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UPSC CSE 2024/25 GS-3 MAINS MODULE By Dr. Shivin Chaudhary Merged PDF â€Inclusive Growth‬ â€PYQs‬ â€1.‬ W †ith‬ â€a‬ â€consideration‬ â€towards‬ â€the‬ â€strategy‬ â€of‬ â€inclusive‬ â€growth,‬ â€the‬â€new‬â€companies‬â€bill,‬â€20...
UPSC CSE 2024/25 GS-3 MAINS MODULE By Dr. Shivin Chaudhary Merged PDF â€Inclusive Growth‬ â€PYQs‬ â€1.‬ W †ith‬ â€a‬ â€consideration‬ â€towards‬ â€the‬ â€strategy‬ â€of‬ â€inclusive‬ â€growth,‬ â€the‬â€new‬â€companies‬â€bill,‬â€2013‬ â€has‬ â€indirectly‬ â€made‬ â€CSR‬ â€a‬ â€mandatory‬ â€obligation‬â€.‬ â€Discuss‬ â€the‬ â€challenges‬ â€expected‬ â€in‬ â€its‬ â€implementation‬ â€in‬ â€right‬ â€earnest.‬ â€Also‬ â€discuss‬â€other‬â€provisions‬â€in‬â€the‬â€bill‬â€and‬â€their‬â€implications.‬ â€(‬â€ï»¿2013)‬ â€2.‬ â€Capitalism‬ â€has‬ â€guided‬ â€the‬ â€world‬ â€economy‬ â€to‬ â€unprecedented‬ â€prosperity.‬ â€However,‬ â€it‬ â€often‬ â€encourages‬â€shortsightedness‬â€and‬â€contributes‬â€to‬â€wide‬â€disparities‬â€between‬â€the‬â€rich‬â€and‬â€the‬â€poor.‬ â€In‬ â€this‬ â€light,‬ â€would‬ â€it‬ â€be‬ â€correct‬ â€to‬ â€believe‬ â€and‬ â€adopt‬â€capitalism‬â€driving‬â€inclusive‬â€growth‬â€in‬ â€India‬â€? Discuss. (‬â€ï»¿â€¬2014)‬ â€3.‬ â€Pradhan‬ â€Mantri‬ â€Jan-Dhan‬ â€Yojana‬ â€(PMJDY)‬ â€is‬ â€necessary‬ â€for‬ â€bringing‬ â€unbanked‬ â€to‬ â€the‬ â€institutional‬ â€finance‬ â€fold.‬ â€Do‬ â€you‬ â€agree‬ â€with‬ â€this‬ â€for‬ â€financial‬â€inclusion‬â€of‬â€the‬â€poorer‬â€section‬â€of‬ â€the Indian society? Give arguments to justify your opinion. (‬â€ï»¿â€¬2016)‬ â€4.‬ â€Comment‬ â€on‬ â€the‬ â€challenges‬ â€for‬ â€inclusive‬ â€growth‬ â€which‬ â€include‬ â€careless‬ â€and‬ â€useless‬ â€manpower‬ â€in‬ â€the‬ â€Indian‬ â€context.‬ â€Suggest‬ â€measures‬ â€to‬ â€be‬ â€taken‬ â€for‬ â€facing‬ â€these‬â€challenges.‬ â€(‬â€ï»¿2016)‬ â€5.‬ â€What‬ â€are‬ â€the‬ â€salient‬ â€features‬ â€of‬ â€â€˜inclusive‬ â€growth’‬â€?‬ â€Has‬ â€India‬ â€been‬ â€experiencing‬ â€such‬ â€a‬ â€growth process? Analyze and suggest measures for inclusive growth. (‬â€ï»¿â€¬2017)‬ â€6.‬ â€It‬ â€is‬ â€argued‬ â€that‬ â€the‬ â€strategy‬ â€of‬ â€inclusive‬ â€growth‬ â€is‬ â€intended‬ â€to‬ â€meet‬ â€the‬ â€objectives‬ â€of‬ â€inclusiveness and sustainability together. Comment on this statement. (‬â€ï»¿â€¬2019)‬ â€7.‬ â€Explain‬ â€intra-generational‬ â€and‬ â€inter-generational‬ â€issues‬ â€of‬ â€equity‬ â€from‬ â€the‬ â€perspective‬ â€of‬ â€inclusive growth and sustainable development. (‬â€ï»¿â€¬2020)‬ â€8.‬ â€Is‬ â€inclusive‬ â€growth‬ â€possible‬ â€under‬ â€market‬ â€economy‬â€?‬ â€State‬ â€the‬ â€significance‬ â€of‬ â€financial‬ â€inclusion‬â€in achieving economic growth in India. (‬â€ï»¿â€¬2022)‬ â€Introduction‬ Iâ€nclusive‬ â€growth‬ â€is‬ â€an‬ â€economic‬ â€model‬ â€that‬ â€ensures‬ â€the‬ â€equitable‬ â€distribution‬ â€of‬ â€prosperity‬ â€benefits‬ â€across‬ â€all‬ â€societal‬ â€segments,‬ â€aiming‬ â€to‬ â€reduce‬ â€poverty‬ â€and‬ â€inequality‬ â€by‬ â€providing‬ â€meaningful‬ â€opportunities‬â€for‬â€participation‬â€and‬â€contribution,‬â€regardless‬â€of‬â€one's‬â€economic,‬â€political,‬â€social,‬â€or‬â€cultural‬ â€background.‬ â€According‬ â€to‬ â€the‬ â€World‬ â€Bank‬ â€Inclusive‬ â€Growth‬ â€refers‬ â€both‬ â€to‬ â€the‬ â€pace‬ â€and‬ â€pattern‬ â€of‬ â€growth,‬ â€which‬ â€are‬ â€interlinked‬ â€and‬ â€must‬ â€be‬ â€addressed‬ â€together.‬ â€Indian‬ â€model‬ â€of‬ â€inclusive‬ â€growth‬ â€is‬ â€based‬ â€on‬ â€the‬ â€philosophy‬ â€of‬ â€Sabka‬ â€Sath,‬ â€Sabka‬ â€Vikas,‬ â€Sabka‬ â€Vishwas,‬ â€Sabka‬ â€Prayas‬â€.‬ â€Rooted‬ â€in‬ â€collaborative‬ â€governance,‬ â€Indian‬ â€model‬ â€of‬ â€inclusive‬ â€growth‬ â€aims‬ â€to‬ â€ensure‬ â€that‬ â€the‬ â€benefits‬ â€of‬ â€development reach every citizen equally.‬ â€Constitutional Provisions related to Inclusive Growth‬ â€â€¬ â€Article‬ â€38‬â€:‬ â€Mandates‬ â€the‬ â€state‬ â€to‬ â€foster‬ â€social‬ â€order‬ â€by‬ â€promoting‬ â€welfare‬ â€and‬ â€minimizing income and status inequalities among people and groups.‬ â€â€¬ â€Article‬â€39‬â€:‬â€Directs‬â€the‬â€state‬â€to‬â€ensure‬â€equitable‬â€distribution‬â€of‬â€resources‬â€and‬â€prevent‬ â€the concentration of wealth, promoting an adequate livelihood for all.‬ â€â€¬ â€Article‬ â€41‬â€:‬ â€Requires‬ â€the‬ â€state‬ â€to‬ â€provide‬ â€the‬ â€right‬ â€to‬ â€work,‬ â€education,‬ â€and‬ â€public‬ â€assistance‬ â€for‬ â€unemployment,‬ â€old‬ â€age,‬ â€sickness,‬ â€and‬ â€disablement‬ â€based‬ â€on‬ â€its‬ â€capacity.‬ â€â€¬ â€Article‬ â€46‬â€:‬ â€Aims‬ â€to‬ â€enhance‬ â€the‬ â€educational‬â€and‬â€economic‬â€well-being‬â€of‬â€Scheduled‬ †astes,‬ â€Scheduled‬ â€Tribes,‬ â€and‬ â€other‬ â€weaker‬ â€sections,‬ â€protecting‬ â€them‬ â€from‬ C â€exploitation.‬ â€â€¬ â€Article‬ â€47‬â€:‬ â€Obligates‬ â€the‬ â€state‬ â€to‬ â€improve‬ â€public‬ â€health‬ â€and‬ â€raise‬ â€the‬ â€nutrition‬ â€and‬ â€living standards of its citizens.‬ â€India’s Performance on various Inclusive Growth Indicators‬ â€Indicator‬ †ata/Valu‬ D â€Year/Source‬ â€e‬ â€Unemployment Rate‬ â€7.6%‬ †arch‬â€2024,‬â€Centre‬â€for‬â€Monitoring‬â€Indian‬ M â€Economy (CMIE)‬ â€Labor‬ â€Force‬ â€Participation‬ â€Rate‬ â€37%‬ â€Periodic‬ â€Labour‬ â€Force‬ â€Survey‬ â€Report‬ â€(Women)‬ â€2022-23‬ â€Literacy Rate‬ â€77.7%‬ â€2017-18, National Statistical Commission‬ â€Financial Inclusion‬ â€60.1%‬ â€RBI’s Financial Inclusion (FI) Index 2023‬ â€Performance‬ â€w.r.t.‬ â€Climate‬ â€7â€t‬h‬ â€Position‬ â€Climate‬ â€Change‬ â€Performance‬ â€Index‬ â€Change‬ â€(CCPI) 2024‬ â€Gini Coefficient‬ â€0.4197‬ â€2022-2023‬ †arameter‬ P †escription‬ D †ata/Facts‬ D â€Economic Growth‬ â€GDP Growth Rate‬ â€7.6% in 2023-24, indicating robust economic activity‬ â€(Source: National Statistical Office)‬ †overty‬ P †eduction in‬ R †ecreased from 29.17% in 2013-14 to 11.28% in‬ D â€Reduction‬ â€Multidimensional‬ â€2022-23; 24.82 crore people moved out of poverty‬ â€Poverty‬ â€(Source: NITI Aayog)‬ †uman‬ H â€Human Development‬ â€HDI value of 0.644 in 2022, placing India 134th globally‬ â€Development‬ â€Index (HDI)‬ â€(Source: UNDP)‬ â€Gender Inclusion‬ †ocus on Women's‬ F †ver 430,000 individuals impacted by SIG's‬ O â€Empowerment‬ â€interventions, 62% women; 48% of 52,000+ enterprises‬ â€women-owned (Source: UNDP)‬ †gricultural‬ A Iâ€nsurance and Credit‬ P †radhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) covered‬ â€Development‬ â€Inclusivity for Farmers‬ â€31.7 million farmers in 2022-23 (Source: UNDP)‬ â€Education Access‬ Q†uality and‬ †nrolment rate in primary education reached 96% by‬ E â€Accessibility of‬ â€2023 (Source: Ministry of Education)‬ â€Education‬ â€Healthcare‬ â€Improvements in‬ †yushman Bharat scheme covered over 50 million‬ A â€Accessibility‬ â€Public Health‬ â€people by 2024 (Source: Ministry of Health and Family‬ â€Infrastructure‬ â€Welfare)‬ â€Employment‬ â€Job Creation and Skill‬ â€Skill India mission trained over 40 million people by‬ â€Opportunities‬ â€Development‬ â€2023 (Source: Ministry of Skill Development and‬ â€Entrepreneurship)‬ â€Social Protection‬ †ccess to Social‬ A â€National Social Assistance Programme expanded to‬ â€Security Schemes‬ â€cover 20 million more individuals by 2024 (Source:‬ â€Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment)‬ †rban‬ U †ustainable Urban‬ S †mart Cities Mission initiated 100 smart city projects‬ S â€Development‬ â€Growth and Smart‬ â€focusing on sustainable urban planning (Source:‬ â€Cities‬ â€Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs)‬ †ural‬ R †nhancement of‬ E †radhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)‬ P â€Development‬ â€Rural Infrastructure‬ â€connected 95% of habitations by roads as of 2024‬ â€and Services‬ â€(Source: Ministry of Rural Development)‬ †nvironmental‬ E †reen Energy‬ G †ational Solar Mission expanded solar capacity to 40‬ N â€Sustainability‬ â€Initiatives and‬ â€GW by 2024 (Source: Ministry of New and Renewable‬ â€Conservation‬ â€Energy)‬ †echnological‬ T â€Digital Inclusion and‬ â€Digital India initiative resulted in over 70% internet‬ â€Advancement‬ â€Innovation‬ â€penetration across rural and urban areas by 2024‬ â€(Source: Ministry of Electronics and Information‬ â€Technology)‬ â€Cultural Diversity‬ †reservation and‬ P â€'Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat' initiative enhanced‬ â€Promotion of Cultural‬ â€inter-state cultural exchange (Source: Ministry of‬ â€Heritage‬ â€Culture)‬ â€Income inequality in India‬ â€â€¬ â€As‬â€of‬â€2022-2023,‬â€the‬â€top‬â€1%‬â€of‬â€the‬â€population‬â€in‬â€India‬â€holds‬â€22.6%‬â€of‬â€the‬â€country's‬â€income‬ â€and‬ â€40.1%‬ â€of‬ â€its‬ â€wealth,‬ â€which‬ â€are‬ â€the‬ â€highest‬ â€levels‬ â€in‬ â€the‬â€country's‬â€history. This‬â€is‬â€also‬ â€among the highest shares in the world, higher than South Africa and Brazil. ‬ â€â€¬ â€The‬ â€top‬ â€10%‬ â€of‬ â€the‬ â€population‬ â€holds‬ â€77%‬ â€of‬ â€the‬ â€country's‬ â€wealth,‬ â€while‬ â€the‬ â€bottom‬ â€50%‬ â€only‬â€has‬â€13%. The‬â€90/10‬â€ratio,‬â€which‬â€measures‬â€the‬â€ratio‬â€of‬â€the‬â€top‬â€10%‬â€to‬â€the‬â€bottom‬â€10%‬ â€of‬ â€incomes,‬ â€increased‬ â€from‬ â€6.7‬ â€in‬ â€2017-18‬ â€to‬ â€6.9‬ â€in‬â€2022-23.