭Education):‬ ‭Ensuring‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭and‬ ‭equitable‬ ‭quality‬ ‭education‬ ‭and‬ ‭promoting‬ ‭lifelong‬ ‭learning‬ ‭opportunities‬ ‭via‬ ‭"‭S ‬ arva‬ ‭Shiksha‬ ‭Abhiyan‬‭"‬ ‭and "‬‭Skill India."‬ ‭‬ ‭U‬ ‭-‬ ‭Upliftment‬ ‭of‬ ‭women‬ ‭(SDG‬ ‭5:‬ ‭Gender‬ ‭Equality):‬ ‭Promoting‬ ‭gender‬ ‭equality‬ ‭and‬ ‭empowering‬ ‭all‬ ‭women‬ ‭and‬ ‭girls‬ ‭through‬ ‭"‭B ‬ eti‬ ‭Bachao,‬ ‭Beti‬ ‭Padhao‬‭"‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭"Nirbhaya‬ ‭Fund."‬ ‭‬ ‭S‬ ‭-‬ ‭Sustainable‬ ‭economic‬ ‭growth‬ ‭(SDG‬ ‭8:‬ ‭Decent‬ ‭Work‬ ‭and‬ ‭Economic‬ ‭Growth):‬ ‭Encouraging‬ ‭sustained,‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭economic‬ ‭growth‬ ‭and‬ ‭full‬ ‭and‬ ‭productive‬ ‭employment‬ ‭with‬  "‭ Make‬ ‭in‬ ‭India"‬ ‭and‬ ‭supporting‬ ‭youth‬ ‭employment‬ ‭through‬ ‭"‭N ‬ ational‬ ‭Youth‬ ‭Empowerment‬ ‭Scheme."‬ ‭‬ ‭I‬‭-‬‭Inequality‬‭reduction‬‭(SDG‬‭10:‬‭Reduced‬‭Inequalities‬‭again):‬‭Focusing‬‭on‬‭empowering‬‭and‬ ‭promoting‬ ‭the‬ ‭inclusion‬ ‭of‬ ‭all,‬ ‭especially‬ ‭marginalized‬ ‭groups‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭SC,‬ ‭ST,‬ ‭OBC,‬ ‭and‬ ‭minorities, with laws like the "‬‭Scheduled Castes and‬‭Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act‬‭."‬ ‭ ‬ ‭V‬ ‭-‬ ‭Viable‬ ‭urban‬ ‭development‬ ‭(SDG‬ ‭11:‬ ‭Sustainable‬ ‭Cities‬ ‭and‬ ‭Communities)‬‭:‬‭Aiming‬‭to‬ ‭make‬ ‭cities‬ ‭inclusive,‬ ‭safe,‬ ‭resilient,‬ ‭and‬ ‭sustainable‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭"Smart‬ ‭Cities‬ ‭Mission‬‭"‬ ‭and‬ ‭improving housing conditions through "‬‭Pradhan Mantri‬‭Awas Yojana."‬ ‭‬ ‭E‬ ‭-‬ ‭Equitable‬ ‭justice‬ ‭and‬ ‭strong‬ ‭institutions‬ ‭(SDG‬ ‭16:‬ ‭Peace,‬ ‭Justice,‬ ‭and‬ ‭Strong‬ ‭Institutions):‬‭Promoting‬‭peaceful‬‭and‬‭inclusive‬‭societies,‬‭providing‬‭access‬‭to‬‭justice‬‭for‬‭all,‬‭and‬ ‭building‬‭effective,‬‭accountable‬‭institutions‬‭at‬‭all‬‭levels‬‭through‬‭"Digital‬‭India"‬‭and‬‭oversight‬‭by‬ ‭the‬‭"Central Vigilance Commission."‬ ‭ orld Economic Forum (WEF) on Promoting Inclusive Growth‬ W ‭World‬‭Economic‬‭Forum‬‭recommended‬‭following‬‭three‬‭steps‬‭to‬‭promote‬‭social‬‭inclusion‬‭and‬‭economic‬ ‭growth:‬ ‭‬ ‭Capacity‬‭Building:‬‭Governments‬‭should‬‭enhance‬‭the‬‭skills‬‭of‬‭their‬‭citizens‬‭to‬‭foster‬‭public‬‭and‬ ‭private investment, crucial for boosting productivity growth sustainably.