‬â€(‬â€Source:‬â€World‬â€Inequality‬ â€Report 2022‬â€)‬ â€Components of Inclusive Growth‬ â€â€¬ E †conomic‬â€Inclusion‬â€:‬â€Enhancing‬â€access‬â€to‬â€jobs,‬â€markets,‬â€and‬â€fair‬â€compensation‬â€through‬â€skills‬ â€training and job creation.‬ â€â€¬ â€Social‬ â€Inclusion‬â€:‬ â€Ensuring‬ â€equal‬ â€access‬ â€to‬ â€essential‬â€services‬â€like‬â€education,‬â€healthcare,‬â€and‬ â€housing, particularly for marginalized groups.‬ â€â€¬ â€Institutional‬ â€Inclusion‬â€:‬ â€Improving‬ â€governance‬ â€to‬ â€be‬ â€responsive‬ â€and‬ â€accountable‬ â€to‬ â€all,‬ â€especially the marginalized and vulnerable.‬ â€â€¬ â€Financial‬â€Inclusion‬â€:‬â€Expanding‬â€access‬â€to‬â€financial‬â€services‬â€such‬â€as‬â€banking‬â€and‬â€insurance‬â€to‬ â€underserved populations.‬ â€â€¬ â€Technological‬ â€Inclusion‬â€:‬ â€Reducing‬ â€the‬ â€digital‬ â€divide‬ â€by‬ â€ensuring‬ â€universal‬ â€access‬ â€to‬ â€digital‬ â€technologies and the internet.‬ â€â€¬ â€Gender‬â€Inclusion‬â€:‬â€Achieving‬â€gender‬â€equality‬â€in‬â€all‬â€spheres,‬â€allowing‬â€equal‬â€opportunities‬â€for‬â€all‬ â€genders.‬ â€â€¬ â€Geographic‬ â€Inclusion‬â€:‬ â€Promoting‬ â€equitable‬ â€development‬ â€across‬ â€all‬ â€regions,‬ â€addressing‬ â€disparities in infrastructure and investment.‬ â€â€¬ â€Political‬ â€Inclusion‬â€:‬ â€Ensuring‬ â€that‬ â€everyone‬ â€has‬ â€a‬ â€voice‬ â€in‬ â€political‬ â€processes‬ â€and‬ â€policy-making, fostering fair governance.‬ â€Salient Features of Inclusive Growth‬ â€â€¬ E †quitable‬â€Opportunities‬â€:‬â€Provides‬â€equal‬â€market‬â€access‬â€and‬â€removes‬â€barriers‬â€for‬â€marginalized‬ â€groups.‬ â€â€¬ â€Poverty‬â€Reduction‬â€:‬â€Targets‬â€poverty‬â€through‬â€social‬â€safety‬â€nets,‬â€job‬â€creation,‬â€and‬â€better‬â€access‬ â€to education and healthcare.‬ â€â€¬ â€Sustainable Development‬â€: Focuses on environmentally‬â€friendly growth strategies.‬ â€â€¬ â€Comprehensive‬ â€Employment‬â€:‬ â€Creates‬ â€productive‬ â€and‬ â€decent‬ â€jobs,‬ â€especially‬ â€for‬ â€underprivileged groups.‬ â€â€¬ â€Social‬â€Inclusion‬â€:‬â€Ensures‬â€participation‬â€of‬â€all‬â€societal‬â€groups,‬â€including‬â€women,‬â€minorities,‬â€and‬ â€the disabled.‬ â€â€¬ â€Regional Balance‬â€: Reduces regional disparities in‬â€growth.‬ â€â€¬ â€Participation‬ â€and‬ â€Empowerment‬â€:‬ â€Encourages‬ â€stakeholder‬ â€involvement‬ â€in‬ â€decision-making‬ â€processes.‬ â€â€¬ â€Access‬ â€to‬ â€Services‬â€:‬ â€Ensures‬ â€availability‬ â€of‬ â€essential‬ â€services‬ â€like‬ â€health,‬ â€education,‬ â€and‬ â€finance to all.‬ â€â€¬ â€Good‬ â€Governance‬â€:‬ â€Promotes‬ â€transparency,‬ â€accountability,‬ â€and‬ â€efficiency‬ â€in‬ â€public‬ â€administration.‬ â€Strategy of Inclusive Growth‬â€(‬â€Objectives of inclusiveness‬â€and sustainability)‬ â€Strategy of Inclusive Growth (Objectives of inclusiveness and sustainability)‬ †conomic‬ E â€â€¬ s †ignificantly‬â€expanded‬â€financial‬â€access,‬â€opening‬â€more‬â€than‬â€50‬â€crore‬ â€Inclusiveness‬ â€bank‬â€accounts.‬â€This‬â€initiative‬â€has‬â€helped‬â€integrate‬â€a‬â€vast‬â€number‬â€of‬ â€Indians‬ â€into‬ â€the‬ â€banking‬ â€system,‬ â€facilitating‬ â€better‬ â€savings,‬ â€credit‬ â€availability, and financial security.‬ â€â€¬ â€MSMEs‬ â€Support‬â€:‬ â€The‬ â€Micro‬ â€Units‬ â€Development‬ â€&‬ â€Refinance‬ â€Agency‬ â€(MUDRA)‬ â€continues‬ â€to‬ â€empower‬ â€small‬ â€businesses‬ â€by‬ †roviding‬ â€essential‬ â€credit‬ â€support,‬ â€fostering‬ â€grassroots-level‬ p â€entrepreneurship and contributing to job creation.‬ †ocial‬ S â€â€¬ E †ducation‬â€and‬â€Skill‬â€Development‬â€:‬â€The‬â€Skill‬â€India‬â€Mission‬â€aims‬â€to‬ â€Inclusiveness‬ â€train‬ â€hundreds‬ â€of‬ â€millions,‬ â€equipping‬ â€them‬ â€with‬ â€skills‬ â€relevant‬ â€to‬ â€current‬ â€industrial‬ â€needs,‬ â€thus‬ â€enhancing‬ â€employability‬ â€and‬ â€productivity.‬ â€â€¬ â€Targeted‬ â€Programs‬ â€for‬ â€Disadvantaged‬ â€Groups‬â€:‬ â€The‬ â€Mahatma‬ â€Gandhi‬ â€National‬ â€Rural‬ â€Employment‬ â€Guarantee‬ â€Act‬ â€(MGNREGA)‬ â€supports‬ â€rural‬ â€households‬ â€by‬ â€providing‬ â€guaranteed‬ â€wage‬ â€employment,‬ â€thus‬ â€alleviating‬ â€rural‬ â€poverty‬ â€and‬ â€empowering‬ â€communities through consistent income.‬ †nvironmental‬ E â€â€¬ R †enewable‬ â€Energy‬ â€Projects‬â€:‬ â€Aligning‬ â€with‬ â€the‬ â€Paris‬ â€Agreement‬ â€Sustainability‬ â€goals,‬ â€India‬ â€targets‬ â€a‬ â€substantial‬ â€increase‬ â€in‬ â€renewable‬ â€energy‬ â€capacity,‬ â€aiming‬ â€for‬ â€175‬ â€GW‬ â€by‬ â€2022,‬ â€emphasizing‬ â€the‬ â€growth‬ â€in‬ â€solar and wind energy sectors.‬ â€â€¬ â€Smart‬ â€Cities‬ â€Mission‬â€:‬ â€This‬ â€project‬ â€plans‬ â€to‬ â€develop‬ â€100‬ â€smart‬ â€cities‬ â€across‬ â€India,‬ â€focusing‬ â€on‬ â€sustainable‬ â€urban‬ â€living‬ â€through‬ â€innovative and efficient infrastructure and services.‬ †conomic‬ E â€â€¬ Iâ€nfrastructure‬â€Development‬â€:‬â€Major‬â€infrastructure‬â€initiatives‬â€like‬â€the‬ â€Sustainability‬ â€Bharatmala‬ â€and‬ â€Sagarmala‬ â€projects‬ â€enhance‬ â€connectivity‬ â€and‬ â€support‬â€economic‬â€activities‬â€across‬â€urban‬â€and‬â€rural‬â€areas,‬â€crucial‬â€for‬ â€holistic economic growth.‬ â€â€¬ â€Agricultural‬ â€Reforms‬â€:‬ â€The‬ â€government's‬ â€focus‬ â€on‬ â€stabilizing‬ â€agricultural‬ â€income‬ â€through‬ â€various‬ â€supports‬ â€and‬ â€reforms‬ â€aims‬ â€to‬ â€reduce‬ â€dependency‬ â€on‬ â€unpredictable‬ â€monsoon‬ â€seasons‬ â€and‬ â€enhance productivity.‬ â€Need for Inclusive Growth‬ †ccessibility to‬ A â€â€¬ T †here's‬ â€a‬â€crucial‬â€gap‬â€in‬â€terms‬â€of‬â€accessibility‬â€and‬â€quality‬â€of‬â€core‬ â€Public Services‬ â€public‬ â€services‬ â€like‬ â€healthcare‬ â€and‬ â€education,‬ â€as‬ â€spending‬ â€remains low, which affects service delivery.‬ â€o‬ â€Health‬ â€Expenditure:‬ â€India's‬ â€spending‬ â€on‬ â€health‬ â€as‬ â€a‬ â€percentage‬ â€of‬ â€its‬ â€GDP‬ â€was‬â€2.1%‬â€for‬â€the‬â€fiscal‬â€year‬â€2023‬ â€according to budget estimates.‬ â€o‬ â€Education‬ â€Expenditure:‬ â€the‬ â€allocation‬ â€for‬â€the‬â€education‬ â€and‬ â€the‬ â€higher‬ â€education‬ â€sector‬ â€was‬ â€just‬ â€about‬ â€2.9%‬ â€of‬ â€the‬â€country’s‬â€GDP‬â€for‬â€the‬â€fiscal‬â€year‬â€2023.‬â€Countries‬â€such‬ â€as‬â€the‬â€United‬â€States‬â€and‬â€the‬â€United‬â€Kingdom‬â€spends‬â€6%‬ â€& 4.2% of GDP on education.‬ â€Nutrition and Health‬ â€â€¬ Iâ€ndia‬ â€is‬ â€still‬ â€facing‬ â€widespread‬ â€health‬ â€problems‬ â€like‬ â€malnutrition‬ â€and‬ â€undernourishment,‬ â€especially‬ â€among‬ â€marginalized‬ â€sections‬ â€such as adolescent girls.‬ â€o‬ T †he‬ â€latest‬â€data‬â€from‬â€the‬â€National‬â€Family‬â€Health‬â€Survey-5‬ â€(NFHS-5)‬ â€offers‬ â€insights‬ â€into‬ â€malnutrition‬ â€and‬ â€undernourishment‬â€among‬â€children‬â€in‬â€India:‬â€Stunting‬â€(low‬ â€height‬ â€for‬ â€age)‬â€-‬ â€35.5%,‬ â€Wasting‬ â€(low‬ â€weight‬ â€for‬ â€height)‬â€- 7.7%,‬â€Underweight children‬â€-32.1%.‬ †conomic and‬ E â€â€¬ T †here‬â€is‬â€significant‬â€intra-state‬â€and‬â€inter-state‬â€disparities‬â€reflected‬ â€Social Inequality‬ â€in‬ â€the‬ â€Human‬ â€Development‬ â€and‬ â€Per‬ â€Capita‬ â€Income‬ â€in‬ â€India,‬ â€demonstrating‬ â€the‬ â€urgent‬ â€need‬ â€for‬ â€policies‬ â€that‬ â€foster‬ â€equitable‬ â€growth.‬ â€o‬ â€In‬ â€the‬ â€Human‬ â€Development‬ â€Report‬ â€2023-24,‬ â€published‬ â€by‬â€UNDP,‬â€India‬â€ranked‬â€134‬â€out‬â€of‬â€193‬â€countries,‬â€showing‬ â€poor status of human development in India.‬ â€o‬ â€There‬â€is‬â€a‬â€widespread‬â€inter-state‬â€disparity‬â€in‬â€terms‬â€of‬â€per‬ â€capita‬ â€income.‬ â€In‬ â€2020-21‬ â€(based‬ â€on‬ â€current‬â€price),‬â€Goa‬ â€topped‬â€the‬â€Per‬â€Capita‬â€Income‬â€list‬â€(₹4,31,351)‬â€while‬â€Bihar‬ â€was at the bottom (₹43,605).‬ †gricultural and‬ A â€â€¬ â€The‬ â€agricultural‬ â€sector‬ â€exhibits‬ â€low‬ â€growth‬ â€rates‬ â€and‬ â€receives‬ â€Employment Issues‬ iâ€nadequate‬ â€policy‬ â€attention.‬ â€Moreover,‬ â€employment‬ â€quality‬ â€is‬ â€poor,‬ â€and‬ â€there‬ â€is‬ â€a‬ â€trend‬ â€towards‬ â€the‬ â€casualization‬ â€of‬ â€labor,‬ â€which undermines job security and living standards.‬ â€o‬ â€Informalization‬ â€of‬ â€Jobs:‬ â€According‬ â€to‬ â€the‬ â€India‬ â€Employment‬ â€Report‬ â€2024,‬ â€about‬ â€90%‬ â€of‬ â€workers‬ â€are‬ â€in‬ â€informal‬ â€jobs.‬ â€Additionally,‬ â€while‬ â€the‬ â€share‬ â€of‬ â€regular‬ â€employment‬ â€had‬ â€been‬ â€rising‬ â€since‬ â€2000,‬ â€it‬ â€began‬ â€to‬ â€decline after 2018.‬ â€Rural-Urban Divide‬ â€â€¬ tâ€he‬ â€gap‬ â€between‬ â€rural‬ â€and‬ â€urban‬ â€areas‬ â€in‬ â€terms‬ â€of‬ â€access‬ â€to‬ â€infrastructure, services, and opportunities.‬ â€o‬ â€The‬ â€"Internet‬ â€in‬ â€India‬ â€Report‬ â€2023"‬ â€notes‬ â€that‬ â€while‬ â€rural‬â€India‬â€has‬â€seen‬â€a‬â€surge‬â€in‬â€active‬â€internet‬â€users,‬â€their‬ â€access‬ â€to‬ â€digital‬ â€services‬ â€like‬ â€digital‬ â€payments‬ â€remains‬ â€limited,‬ â€with‬ â€only‬ â€about‬â€36%‬â€of‬â€such‬â€users‬â€based‬â€in‬â€rural‬ â€areas.‬ †ender & Social‬ G â€â€¬ Iâ€nclusive‬ â€growth‬ â€must‬ â€address‬ â€gender‬ â€disparities‬ â€and‬ â€ensure‬ â€Inequalities‬ â€equal opportunities for all social groups.‬ â€o‬ â€On‬â€the‬â€Gender‬â€Inequality‬â€Index‬â€(GII)‬â€2022,‬â€India‬â€ranked‬ â€at 108 out of 193 countries with a score of 0.437.‬ †ustainable‬ S â€â€¬ E †conomic‬ â€growth‬ â€must‬ â€be‬ â€sustainable‬ â€and‬ â€environmentally‬ â€Development:‬ â€conscious.‬â€Sustainable‬â€development‬â€is‬â€vital‬â€for‬â€inclusive‬â€growth‬â€&‬ â€long-term prosperity.‬ â€o‬ â€As‬ â€of‬ â€the‬ â€fiscal‬ â€year‬ â€2023,‬ â€a‬ â€substantial‬ â€73%‬ â€of‬ â€the‬ â€country's‬ â€electricity‬ â€generation‬ â€still‬ â€comes‬ â€from‬ â€coal‬ â€and lignite sources.‬ â€o‬ L †ack‬ â€of‬ â€sustainable‬ â€development‬ â€leads‬ â€to‬ â€extreme‬ â€weather‬ â€events‬ â€affecting‬ â€the‬ â€poor‬ â€and‬ â€marginalized‬ â€population the most.‬ †rade and‬ T â€â€¬ E †nhancing‬ â€trade‬ â€competitiveness‬ â€and‬ â€effectively‬ â€utilizing‬â€foreign‬ â€Investment‬ â€direct‬ â€investment‬ â€and‬ â€new‬ â€technologies‬ â€require‬ â€a‬ â€skilled‬ â€labor‬ â€force,‬â€emphasizing‬â€the‬â€need‬â€for‬â€improved‬â€education‬â€and‬â€training‬ â€systems.‬ â€o‬ â€According‬ â€to‬ â€the‬ â€Human‬ â€Development‬ â€Report‬ â€2020,‬ â€only‬ â€about‬ â€20%‬ â€of‬ â€India's‬ â€labor‬ â€force‬ â€is‬â€classified‬â€as‬ â€"skilled."‬ â€o‬ â€As‬ â€per‬ â€the‬ â€India‬ â€Skill‬ â€Report‬ â€2023‬ â€reveals‬ â€that‬ â€only‬ â€50.3% of the young in the workforce are employable.‬ â€Inclusive growth and sustainability through inter and intra generational inclusiveness‬ â€â€¬ Iâ€ntra-generational‬ â€Equity:‬ â€Intra-generational‬ â€equity‬ â€focuses‬ â€on‬ â€fairness‬ â€among‬ â€different‬ â€groups‬â€within‬â€the‬â€same‬â€generation,‬â€addressing‬â€disparities‬â€in‬â€access‬â€to‬â€resources,‬â€opportunities,‬ â€and outcomes.‬ â€o‬ â€Examples:‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Economic‬ â€Policies‬â€:‬ â€Progressive‬ â€taxation‬ â€and‬ â€social‬ â€welfare‬ â€programs‬ â€like‬ â€India's‬ â€Direct‬ â€Benefit‬ â€Transfer‬ â€(DBT)‬ â€scheme‬ â€redistribute‬ â€wealth‬ â€to‬ â€support‬ â€marginalized groups.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Access‬ â€to‬ â€Services‬â€:‬ â€The‬ â€Right‬ â€to‬ â€Education‬ â€Act‬ â€ensures‬ â€free‬ â€education‬ â€for‬ â€children, reducing educational disparities.‬ â€â€¬ â€Inter-generational‬ â€Equity:‬ â€Inter-generational‬ â€equity‬ â€ensures‬ â€fairness‬ â€in‬ â€resource‬ â€distribution‬ â€between current and future generations, vital for sustainable development.‬ â€o‬ â€Examples:‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Environmental‬ â€Protection‬â€:‬ â€Sustainable‬ â€practices‬ â€like‬ â€afforestation‬ â€and‬ â€renewable‬â€energy‬â€projects‬â€prevent‬â€resource‬â€depletion.‬â€For‬â€instance,‬â€the‬â€National‬ â€Solar Mission promotes solar energy use.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Debt‬ â€and‬ â€Economic‬ â€Policies‬â€:‬ â€Fiscal‬ â€prudence‬ â€avoids‬ â€high‬ â€national‬ â€debt,‬ â€preventing future economic burdens.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Climate‬ â€Change‬â€:‬ â€India's‬ â€commitment‬ â€to‬ â€the‬ â€Paris‬ â€Agreement‬ â€aims‬ â€to‬ â€cap‬ â€emissions‬â€and‬â€transition‬â€to‬â€renewable‬â€energy,‬â€ensuring‬â€a‬â€livable‬â€planet‬â€for‬â€future‬ â€generations.‬ â€Associated Challenges‬ â€â€¬ H †istorical‬ â€Factors:‬ â€Historical‬ â€discrimination‬ â€against‬ â€certain‬ â€social‬ â€groups‬ â€has‬ â€limited‬ â€their‬ â€access‬ â€to‬ â€education,‬ â€employment,‬ â€and‬ â€healthcare,‬ â€affecting‬ â€their‬ â€social,‬ â€political‬ â€&‬ â€economic‬ â€mobility.‬ â€Despite‬ â€reservation‬ â€policies‬ â€post-independence,‬ â€social‬ â€upliftment‬ â€has‬ â€been‬ â€minimal‬ â€and largely confined to limited economic and political successes.‬ â€â€¬ â€Poverty:‬ â€Despite‬ â€high‬ â€growth‬ â€rates,‬ â€poverty‬ â€remains‬ â€widespread.‬ â€It‬ â€affects‬ â€one’s‬ â€ability‬ â€to‬ â€access various services and resources available to make improvement in their living standards.‬ â€o‬ â€Despite‬â€improvements,‬â€India‬â€still‬â€has‬â€more‬â€than‬â€230‬â€million‬â€people‬â€who‬â€are‬â€poor‬â€as‬â€per‬ â€the‬ â€UNDP‬ â€Multi-dimensional‬ â€Poverty‬ â€Index‬ â€2023.‬ â€11.8%‬ â€of‬ â€people‬ â€in‬ â€India‬ â€were‬ â€multidimensionally poor and deprived of nutrition in 2019/2021.‬ â€o‬ Iâ€ndia‬â€ranked‬â€111‬â€out‬â€of‬â€a‬â€total‬â€of‬â€125‬â€countries‬â€in‬â€the‬â€Global‬â€Hunger‬â€Index‬â€(GHI‬â€)‬â€2023‬ â€highlighting the dire situation of hunger in India.‬ â€â€¬ â€Unemployment:‬ â€The‬ â€India‬ â€Employment‬ â€Report‬ â€2024‬ â€highlights‬ â€that‬ â€India's‬ â€youth‬ â€make‬ â€up‬ â€about‬ â€83%‬â€of‬â€its‬â€unemployed,‬â€with‬â€those‬â€holding‬â€at‬â€least‬â€secondary‬â€education‬â€increasing‬â€from‬ â€35.2% in 2000 to 65.7% in 2022.‬ â€â€¬ â€Income‬ â€Inequality:‬ â€According‬ â€to‬ â€Oxfam‬ â€Report‬ â€2023‬â€,‬ â€the‬ â€top‬ â€10%‬ â€of‬ â€the‬ â€Indian‬ â€population‬ â€holds 77% of the total national wealth.‬ â€o‬ â€73%‬ â€of‬ â€the‬ â€wealth‬ â€generated‬ â€in‬ â€2017‬ â€went‬ â€to‬â€the‬â€richest‬â€1%,‬â€while‬â€around‬â€670‬â€million‬ â€Indians‬â€who‬â€comprise‬â€the‬â€poorest‬â€half‬â€of‬â€the‬â€population‬â€saw‬â€only‬â€a‬â€1%‬â€increase‬â€in‬â€their‬ â€wealth.‬ â€o‬ â€63‬ â€million‬ â€of‬ â€them‬ â€are‬ â€pushed‬ â€into‬ â€poverty‬ â€because‬ â€of‬ â€healthcare‬ â€costs‬ â€every‬ â€year‬ â€-‬ â€almost two people every second.‬ â€â€¬ â€Social‬â€Exclusion:‬â€systematic‬â€marginalization‬â€of‬â€individuals‬â€or‬â€groups‬â€from‬â€societal‬â€processes,‬ â€which‬ â€denies‬ â€them‬ â€the‬ â€opportunities‬ â€and‬ â€resources‬ â€that‬â€are‬â€normally‬â€available‬â€to‬â€members‬â€of‬ â€society‬ â€and‬ â€which‬ â€are‬ â€key‬ â€to‬ â€social‬ â€integration.‬ â€Certain‬ â€groups‬ â€like‬ â€Scheduled‬ â€Castes‬ â€(SCs),‬ â€Scheduled‬ â€Tribes‬ â€(STs),‬ â€women,‬ â€and‬ â€religious‬ â€minorities‬ â€often‬ â€face‬ â€exclusion‬â€from‬â€economic,‬ â€social, and political processes.‬ â€o‬ â€Periodic‬ â€Labour‬ â€Force‬ â€Survey‬ â€(2022-23‬â€)‬ â€indicates‬ â€that‬ â€Female‬ â€Labor‬ â€Force‬ â€Participation Rate (FLFPR)‬â€is at 37% only.