‬ ‭‬ ‭Labor‬ ‭Regulation‬ ‭Modernization:‬ ‭It‬ ‭is‬ ‭important‬ ‭for‬ ‭governments‬ ‭to‬ ‭update‬ ‭labor‬ ‭laws‬ ‭and‬ ‭cooperate‬ ‭with‬ ‭employer‬ ‭and‬ ‭worker‬ ‭groups.‬ ‭This‬ ‭impacts‬ ‭employment,‬ ‭compensation‬ ‭distribution, purchasing power, and overall economic demand.‬ ‭‬ ‭Investment‬‭in‬‭Social‬‭Benefits:‬‭Governments‬‭need‬‭to‬‭increase‬‭public‬‭and‬‭private‬‭investments‬ ‭in‬ ‭labor-intensive‬ ‭sectors‬ ‭such‬‭as‬‭sustainable‬‭infrastructure,‬‭water,‬‭electricity,‬‭digital‬‭platforms,‬ ‭transportation, healthcare, and education. This will provide widespread social advantages.‬ ‭ ITI Aayog on Achieving Inclusive Growth‬ N ‭NITI‬ ‭Aayog‬ ‭in‬ ‭its‬ ‭Strategy‬ ‭for‬ ‭New‬ ‭India‬ ‭@75‬ ‭provided‬ ‭a‬ ‭blueprint‬ ‭for‬ ‭achieving‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭growth‬ ‭in‬ ‭India. Key recommendations are-‬ ‭‬ ‭To‬ ‭have‬ ‭an‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭development‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭cities‬ ‭to‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭that‬ ‭urban‬ ‭poor‬ ‭and‬ ‭slum‬ ‭dwellers‬ ‭including recent migrants can avail city services.‬ ‭‬ ‭To‬‭make‬‭schools‬‭more‬‭inclusive‬‭by‬‭addressing‬‭the‬‭barriers‬‭related‬‭to‬‭the‬‭physical‬‭environment‬ ‭(e.g. accessible toilets), admission procedures as well as curriculum design.‬ ‭‬ ‭To make higher education more inclusive for the most vulnerable groups.‬ ‭‬ ‭To‬ ‭provide‬ ‭quality‬ ‭ambulatory‬ ‭services‬ ‭for‬ ‭an‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭package‬ ‭of‬ ‭diagnostic,‬ ‭curative,‬ ‭rehabilitative and palliative care, close to the people.‬ ‭Conclusion‬ ‭India's‬ ‭commitment‬ ‭to‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭growth‬ ‭aligns‬ ‭with‬ ‭Sustainable‬ ‭Development‬ ‭Goals,‬ ‭constitutional‬ ‭values,‬ ‭and‬ ‭national‬ ‭policies‬ ‭like‬ ‭'Sabka‬ ‭Saath‬ ‭Sabka‬ ‭Vikas'‬‭,‬ ‭targeting‬ ‭a‬ ‭poverty‬ ‭rate‬ ‭reduction‬ ‭to‬ ‭about‬ ‭5%.‬ ‭This‬ ‭progress‬ ‭reflects‬ ‭robust‬ ‭policy‬ ‭initiatives‬ ‭across‬ ‭states‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬‭Uttar‬‭Pradesh,‬‭Bihar,‬ ‭and‬ ‭Madhya‬ ‭Pradesh,‬ ‭significantly‬ ‭lifting‬ ‭millions‬ ‭from‬ ‭multidimensional‬ ‭poverty​​.