‬ â€o‬ â€According‬ â€to‬ â€the‬ â€National‬ â€Human‬ â€Rights‬ â€Commission‬â€,‬ â€about‬ â€92%‬ â€of‬ â€transgender‬ â€individuals‬ â€are‬ â€excluded‬ â€from‬ â€economic‬ â€activities,‬ â€often‬ â€leading‬ â€to‬ â€roles‬ â€in‬ â€begging‬ â€or‬ â€sex work due to job denials despite qualifications.‬ â€â€¬ â€Overdependence‬ â€on‬ â€Agriculture‬ â€&‬ â€Issue‬ â€of‬ â€disguised‬ â€unemployment‬â€:‬ â€Though‬ â€India‬ â€is‬ â€striving‬ â€to‬ â€become‬ â€the‬ â€manufacturing‬ â€hub‬ â€of‬ â€the‬ â€world,‬ â€a‬ â€large‬ â€workforce‬ â€still‬ â€depends‬ â€of‬ â€Agriculture sectors for their livelihood.‬ â€o‬ â€In‬â€the‬â€fiscal‬â€year‬â€2022-23,‬â€agriculture‬â€sector‬â€contributed‬â€only‬â€around‬â€15%‬â€to‬â€India’s‬â€GDP‬ â€(fiscal 2022-23) while providing employment to India’s 45.76% of the total workforce.‬ â€â€¬ â€Jobless‬ â€Growth:‬ â€Despite‬ â€India's‬ â€GDP‬ â€growing‬ â€at‬ â€an‬â€average‬â€rate‬â€of‬â€about‬â€7%‬â€annually‬â€over‬ â€the‬â€past‬â€decade,‬â€employment‬â€growth‬â€has‬â€not‬â€kept‬â€pace,‬â€often‬â€remaining‬â€below‬â€1%‬â€according‬â€to‬ â€the‬â€Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy‬â€(CMIE).‬ â€â€¬ â€Governance‬â€Issues:‬â€Corruption,‬â€inefficiency‬â€and‬â€mal-administration‬â€in‬â€governance‬â€have‬â€led‬â€to‬ â€misuse‬ â€and‬ â€misappropriation‬ â€of‬ â€resources‬ â€allocated‬ â€for‬ â€the‬ â€poor‬ â€and‬â€marginalized,‬â€negatively‬ â€impacting the inclusive growth in India.‬ â€o‬ â€Mal-administration‬â€and‬â€misuse‬â€oof‬â€healthcare‬â€resources‬â€during‬â€COVID-19‬â€pandemic‬â€led‬ â€to‬ â€unavailability‬ â€of‬ â€essential‬ â€healthcare‬ â€services,‬ â€often‬ â€resulting‬ â€in‬ â€loss‬ â€of‬ â€life‬ â€of‬ â€the‬ â€patients.‬ â€o‬ â€India‬ â€ranked‬ â€93‬ â€out‬ â€of‬ â€180‬ â€countries‬ â€on‬ â€the‬ â€corruption‬ â€perceptions‬ â€index‬ â€for‬ â€2023,‬ â€showing rampant state of corruption prevalent in the country.‬ â€â€¬ â€Social‬ â€Norms‬ â€and‬â€Discrimination:‬â€Persistent‬â€social‬â€norms‬â€and‬â€discrimination‬â€against‬â€certain‬ â€groups‬â€affect‬â€equal‬â€opportunity.‬â€For‬â€example,‬â€Cultural‬â€norms‬â€have‬â€traditionally‬â€viewed‬â€females‬ â€as‬ â€subordinate‬ â€to‬ â€males,‬ â€leading‬ â€to‬ â€restricted‬ â€educational‬ â€and‬ â€employment‬ â€opportunities‬ â€for‬ â€women, thereby perpetuating economic dependence and limited societal roles.‬ â€â€¬ â€Regional‬ â€Disparities:‬ â€States‬â€like‬â€Maharashtra‬â€and‬â€Tamil‬â€Nadu‬â€show‬â€higher‬â€GSVA‬â€in‬â€services‬ â€and‬ â€industry,‬ â€indicating‬ â€robust‬ â€economic‬ â€activity,‬â€whereas‬â€states‬â€like‬â€Bihar‬â€and‬â€Uttar‬â€Pradesh,‬ â€although rich in agricultural output, lag in industrial and service contributions.‬ â€â€¬ â€Climate‬ â€Change‬ â€and‬ â€Disasters:‬ â€disproportionately‬ â€affect‬ â€the‬ â€poor‬ â€and‬ â€marginalized‬ â€communities‬ â€such‬ â€as‬ â€Tribals,‬ â€Slum‬ â€dwellers,‬ â€Farmers‬ â€etc.‬ â€Climate‬ â€led‬ â€displacements‬ â€have‬ â€become new normal resulting in further deterioration of condition of poor in India.‬ â€â€¬ â€Human Resource related challenges (Careless and Useless manpower)‬ â€o‬ S †kill‬â€Mismatch‬â€and‬â€Underutilization‬â€Workers‬â€in‬â€India‬â€often‬â€occupy‬â€jobs‬â€unsuitable‬â€for‬ â€their‬ â€skill‬ â€levels,‬ â€leading‬ â€to‬ â€underutilization‬ â€due‬ â€to‬ â€an‬ â€educational‬ â€emphasis‬ â€on‬ â€rote‬ â€learning.‬ â€o‬ â€Unemployment‬ â€and‬ â€Underemployment‬ â€High‬ â€unemployment‬ â€and‬ â€underemployment‬ â€persist,‬â€especially‬â€among‬â€youth‬â€and‬â€graduates,‬â€as‬â€the‬â€formal‬â€sector‬â€fails‬â€to‬â€absorb‬â€new‬ â€entrants.‬ â€o‬ â€Lack‬ â€of‬ â€Vocational‬ â€Training‬ â€and‬ â€Education‬ â€There's‬ â€a‬ â€pronounced‬ â€gap‬ â€in‬â€vocational‬ â€and‬ â€technical‬ â€education‬ â€that‬ â€aligns‬ â€with‬ â€industry‬ â€demands,‬ â€signaling‬ â€a‬ â€need‬ â€for‬ â€educational reform.‬ â€o‬ â€Labor‬ â€Market‬ â€Rigidities‬ â€Stringent‬ â€labor‬ â€laws‬â€restrict‬â€employment‬â€growth‬â€in‬â€the‬â€formal‬ â€sector‬ â€and‬ â€encourage‬ â€reliance‬ â€on‬ â€contract‬ â€labor,‬ â€resulting‬ â€in‬ â€job‬ â€insecurity‬ â€and‬ â€less‬ â€training investment.‬ â€o‬ â€Informal‬â€Sector‬â€Predominance‬â€A‬â€significant‬â€portion‬â€of‬â€the‬â€workforce‬â€is‬â€employed‬â€in‬â€the‬ â€informal sector, facing low job security, productivity, and wages.‬ â€o‬ â€Economic‬â€and‬â€Social‬â€Barriers‬â€Caste‬â€and‬â€gender‬â€discrimination‬â€limit‬â€access‬â€to‬â€quality‬ â€jobs, exacerbating social and income inequalities.‬ â€o‬ â€Lack‬ â€of‬ â€Entrepreneurial‬ â€Support‬ â€Potential‬ â€entrepreneurial‬ â€growth‬ â€is‬ â€hindered‬ â€by‬ â€inadequate support in financing, infrastructure, and mentorship‬ â€Measure for Inclusive Growth‬ â€Land Reforms‬ â€â€¬ Iâ€n the early years post-independence, India undertook significant land‬ â€reforms, including the abolition of zamindari systems and the‬ â€distribution of land to the landless, aiming to reduce rural poverty and‬ â€promote agricultural productivity.‬ †ublic‬ P â€â€¬ E †stablished nationwide to ensure food security for all, especially the‬ â€Distribution‬ â€poor, by distributing subsidized wheat, rice, sugar, and other‬ â€System (PDS)‬ â€essentials.‬ â€Five-Year Plans‬ â€â€¬ Iâ€nitiated in 1951, these comprehensive development plans have‬ â€emphasized sectors such as agriculture, education, and health to‬ â€ensure balanced economic development across regions.‬ †1th Five Year‬ 1 â€â€¬ â€Laid special emphasis on Inclusive Growth for the first time.‬ â€Plan (2007-12)‬ †welfth Five Year‬ T â€â€¬ â€Focuses on Growth which is: Faster, Inclusive, and Sustainable.‬ â€Plan‬ †ationalization‬ N â€â€¬ A †imed to extend banking services to rural areas, enhancing financial‬ â€of Banks (1969)‬ â€inclusion and ensuring that credit was available to the underprivileged‬ â€and rural sectors of the economy.‬ â€Green‬ â€â€¬ â€Boosted agricultural productivity in several states, leading to‬ †evolution‬ R iâ€ncreased food production and rural employment, thus reducing food‬ â€(1960s-70s)‬ â€shortages.‬ †omen‬ W â€â€¬ E †stablishment of bodies such as the National Commission for Women‬ â€Empowerment‬ â€(NCW) and the National Council for Empowerment of Women to‬ â€promote women's rights.‬ †ender‬ G â€â€¬ R †eservation of seats in Local Self Government Institutions to‬ â€Inclusiveness‬ â€enhance gender inclusivity.‬ †eservation‬ R â€â€¬ S †eats are reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and‬ â€Policies‬ â€Other Backward Castes in educational institutions and government‬ â€jobs.‬ †olitical‬ P â€â€¬ R †eserved seats in Parliament and State Assemblies for SCs and STs‬ â€Inclusion‬ â€to encourage political participation.‬ â€Minority Welfare‬ â€â€¬ C †onstitution of Minority Commissions to safeguard the interests of‬ â€minority communities.‬ †id-Day Meal‬ M â€â€¬ L †aunched to boost school attendance and nutrition among children,‬ â€Scheme (1995)‬ â€especially in rural areas.‬ †ahatma Gandhi‬ M â€â€¬ G †uarantees 100 days of wage-employment per year to rural‬ â€National Rural‬ â€households whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual‬ â€Employment‬ â€work. This has been crucial in providing economic security to rural‬ â€Guarantee Act‬ â€families. The scheme reserves at least 33% of its benefits for women‬ â€(MGNREGA,‬ â€and also focuses on improving irrigation facilities for Scheduled‬ â€2005)‬ â€Castes and Scheduled Tribes.‬ †ight to‬ R â€â€¬ M †andates free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14‬ â€Education Act‬ â€years, aiming to improve literacy and educational standards across‬ â€(2009)‬ â€the country.‬ †an Dhan Yojana‬ J â€â€¬ A †ims to increase banking penetration, and ensure access to financial‬ â€(2014)‬ â€services such as bank accounts, insurance, and pensions.‬ †ake in India‬ M â€â€¬ L †aunched to encourage companies to manufacture in India and‬ â€(2014)‬ â€incentivize dedicated investments into manufacturing. This initiative‬ â€also focuses on job creation and skill enhancement in various‬ â€sectors.‬ †igital India‬ D â€â€¬ L †aunched to ensure government services are available electronically,‬ â€(2015)‬ â€improving online infrastructure and increasing internet connectivity,‬ â€especially in rural areas.‬ †radhan Mantri‬ P â€â€¬ A †n initiative aimed at providing affordable housing to the urban poor‬ â€Awas Yojana‬ â€by the year 2022 through a credit-linked subsidy scheme.‬ â€(2015)‬ †yushman‬ A †program to provide health insurance that covers up to 5 lakh rupees per‬ A â€Bharat (2018)‬ â€family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization across public‬ â€and private empaneled hospitals in India.‬ â€Recent Initiatives by government for Promoting Inclusive growth‬ â€Agriculture‬ â€â€¬ â€Pradhan‬â€Mantri‬â€Kisan‬â€Samman‬â€Nidhi‬â€(PM-KISAN)‬â€:‬â€Provides‬â€income‬â€support‬â€(Rs.‬â€6000/year)‬ â€to all landholding farmers' families to supplement their financial needs.‬ â€â€¬ â€Pradhan‬ â€Mantri‬ â€Fasal‬ â€Bima‬ â€Yojana‬ â€(PMFBY)‬â€:‬ â€A‬ â€crop‬ â€insurance‬ â€scheme‬ â€to‬ â€ensure‬ â€that‬ â€farmers are financially supported in the event of failed crops due to natural calamities.‬ â€â€¬ â€Agricultural‬ â€Mechanization:‬ â€Provides‬ â€financial‬ â€assistance‬ â€and‬ â€subsidies‬ â€for‬ â€the‬ â€purchase‬â€of‬ â€various‬ â€agricultural‬ â€machinery‬ â€and‬ â€equipment,‬ â€encouraging‬ â€modern‬ â€farming‬ â€techniques‬ â€and‬ â€increasing farm output and efficiency.‬ â€Healthcare‬ â€â€¬ â€Ayushman‬ â€Bharat‬ â€Pradhan‬ â€Mantri‬â€Jan‬â€Arogya‬â€Yojana‬â€(PMJAY)‬â€:‬â€Offers‬â€health‬â€insurance‬â€to‬ â€over 500 million uninsured Indians, covering several medical procedures.‬ â€â€¬ â€National‬â€Health‬â€Mission‬â€:‬â€Aims‬â€to‬â€provide‬â€effective‬â€healthcare‬â€to‬â€rural‬â€populations‬â€with‬â€a‬â€focus‬ â€on accessibility, affordability, and quality.‬ â€â€¬ â€Telemedicine‬ â€Initiatives:‬ â€Under‬ â€the‬ â€Digital‬ â€India‬ â€umbrella,‬ â€these‬ â€initiatives‬ â€aim‬ â€to‬ â€bridge‬ â€the‬ â€rural-urban‬ â€health‬ â€divide‬ â€by‬ â€linking‬ â€remote‬ â€areas‬ â€via‬ â€telemedicine‬ â€for‬ â€consultations‬ â€and‬ â€treatments.‬ â€â€¬ â€National‬ â€Programme‬ â€for‬ â€Health‬ â€Care‬ â€of‬ â€the‬ â€Elderly‬ â€(NPHCE)‬â€:‬ â€An‬ â€initiative‬ â€focused‬ â€on‬ â€providing specialized and comprehensive healthcare to the elderly.‬ â€Education‬ â€â€¬ â€National‬ â€Education‬ â€Policy‬ â€(NEP)‬ â€2020‬â€:‬ â€Overhauls‬ â€the‬ â€Indian‬ â€educational‬ â€system‬ â€to‬ â€make‬ â€education more holistic, flexible, and aligned with the needs of the 21st century.‬ â€â€¬ â€Samagra‬ â€Shiksha‬ â€Abhiyan‬â€:‬ â€An‬ â€integrated‬ â€scheme‬ â€for‬ â€school‬ â€education‬ â€extending‬ â€from‬ â€preschool to senior secondary levels to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education.‬ â€â€¬ â€PM‬â€eVidya‬â€Initiative:‬â€a‬â€comprehensive‬â€effort‬â€to‬â€centralize‬â€and‬â€streamline‬â€all‬â€digital,‬â€online,‬â€and‬ â€broadcast‬ â€educational‬ â€resources,‬ â€ensuring‬ â€accessibility‬ â€to‬ â€quality‬ â€education‬ â€across‬ â€diverse‬ â€geographies and demographics.‬ â€â€¬ â€SWAYAM‬â€Initiative:‬â€promotes‬â€inclusive‬â€growth‬â€by‬â€providing‬â€free‬â€online‬â€courses‬â€across‬â€various‬ â€subjects‬ â€from‬ â€school‬ â€to‬ â€postgraduate‬ â€levels,‬ â€ensuring‬ â€that‬ â€quality‬ â€education‬ â€is‬ â€accessible‬ â€to‬ â€everyone, regardless of their location or economic status.‬ â€Skill Development‬ â€â€¬ â€Skill‬ â€India‬ â€Mission‬â€:‬ â€Targets‬ â€skilling‬ â€over‬ â€400‬ â€million‬ â€people‬ â€across‬ â€India‬ â€to‬ â€make‬ â€them‬ â€employable and economically productive.‬ â€â€¬ â€Pradhan‬ â€Mantri‬ â€Kaushal‬ â€Vikas‬ â€Yojana‬ â€(PMKVY)‬â€:‬ â€Encourages‬ â€aptitude‬ â€towards‬ â€employable‬ â€skills by providing monetary awards and certification.‬ â€Digital and IT‬ â€â€¬ â€Digital‬ â€India‬â€:‬ â€Aims‬ â€to‬ â€transform‬ â€India‬ â€into‬ â€a‬ â€digitally‬ â€empowered‬ â€society‬ â€with‬ â€a‬ â€focus‬ â€on‬ â€electronic public services.‬ â€â€¬ â€BharatNet‬â€:‬ â€Seeks‬ â€to‬ â€connect‬ â€rural‬ â€areas‬ â€with‬ â€high-speed‬ â€internet‬â€networks‬â€to‬â€promote‬â€digital‬ â€inclusivity.‬ â€â€¬ C †ommon‬ â€Service‬ â€Centres‬ â€(CSCs):‬ â€These‬ â€are‬ â€access‬ â€points‬ â€for‬ â€delivery‬ â€of‬ â€essential‬ â€public‬ â€utility‬ â€services,‬ â€social‬ â€welfare‬ â€schemes,‬ â€healthcare,‬ â€financial,‬ â€education,‬ â€and‬ â€agriculture‬ â€services, apart from a host of B2C services to citizens in rural and remote areas of the country.‬ â€â€¬ â€UMANG‬ â€App‬ â€(Unified‬ â€Mobile‬ â€Application‬ â€for‬ â€New-age‬ â€Governance):‬â€provides‬â€access‬â€to‬â€a‬ â€wide‬ â€range‬ â€of‬ â€government‬ â€services‬ â€from‬ â€Central,‬ â€State,‬ â€and‬ â€Local‬ â€Government‬ â€bodies‬ â€and‬ â€other citizen-centric services.‬ â€Financial Inclusion‬ â€â€¬ â€Jan‬ â€Dhan‬ â€Yojana‬â€:‬ â€A‬ â€nationwide‬ â€scheme‬ â€to‬ â€ensure‬ â€access‬ â€to‬ â€financial‬ â€services,‬ â€like‬ â€banking‬ â€savings & deposit accounts, remittance, credit, insurance, and pension.‬ â€â€¬ â€MUDRA‬ â€Yojana‬â€:‬â€Provides‬â€loans‬â€to‬â€micro‬â€and‬â€small‬â€enterprises‬â€operating‬â€in‬â€the‬â€non-corporate‬ â€small business sector.‬ â€Urban Development‬ â€â€¬ â€Smart‬â€Cities‬â€Mission‬â€:‬â€Focuses‬â€on‬â€developing‬â€100‬â€smart‬â€cities‬â€across‬â€India‬â€to‬â€promote‬â€cities‬ â€that‬ â€provide‬ â€core‬ â€infrastructure,‬ â€give‬ â€a‬ â€decent‬ â€quality‬ â€of‬ â€life‬ â€to‬ â€their‬ â€citizens,‬ â€and‬ â€apply‬â€smart‬ â€solutions to improve services and infrastructure.‬ â€â€¬ â€Atal‬ â€Mission‬ â€for‬ â€Rejuvenation‬ â€and‬ â€Urban‬ â€Transformation‬ â€(AMRUT)‬â€:‬ â€Aims‬ â€at‬ â€transforming‬ â€urban living conditions through infrastructure upgrades and improved service delivery in cities.‬ â€Energy and Environment‬ â€â€¬ â€Ujjwala‬ â€Yojana‬â€:‬ â€Provides‬ â€LPG‬ â€connections‬ â€to‬ â€BPL‬ â€households‬ â€to‬ â€promote‬ â€the‬ â€use‬ â€of‬ â€clean‬ â€fuels.‬ â€â€¬ â€Solar‬ â€Charkha‬ â€Mission‬â€:‬ â€Promotes‬ â€green‬ â€energy‬ â€by‬ â€setting‬ â€up‬ â€solar‬ â€charkha‬ â€clusters,‬ â€which‬ â€provide sustainable employment and reduce the carbon footprint.‬ â€â€¬ â€International‬ â€Solar‬ â€Alliance:‬â€to‬â€promote‬â€inclusive‬â€growth‬â€by‬â€facilitating‬â€widespread‬â€access‬â€to‬ â€affordable,‬â€clean‬â€solar‬â€energy,‬â€thereby‬â€enhancing‬â€energy‬â€security‬â€and‬â€sustainable‬â€development‬ â€across its member countries.‬ â€â€¬ â€India's‬ â€Nationally‬ â€Determined‬ â€Contributions‬ â€(NDCs)‬ â€under‬ â€the‬ â€Paris‬ â€Agreement:‬ â€also‬ â€promote‬â€inclusive‬â€growth‬â€by‬â€fostering‬â€job‬â€creation‬â€in‬â€green‬â€industries‬â€and‬â€ensuring‬â€sustainable‬ â€development that benefits all sectors of society.‬ â€Employment and Entrepreneurship‬ â€â€¬ â€Startup‬ â€India‬â€:‬ â€Supports‬ â€entrepreneurship‬ â€among‬ â€the‬ â€youth‬ â€by‬ â€simplifying‬ â€the‬ â€process‬ â€of‬ â€starting a company and providing various incentives.‬ â€â€¬ â€Pradhan‬ â€Mantri‬ â€Employment‬ â€Generation‬ â€Programme‬ â€(PMEGP)‬â€:‬ â€Aims‬ â€to‬ â€generate‬ â€self-employment opportunities through the establishment of micro-enterprises.‬ â€Financial Inclusion‬ â€Status of Financial Inclusion‬ â€Banking Services‬ â€â€¬ â€Account‬ â€Ownership‬â€:‬ â€The‬ â€Pradhan‬ â€Mantri‬ â€Jan-Dhan‬ â€Yojana‬ â€has‬ â€significantly‬ â€expanded‬ â€banking‬ â€access,‬ â€with‬ â€over‬ â€51‬ â€crore‬ â€accounts‬ â€opened‬ â€and‬ â€a‬ â€total‬ â€deposit‬ â€balance‬ â€of‬ â€Rs.‬ â€2,08,855 crore as of November 2023​​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Usage‬â€of‬â€Accounts‬â€:‬â€Despite‬â€the‬â€high‬â€number‬â€of‬â€accounts,‬â€about‬â€4.30‬â€crore‬â€remain‬â€inactive‬ â€with zero balance, highlighting challenges such as financial literacy and actual usage​​.‬ â€Digital Payments‬ â€â€¬ G †rowth‬ â€in‬ â€Digital‬ â€Transactions‬â€:‬ â€Digital‬ â€transactions,‬ â€particularly‬ â€through‬ â€UPI,‬ â€have‬â€seen‬ â€massive‬ â€growth,‬ â€increasing‬ â€from‬ â€92‬ â€crore‬â€transactions‬â€in‬â€FY‬â€2017-18‬â€to‬â€8,371‬â€crore‬â€in‬â€FY‬ â€2022-23​​.‬ â€Credit Accessibility‬ â€â€¬ â€Credit‬â€to‬â€Vulnerable‬â€Groups‬â€:‬â€Access‬â€remains‬â€limited‬â€for‬â€small‬â€farmers,‬â€entrepreneurs,‬â€and‬ â€low-income households, with some support from microfinance institutions and NBFCs.