‬ ‭Looking‬ ‭ahead,‬ ‭continued‬ ‭efforts‬ ‭towards‬ ‭economic‬ ‭equity‬ ‭and‬ ‭social‬ ‭welfare‬ ‭are‬ ‭key‬ ‭to‬ ‭achieving‬ ‭sustainable‬ ‭and‬ ‭inclusive development for all citizens.‬ ‭International Best Practices of Inclusive Development‬ ‭‬ ‭Singapore’s‬ ‭Skill’s‬ ‭Future‬ ‭initiative:‬ ‭focuses‬ ‭on‬ ‭continuous‬ ‭learning‬ ‭where‬‭citizens‬‭receive‬ ‭credits to attend courses that improve their job prospects.‬ ‭o‬ ‭This‬ ‭program‬ ‭supports‬ ‭career‬ ‭transitions‬ ‭and‬ ‭upskilling,‬ ‭adapting‬ ‭to‬ ‭technological‬ ‭changes and global economic shifts.‬  ‭‬ S ‭ ocial‬ ‭Business‬ ‭and‬ ‭Entrepreneurship‬ ‭(Bangladesh)‬‭:‬ ‭The‬ ‭concept‬ ‭of‬ ‭social‬ ‭business‬ ‭popularized‬ ‭by‬ ‭Nobel‬ ‭Peace‬ ‭Prize‬ ‭laureate‬ ‭Muhammad‬ ‭Yunus‬ ‭in‬ ‭Bangladesh,‬ ‭focuses‬ ‭on‬ ‭solving‬ ‭social‬ ‭problems‬ ‭through‬ ‭business‬ ‭techniques,‬ ‭including‬ ‭microfinance‬ ‭and‬ ‭social‬ ‭entrepreneurship.‬ ‭o‬ ‭These‬ ‭businesses‬ ‭reinvest‬ ‭profits‬ ‭to‬ ‭expand‬ ‭their‬ ‭reach‬ ‭and‬ ‭improve‬ ‭the‬ ‭community,‬ ‭promoting sustainable economic development.‬ ‭‬ ‭South‬ ‭Korea’s‬ ‭extensive‬ ‭investment‬ ‭in‬ ‭digital‬ ‭infrastructure‬ ‭and‬ ‭education:‬ ‭ensures‬ ‭widespread internet access and technological literacy.‬ ‭o‬ ‭The‬ ‭government‬ ‭supports‬ ‭programs‬ ‭to‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭elderly‬ ‭citizens‬ ‭and‬ ‭other‬ ‭vulnerable‬ ‭groups‬‭are‬‭not‬‭left‬‭behind‬‭in‬‭the‬‭digital‬‭era,‬‭promoting‬‭participation‬‭and‬‭access‬‭to‬‭digital‬ ‭services.‬ ‭‬ ‭Conditional‬ ‭Cash‬ ‭Transfers‬ ‭(Brazil‬ ‭and‬ ‭Mexico)‬‭:‬ ‭Programs‬ ‭like‬ ‭Brazil’s‬ ‭Bolsa‬ ‭Família‬‭and‬ ‭Mexico’s‬ ‭Oportunidades‬ ‭provide‬ ‭financial‬ ‭aid‬ ‭to‬ ‭poor‬ ‭families‬ ‭under‬ ‭the‬ ‭condition‬ ‭that‬ ‭they‬ ‭comply‬ ‭with‬ ‭certain‬ ‭requirements,‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭ensuring‬ ‭children‬ ‭attend‬ ‭school‬ ‭and‬ ‭receive‬ ‭vaccinations.‬ ‭o‬ ‭These‬ ‭programs‬ ‭have‬ ‭significantly‬ ‭contributed‬ ‭to‬ ‭reducing‬ ‭child‬ ‭labor,‬ ‭improving‬ ‭educational outcomes, and enhancing health conditions among the poorest populations.‬ ‭‬ ‭Germany’s‬‭social‬‭urban‬‭development‬‭programs‬‭focus‬‭on‬‭revitalizing‬‭underdeveloped‬‭areas‬ ‭without displacing local populations.‬ ‭o‬ ‭These‬‭initiatives‬‭promote‬‭