‬ â€â€¬ â€Microcredit‬ â€Schemes‬â€:‬ â€Government‬ â€initiatives‬ â€like‬ â€the‬ â€Mudra‬ â€Yojana‬ â€are‬ â€crucial,‬ â€consistently disbursing substantial funds to support small businesses annually.‬ â€Insurance and Pension‬ â€â€¬ â€Insurance‬ â€Coverage‬â€:‬ â€As‬ â€of‬ â€2023,‬ â€insurance‬ â€penetration‬ â€in‬ â€India‬ â€is‬ â€4%‬ â€of‬ â€GDP,‬ â€with‬ â€life‬ â€insurance‬ â€at‬ â€3%‬ â€and‬ â€non-life‬ â€insurance‬ â€at‬ â€1%.‬ â€This‬ â€reflects‬â€steady‬â€but‬â€slow‬â€growth‬â€in‬â€the‬ â€sector, with substantial room for improvement to match global averages​‬ â€â€¬ â€Pension‬ â€Schemes‬â€:‬ â€Coverage‬ â€remains‬ â€notably‬ â€sparse,‬ â€particularly‬ â€among‬ â€informal‬ â€sector‬ â€workers, highlighting a significant area for policy enhancement.‬ â€Significance of financial Inclusion‬ â€â€¬ â€Household‬ â€Welfare‬â€:‬ â€Improved‬ â€service‬ â€access‬ â€in‬ â€rural‬ â€areas‬ â€enhances‬ â€income‬ â€management‬ â€and savings​​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Entrepreneurship‬â€:‬ â€Fintech‬ â€innovations‬ â€increase‬ â€access‬ â€to‬ â€financial‬â€services,‬â€crucial‬â€for‬â€small‬ â€businesses​‬ â€â€¬ â€Women's‬â€Empowerment‬â€:‬â€Policies‬â€aim‬â€to‬â€boost‬â€financial‬â€awareness‬â€among‬â€women,‬â€supporting‬ â€economic independence​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Financial Stability‬â€: Enhanced customer protection‬â€frameworks stabilize the financial markets​​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Economic‬â€Output‬â€:‬â€A‬â€significant‬â€improvement‬â€in‬â€the‬â€Financial‬â€Inclusion‬â€Index‬â€indicates‬â€broader‬ â€financial service utilization​​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Poverty‬ â€Reduction‬â€:‬ â€Achieving‬ â€an‬ â€80%‬ â€financial‬ â€inclusion‬ â€rate‬ â€has‬ â€significantly‬ â€impacted‬ â€poverty and inequality reduction​​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Digital Advancements‬â€: Digital financial services growth‬â€supports the Digital India initiative​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Formal‬ â€Financial‬ â€Channels‬â€:‬ â€Improved‬ â€formal‬ â€financial‬â€infrastructure‬â€reduces‬â€dependence‬â€on‬ â€informal services​​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Government‬ â€Services‬â€:‬ â€Efficient‬ â€direct‬ â€benefit‬ â€transfers‬ â€and‬ â€grievance‬ â€redress‬ â€mechanisms‬ â€improve service delivery​​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Financial‬ â€Literacy‬â€:‬ â€Enhanced‬ â€tools‬â€and‬â€approaches‬â€are‬â€being‬â€developed‬â€to‬â€improve‬â€financial‬ â€literacy, particularly in digital services​​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Agricultural‬â€and‬â€Microfinance‬â€Support‬â€:‬â€Financial‬â€inclusion‬â€supports‬â€agricultural‬â€development‬ â€and strengthens MFIs​​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Economic‬ â€Recovery‬ â€and‬ â€Sustainability‬â€:‬ â€Financial‬ â€inclusion‬ â€aids‬ â€in‬ â€economic‬ â€recovery‬ â€and‬ â€promotes sustainable development through better regulation and technology use​​.‬ â€Strengths‬ â€â€¬ â€Government‬ â€Initiatives‬â€:‬ â€The‬ â€Pradhan‬ â€Mantri‬ â€Jan-Dhan‬â€Yojana‬â€has‬â€successfully‬â€opened‬â€over‬ â€51‬ â€crore‬ â€accounts,‬ â€drastically‬ â€improving‬ â€banking‬ â€access‬ â€across‬ â€India.‬ â€Similarly,‬ â€the‬ â€Mudra‬ â€Yojana has effectively extended credit to small enterprises, disbursing significant funds annually.‬ â€â€¬ â€Technological‬ â€Integration‬â€:‬ â€Digital‬ â€platforms‬ â€like‬ â€the‬ â€Unified‬ â€Payments‬ â€Interface‬ â€(UPI)‬ â€have‬ â€transformed‬ â€banking,‬ â€facilitating‬ â€billions‬ â€of‬ â€transactions‬ â€and‬ â€significantly‬ â€enhancing‬ â€user‬ â€engagement across various demographics.‬ â€Challenges‬ â€â€¬ â€Financial‬ â€Literacy‬â€:‬ â€Financial‬ â€literacy‬ â€remains‬ â€low,‬ â€especially‬ â€in‬ â€rural‬ â€areas,‬ â€limiting‬ â€effective‬ â€utilization‬ â€of‬ â€financial‬ â€services.‬ â€The‬ â€need‬ â€for‬ â€tailored‬ â€educational‬ â€programs‬ â€is‬ â€acute‬ â€to‬ â€bridge‬ â€this gap.‬ â€â€¬ R †ural‬ â€Penetration‬â€:‬ â€Despite‬ â€the‬ â€growth‬ â€in‬ â€digital‬ â€banking‬ â€solutions,‬ â€the‬ â€physical‬ â€banking‬ â€infrastructure‬â€in‬â€remote‬â€areas‬â€lags,‬â€impacting‬â€the‬â€delivery‬â€of‬â€financial‬â€services‬â€where‬â€branches‬ â€and ATMs are still crucial.‬ â€â€¬ â€Gender‬ â€Gap‬â€:‬ â€Financial‬ â€inclusion‬ â€rates‬ â€for‬ â€women‬ â€trail‬ â€those‬ â€of‬ â€men,‬ â€underscoring‬ â€persistent‬ â€socio-economic‬ â€barriers.‬ â€Initiatives‬ â€like‬ â€the‬ â€Bharatiya‬ â€Mahila‬ â€Bank‬ â€and‬ â€targeted‬ â€microfinance‬ â€projects are in place, but greater efforts are needed.‬ â€â€¬ â€Quality‬ â€of‬ â€Services‬â€:‬ â€The‬ â€reliability‬ â€and‬ â€quality‬ â€of‬ â€financial‬ â€services‬ â€in‬ â€semi-urban‬ â€and‬ â€rural‬ â€areas‬ â€are‬ â€problematic,‬ â€with‬ â€frequent‬ â€service‬ â€disruptions‬ â€and‬ â€inadequate‬ â€customer‬ â€support‬ â€diminishing trust and usage.‬ â€Analysis of PM-JDY as a tool for financial inclusion of Poor of Indian Society‬ â€Achievements:‬ â€â€¬ â€Financial Inclusion:‬ â€o‬ â€Over 50 crore accounts opened as of August 2023, with deposits totaling over ₹1.75‬ â€lakh crore.‬ â€o‬ â€Millions of previously unbanked individuals, especially in rural areas, now have access to‬ â€banking.‬ â€â€¬ â€Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT):‬â€Crucial for DBT initiatives,‬â€ensuring subsidies and welfare‬ â€benefits are directly credited to beneficiaries, reducing leakage and corruption.‬ â€â€¬ â€Financial Literacy:‬â€Programs educate the poor on banking,‬â€savings, and financial products,‬ â€increasing awareness and participation in the formal financial system.‬ â€â€¬ â€Insurance and Pension Schemes:‬ â€o‬ â€Account holders eligible for Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) and‬ â€Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), providing accidental and life‬ â€insurance.‬ â€o‬ â€Linked with Atal Pension Yojana (APY) to promote retirement savings among‬ â€unorganized sector workers.‬ â€Challenges and Limitations:‬ â€â€¬ â€Dormant Accounts:‬â€Many PMJDY accounts remain inactive,‬â€raising concerns about their‬ â€actual utilization.‬ â€â€¬ â€Limited Access to Credit:‬â€Credit disbursement to PMJDY‬â€account holders is limited, with‬ â€banks perceiving them as high-risk due to low income and lack of credit history.‬ â€â€¬ â€Operational Challenges:‬â€Issues like biometric authentication‬â€failures, inadequate physical‬ â€banking infrastructure, and connectivity problems in remote areas persist.‬ â€â€¬ â€Financial Literacy Gaps:‬â€Significant gaps remain,‬â€with many account holders lacking the‬ â€understanding to fully utilize available financial services.‬ â€â€¬ â€Exclusion of the Ultra-Poor:‬â€The ultra-poor, often‬â€lacking necessary documents or minimal‬ â€required balance, still find it difficult to open and maintain accounts, leaving them excluded from‬ â€formal financial services.‬ â€Inclusive Growth through CSR Provisions‬ â€â€¬ â€Addressing‬ â€Social‬ â€Inequalities:‬ â€CSR‬ â€activities‬ â€targeting‬ â€hunger,‬ â€poverty,‬ â€and‬ â€malnutrition‬ â€address‬ â€basic‬ â€human‬ â€needs,‬ â€reduce‬ â€social‬ â€inequalities,‬ â€and‬ â€enhance‬ â€the‬ â€quality‬ â€of‬ â€life‬ â€for‬ â€marginalized communities.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Tata‬ â€Chemicals:‬ â€Their‬ â€"Okhai"‬ â€initiative‬ â€supports‬ â€rural‬ â€artisans,‬ â€reducing‬ â€poverty‬â€and‬ â€improving living standards.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Reliance‬ â€Foundation:‬ â€Their‬ â€nutrition‬ â€projects‬ â€have‬ â€benefited‬ â€over‬ â€2‬ â€million‬ â€children‬ â€and mothers, reducing malnutrition rates.‬ â€â€¬ â€Promoting‬ â€Education‬ â€and‬ â€Skills‬ â€Development:‬ â€By‬ â€investing‬ â€in‬ â€education‬ â€and‬ â€vocational‬ â€training,‬â€companies‬â€help‬â€build‬â€a‬â€skilled‬â€workforce,‬â€improve‬â€employability,‬â€and‬â€promote‬â€economic‬ â€inclusion.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Infosys‬ â€Foundation:‬ â€They‬ â€have‬ â€built‬ â€libraries,‬ â€funded‬ â€schools,‬ â€and‬ â€provided‬ â€scholarships, benefiting over 13,000 students annually.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Larsen‬ â€&‬ â€Toubro‬ â€(L&T):‬â€Their‬â€vocational‬â€training‬â€centers‬â€have‬â€equipped‬â€over‬â€50,000‬ â€youth with employable skills.‬ â€â€¬ E †mpowering‬ â€Women‬ â€and‬ â€Promoting‬ â€Gender‬ â€Equality:‬ â€CSR‬ â€initiatives‬ â€focusing‬ â€on‬ â€gender‬ â€equality‬â€and‬â€women's‬â€empowerment‬â€contribute‬â€to‬â€social‬â€inclusion‬â€by‬â€providing‬â€opportunities‬â€for‬ â€women to participate in economic activities.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Hindustan‬ â€Unilever’s‬ â€Project‬ â€Shakti:‬ â€Empowers‬ â€rural‬ â€women‬ â€by‬ â€training‬ â€them‬ â€to‬ â€become micro-entrepreneurs.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€PepsiCo:‬ â€Their‬ â€programs‬ â€have‬ â€reached‬ â€over‬ â€50,000‬ â€women,‬ â€offering‬ â€training‬ â€in‬ â€agriculture, business skills, and leadership.‬ â€â€¬ â€Environmental‬ â€Sustainability:‬ â€CSR‬ â€projects‬ â€promoting‬ â€environmental‬ â€sustainability‬ â€ensure‬ â€economic‬â€development‬â€does‬â€not‬â€come‬â€at‬â€the‬â€cost‬â€of‬â€environmental‬â€degradation,‬â€benefiting‬â€both‬ â€current and future generations.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€ITC‬ â€Limited:‬ â€Their‬ â€projects‬ â€focus‬ â€on‬ â€watershed‬ â€development,‬ â€afforestation,‬ â€and‬ â€sustainable agriculture, benefiting over 6 million farmers.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Wipro:‬ â€Their‬ â€sustainability‬ â€initiatives‬ â€include‬ â€reducing‬ â€carbon‬ â€footprint‬ â€and‬ â€water‬ â€conservation.‬ â€â€¬ â€Rural‬â€Development:‬â€Supporting‬â€rural‬â€development‬â€projects‬â€helps‬â€bridge‬â€the‬â€urban-rural‬â€divide,‬ â€promoting balanced regional development and ensuring that growth benefits rural areas.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Mahindra‬ â€&‬ â€Mahindra:‬ â€Their‬ â€"Project‬ â€Hariyali"‬ â€has‬ â€planted‬ â€over‬ â€18‬ â€million‬ â€trees,‬ â€improving rural landscapes and providing sustainable livelihoods.‬ â€â–ªâ€¬ â€Aditya‬ â€Birla‬ â€Group:‬ â€Their‬ â€initiatives‬ â€in‬ â€healthcare‬ â€camps,‬ â€education‬ â€programs,‬ â€and‬ â€infrastructure‬â€development‬â€have‬â€transformed‬â€the‬â€lives‬â€of‬â€over‬â€7.5‬â€million‬â€people‬â€in‬â€rural‬ â€areas.‬ Iâ€mpact of Capitalism and Neo Liberal Policies (LPG reforms) in Inclusive Growth‬ â€Positive Impacts‬ â€â€¬ â€Economic Growth‬ â€o‬ â€GDP Growth‬â€: India's GDP growth for 2022-23 was 7.0%,‬â€with projections for 2023-24 at‬ â€7.6%, indicating sustained robust performance​​.‬ â€o‬ â€Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)‬â€: Although specific‬â€figures for 2023 are not available,‬ â€ongoing economic momentum suggests a positive environment for foreign investment.‬ â€â€¬ â€Job Creation‬â€: The IT and service sectors expanded‬â€significantly, with services like finance and‬ â€real estate growing by 12.2% in early 2023, reflecting strong job creation potential​​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Infrastructure Development‬â€: The National Infrastructure‬â€Pipeline, with plans to invest $1.4‬ â€trillion by 2025, supports sustained economic growth and regional job creation.‬ â€â€¬ â€Health and Education‬â€: Spending in these crucial sectors‬â€remains below 3% of GDP each, with‬ â€potential for increase aligned with ongoing economic growth.‬ â€Negative Impacts‬ â€â€¬ â€Income Inequality and Regional Disparities‬ â€o‬ â€Wealth Distribution‬â€: The richest 1% of Indians own‬â€40.1% of national wealth, indicating‬ â€extreme wealth concentration, much higher than in countries like the US or Brazil​.‬ â€o‬ â€Access to Services‬â€: Disparities are evident in healthcare‬â€and education, with millions‬ â€unable to afford necessary healthcare, pushing many into poverty annually​(Oxfam‬ â€International)​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Labor Market Issues‬ â€o‬ â€Precarious Employment‬â€: A significant portion of the‬â€workforce in the informal sector‬ â€lacks job security and social benefits, impacting economic stability​​.‬ â€o‬ â€Gender Disparities‬â€: Women face higher unemployment‬â€and underemployment, often in‬ â€insecure and lower-paying jobs​(Oxfam International)​.‬ â€â€¬ â€Environmental Concerns‬ â€o‬ R †esource Depletion and Pollution‬â€: Overexploitation of resources and inadequate urban‬ â€planning have led to severe environmental degradation, particularly in urban areas like‬ â€Delhi​​.‬ â€Way Forward‬ â€â€¬ E †nhance‬ â€Educational‬ â€Access‬ â€and‬ â€Quality:‬ â€Fully‬ â€implement‬ â€the‬ â€National‬ â€Education‬ â€Policy,‬ â€focusing‬ â€on‬ â€vocational‬ â€training,‬ â€instruction‬ â€in‬ â€vernacular‬ â€languages,‬ â€and‬ â€strengthening‬ â€school‬ â€complexes.‬ â€o‬ â€Expand‬ â€digital‬ â€education‬ â€platforms‬ â€like‬ â€SWAYAM‬ â€and‬â€DIKSHA‬â€to‬â€improve‬â€educational‬ â€outreach, particularly in remote areas.‬ â€â€¬ â€Increase‬ â€Social‬ â€Welfare‬ â€Funding:‬ â€Boost‬ â€social‬ â€welfare‬ â€spending‬ â€by‬ â€utilizing‬ â€funds‬ â€from‬ â€disinvestment‬ â€proceeds.‬ â€Foster‬ â€partnerships‬ â€with‬ â€the‬ â€civil‬ â€society‬ â€and‬ â€corporate‬ â€sector‬ â€to‬ â€enhance contributions to social programs.‬ â€â€¬ â€Expand‬ â€E-Governance‬ â€and‬ â€Digital‬ â€Services:‬ â€Accelerate‬ â€the‬ â€deployment‬ â€of‬ â€digital‬ â€infrastructure‬ â€to‬ â€ensure‬ â€that‬ â€services‬ â€like‬ â€e-Learning,‬ â€e-Governance,‬ â€and‬ â€telemedicine‬ â€are‬ â€accessible‬â€in‬â€the‬â€remotest‬â€parts‬â€of‬â€the‬â€country.‬â€Example:‬â€The‬â€e-Sanjeevani‬â€platform's‬â€success‬ â€in providing healthcare solutions remotely.‬ â€â€¬ â€Bridging‬â€Rural-Urban‬â€Divide:‬â€To‬â€bridge‬â€the‬â€rural-urban‬â€divide‬â€for‬â€inclusive‬â€growth‬â€in‬â€India,‬â€key‬ â€strategies‬â€include‬â€improving‬â€infrastructure‬â€like‬â€roads‬â€and‬â€digital‬â€connectivity,‬â€enhancing‬â€access‬ â€to‬ â€quality‬ â€education‬ â€and‬ â€healthcare,‬ â€and‬ â€supporting‬â€rural‬â€economies‬â€through‬â€agricultural‬â€hubs‬ â€and MSME development.‬ â€o‬ â€Household‬ â€Consumption‬ â€Expenditure‬ â€Survey‬ â€of‬ â€2022-23‬â€highlights‬â€that‬â€rural-urban‬ â€divide‬ â€in‬ â€MPCE‬ â€(Monthly‬ â€Per‬ â€Capita‬ â€Consumption‬ â€Expenditure)‬ â€has‬ â€decline‬ â€considerably.‬ â€o‬ â€Within‬â€rural‬â€and‬â€urban‬â€areas,‬â€the‬â€consumption‬â€of‬â€the‬â€lowest‬â€5%‬â€of‬â€the‬â€MPCE‬â€population‬ â€grew at a faster rate than the top 5%, pointing to a decline in economic inequality.‬ â€â€¬ â€Address‬ â€intra-generational‬ â€and‬ â€inter-generational‬ â€issues‬ â€of‬ â€equity:‬ â€Inclusive‬ â€growth‬ â€in‬ â€India necessitates addressing both intra-generational and inter-generational equity.‬ â€o‬ â€Intra-generational‬ â€equity‬ â€refers‬ â€to‬ â€fairness‬ â€among‬ â€individuals‬ â€within‬ â€the‬ â€same‬ â€generation,‬ â€focusing‬ â€on‬ â€reducing‬ â€disparities‬ â€in‬ â€current‬ â€populations.‬ â€For‬ â€ex:‬ â€disparity‬ â€between‬ â€urban‬ â€and‬ â€rural‬ â€populations‬ â€in‬ â€terms‬ â€of‬ â€access‬ â€of‬ â€various‬ â€services‬ â€and‬ â€opportunities.‬ â€o‬ â€Inter-generational‬ â€equity‬ â€looks‬ â€at‬ â€fairness‬ â€across‬ â€different‬ â€generations,‬ â€ensuring‬ â€that‬ â€future generations inherit a sustainable world.‬ â€â€¬ â€For‬ â€example,‬ â€the‬ â€current‬ â€exploitation‬ â€of‬ â€natural‬ â€resources‬ â€compromises‬ â€the‬ â€ability of future generations to meet their needs.‬ â€â€¬ â€Reform‬ â€Key‬ â€Sectors:‬ â€Undertake‬ â€systemic‬ â€reforms‬ â€in‬ â€labor‬ â€laws,‬ â€agriculture,‬ â€and‬ â€land‬ â€acquisition in a manner that respects democratic consensus and promotes fair practices.‬ â€o‬ â€Encourage‬ â€states‬ â€to‬ â€adopt‬ â€model‬ â€agricultural‬ â€laws‬ â€that‬ â€increase‬ â€farmers'‬ â€income‬ â€and‬ â€provide more market freedom.‬ â€â€¬ â€Support‬ â€Innovation‬ â€and‬ â€Research:‬ â€Enhance‬ â€funding‬ â€and‬ â€policy‬ â€support‬ â€for‬ â€startups‬ â€and‬ â€research‬ â€institutions.‬ â€Establish‬ â€innovation‬ â€hubs‬ â€and‬ â€incubators‬ â€in‬ â€collaboration‬ â€with‬ â€leading‬ â€academic institutions and industry leaders.‬ â€â€¬ â€Promote‬ â€Employment‬ â€Generation:‬ â€Incentivize‬ â€sectors‬ â€with‬ â€high‬ â€employment‬ â€potential‬ â€like‬ â€manufacturing‬ â€and‬ â€services‬ â€through‬ â€subsidies,‬ â€tax‬â€breaks,‬â€and‬â€infrastructure‬â€support.‬â€Support‬ â€small and medium enterprises (SMEs) through easier credit facilities and market access.‬ â€â€¬ â€Strengthen‬ â€Social‬ â€Protection‬ â€Programs:‬ â€Extend‬ â€and‬ â€deepen‬ â€the‬ â€reach‬ â€of‬ â€MGNREGA‬ â€and‬ â€the Public Distribution System to cover more vulnerable populations.‬ â€o‬ Iâ€mprove‬â€healthcare‬â€coverage‬â€under‬â€schemes‬â€like‬â€PMJAY‬â€to‬â€include‬â€more‬â€diseases‬â€and‬ â€higher reimbursement for medical expenses.‬ â€â€¬ â€Drive‬ â€Financial‬ â€Inclusion:‬ â€Expand‬ â€the‬ â€reach‬ â€of‬ â€financial‬ â€services‬ â€to‬ â€unbanked‬ â€areas,‬ â€promoting schemes like Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana.‬ â€o‬ â€Leverage‬ â€technology‬ â€to‬ â€provide‬ â€mobile‬ â€banking‬ â€services,‬ â€ensuring‬ â€that‬ â€financial‬ â€products are accessible to all.‬ â€â€¬ â€Empower‬ â€Women‬ â€Economically:‬ â€Implement‬ â€and‬ â€enforce‬ â€policies‬ â€that‬ â€support‬ â€women’s‬ â€participation‬ â€in‬ â€the‬ â€workforce,‬ â€such‬ â€as‬ â€equal‬ â€pay,‬ â€maternity‬ â€benefits,‬ â€and‬ â€anti-discrimination‬ â€laws.‬ â€o‬ â€Promote‬ â€women-led‬ â€enterprises‬ â€through‬ â€dedicated‬ â€financial‬ â€products‬ â€and‬ â€marketing‬ â€platforms.‬ â€o‬ â€Utilize‬ â€successful‬ â€models‬ â€like‬ â€Kerala’s‬ â€Kudumbashree,‬ â€a‬ â€community-based‬ â€women‬ â€empowerment project, as a template for other states.‬ â€â€¬ â€Modernize‬ â€Agriculture:‬ â€Support‬ â€precision‬â€agriculture‬â€techniques‬â€and‬â€sustainable‬â€practices‬â€to‬ â€increase‬ â€productivity.‬ â€Improve‬ â€rural‬ â€infrastructure‬ â€like‬ â€roads‬ â€and‬ â€storage‬ â€facilities‬ â€to‬ â€reduce‬ â€post-harvest losses.‬ â€â€¬ â€Inclusive‬ â€Governance:‬ â€Enhance‬ â€citizen‬ â€participation,‬ â€boost‬ â€transparency,‬ â€and‬ â€combat‬ â€corruption.‬ â€Strengthen‬ â€local‬ â€self-governments‬ â€and‬ â€engage‬ â€marginalized‬ â€groups‬ â€in‬ â€policy-making.‬ â€o‬ â€The‬ â€Union‬ â€Budget‬ â€2024‬ â€prioritizes‬ â€inclusive‬ â€development‬â€as‬â€its‬â€foremost‬â€goal,‬â€one‬â€of‬ â€the seven key objectives for the‬â€"Amrit Kaal"‬â€period.‬ â€o‬ â€It‬â€aims‬â€to‬â€promote‬â€inclusive‬â€growth‬â€for‬â€youth,‬â€women,‬â€farmers,‬â€OBCs,‬â€Scheduled‬â€Castes‬ â€and‬ â€Tribes,‬ â€the‬â€differently‬â€abled,‬â€economically‬â€weaker‬â€sections,‬â€and‬â€other‬â€marginalized‬ â€groups.‬ â€â€¬ â€Private‬ â€Sector‬ â€Engagement:‬ â€Promote‬ â€Corporate‬ â€Social‬ â€Responsibility‬ â€(CSR)‬ â€that‬ â€targets‬ â€inclusive‬ â€growth.‬ â€Motivate‬ â€private‬ â€sector‬ â€investment‬ â€in‬ â€community‬ â€development‬ â€and‬ â€social‬ â€initiatives.‬ â€â€¬ â€Sensitization‬ â€and‬ â€Awareness:‬ â€Increase‬ â€public‬ â€understanding‬ â€and‬ â€sensitivity‬ â€towards‬ â€inclusivity‬ â€and‬ â€equality.‬ â€Implement‬ â€campaigns‬ â€and‬ â€educational‬ â€programs‬ â€to‬ â€challenge‬ â€stereotypes and discrimination.‬ â€We need I.N.C.L.U.S.I.V.E. growth‬ â€â€¬ â€I‬ â€-‬ â€Inclusion‬ â€of‬ â€all‬ â€(SDG‬ â€10:‬ â€Reduced‬ â€Inequalities‬â€):‬ â€Emphasizing‬ â€social,‬ â€economic,‬ â€and‬ â€political‬ â€inclusion‬ â€of‬ â€all‬ â€irrespective‬ â€of‬ â€age,‬ â€sex,‬ â€disability,‬ â€race,‬ â€ethnicity,‬ â€origin,‬ â€religion,‬ â€or‬ â€economic status, supported by "‬â€Pradhan Mantri Jan‬â€Dhan Yojana"‬â€for financial inclusion.‬ â€â€¬ â€N‬ â€-‬ â€Nutrition‬ â€and‬ â€food‬ â€security‬ â€(SDG‬ â€2:‬ â€Zero‬ â€Hunger):‬ â€Addressing‬ â€hunger‬ â€and‬ â€promoting‬ â€sustainable agriculture through initiatives like the‬â€"National Food Security Act."‬ â€â€¬ â€C‬â€-‬â€Care‬â€for‬â€health‬â€(SDG‬â€3:‬â€Good‬â€Health‬â€and‬â€Well-being):‬â€Enhancing‬â€healthcare‬â€accessibility‬ â€and‬ â€quality‬ â€through‬ â€"Ayushman‬ â€Bharat"‬ â€and‬ â€"Mission‬ â€Indradhanush‬â€"‬ â€for‬ â€vaccination‬ â€coverage.‬ â€â€¬ â€L‬ â€-‬ â€Learning‬ â€opportunities‬ â€(SDG‬ â€4:‬ â€Quality‬ â€Education):‬ â€Ensuring‬ â€inclusive‬ â€and‬ â€equitable‬ â€quality‬ â€education‬ â€and‬ â€promoting‬ â€lifelong‬ â€learning‬ â€opportunities‬ â€via‬ â€"â€S ‬ arva‬ â€Shiksha‬ â€Abhiyan‬â€"‬ â€and "‬â€Skill India."‬ â€â€¬ â€U‬ â€-‬ â€Upliftment‬ â€of‬ â€women‬ â€(SDG‬ â€5:‬ â€Gender‬ â€Equality):‬ â€Promoting‬ â€gender‬ â€equality‬ â€and‬ â€empowering‬ â€all‬ â€women‬ â€and‬ â€girls‬ â€through‬ â€"â€B ‬ eti‬ â€Bachao,‬ â€Beti‬ â€Padhao‬â€"‬ â€and‬ â€the‬ â€"Nirbhaya‬ â€Fund."‬ â€â€¬ â€S‬ â€-‬ â€Sustainable‬ â€economic‬ â€growth‬ â€(SDG‬ â€8:‬ â€Decent‬ â€Work‬ â€and‬ â€Economic‬ â€Growth):‬ â€Encouraging‬ â€sustained,‬ â€inclusive‬ â€economic‬ â€growth‬ â€and‬ â€full‬ â€and‬ â€productive‬ â€employment‬ â€with‬ "†Make‬ â€in‬ â€India"‬ â€and‬ â€supporting‬ â€youth‬ â€employment‬ â€through‬ â€"â€N ‬ ational‬ â€Youth‬ â€Empowerment‬ â€Scheme."‬ â€â€¬ â€I‬â€-‬â€Inequality‬â€reduction‬â€(SDG‬â€10:‬â€Reduced‬â€Inequalities‬â€again):‬â€Focusing‬â€on‬â€empowering‬â€and‬ â€promoting‬ â€the‬ â€inclusion‬ â€of‬ â€all,‬ â€especially‬ â€marginalized‬ â€groups‬ â€such‬ â€as‬ â€SC,‬ â€ST,‬ â€OBC,‬ â€and‬ â€minorities, with laws like the "‬â€Scheduled Castes and‬â€Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act‬â€."‬ †‬ â€V‬ â€-‬ â€Viable‬ â€urban‬ â€development‬ â€(SDG‬ â€11:‬ â€Sustainable‬ â€Cities‬ â€and‬ â€Communities)‬â€:‬â€Aiming‬â€to‬ â€make‬ â€cities‬ â€inclusive,‬ â€safe,‬ â€resilient,‬ â€and‬ â€sustainable‬ â€with‬ â€the‬ â€"Smart‬ â€Cities‬ â€Mission‬â€"‬ â€and‬ â€improving housing conditions through "‬â€Pradhan Mantri‬â€Awas Yojana."‬ â€â€¬ â€E‬ â€-‬ â€Equitable‬ â€justice‬ â€and‬ â€strong‬ â€institutions‬ â€(SDG‬ â€16:‬ â€Peace,‬ â€Justice,‬ â€and‬ â€Strong‬ â€Institutions):‬â€Promoting‬â€peaceful‬â€and‬â€inclusive‬â€societies,‬â€providing‬â€access‬â€to‬â€justice‬â€for‬â€all,‬â€and‬ â€building‬â€effective,‬â€accountable‬â€institutions‬â€at‬â€all‬â€levels‬â€through‬â€"Digital‬â€India"‬â€and‬â€oversight‬â€by‬ â€the‬â€"Central Vigilance Commission."‬ †orld Economic Forum (WEF) on Promoting Inclusive Growth‬ W â€World‬â€Economic‬â€Forum‬â€recommended‬â€following‬â€three‬â€steps‬â€to‬â€promote‬â€social‬â€inclusion‬â€and‬â€economic‬ â€growth:‬ â€â€¬ â€Capacity‬â€Building:‬â€Governments‬â€should‬â€enhance‬â€the‬â€skills‬â€of‬â€their‬â€citizens‬â€to‬â€foster‬â€public‬â€and‬ â€private investment, crucial for boosting productivity growth sustainably.‬ â€â€¬ â€Labor‬ â€Regulation‬ â€Modernization:‬ â€It‬ â€is‬ â€important‬ â€for‬ â€governments‬ â€to‬ â€update‬ â€labor‬ â€laws‬ â€and‬ â€cooperate‬ â€with‬ â€employer‬ â€and‬ â€worker‬ â€groups.‬ â€This‬ â€impacts‬ â€employment,‬ â€compensation‬ â€distribution, purchasing power, and overall economic demand.‬ â€â€¬ â€Investment‬â€in‬â€Social‬â€Benefits:‬â€Governments‬â€need‬â€to‬â€increase‬â€public‬â€and‬â€private‬â€investments‬ â€in‬ â€labor-intensive‬ â€sectors‬ â€such‬â€as‬â€sustainable‬â€infrastructure,‬â€water,‬â€electricity,‬â€digital‬â€platforms,‬ â€transportation, healthcare, and education. This will provide widespread social advantages.‬ †ITI Aayog on Achieving Inclusive Growth‬ N â€NITI‬ â€Aayog‬ â€in‬ â€its‬ â€Strategy‬ â€for‬ â€New‬ â€India‬ â€@75‬ â€provided‬ â€a‬ â€blueprint‬ â€for‬ â€achieving‬ â€inclusive‬ â€growth‬ â€in‬ â€India. Key recommendations are-‬ â€â€¬ â€To‬ â€have‬ â€an‬ â€inclusive‬ â€development‬ â€in‬ â€the‬ â€cities‬ â€to‬ â€ensure‬ â€that‬ â€urban‬ â€poor‬ â€and‬ â€slum‬ â€dwellers‬ â€including recent migrants can avail city services.‬ â€â€¬ â€To‬â€make‬â€schools‬â€more‬â€inclusive‬â€by‬â€addressing‬â€the‬â€barriers‬â€related‬â€to‬â€the‬â€physical‬â€environment‬ â€(e.g. accessible toilets), admission procedures as well as curriculum design.‬ â€â€¬ â€To make higher education more inclusive for the most vulnerable groups.‬ â€â€¬ â€To‬ â€provide‬ â€quality‬ â€ambulatory‬ â€services‬ â€for‬ â€an‬ â€inclusive‬ â€package‬ â€of‬ â€diagnostic,‬ â€curative,‬ â€rehabilitative and palliative care, close to the people.‬ â€Conclusion‬ â€India's‬ â€commitment‬ â€to‬ â€inclusive‬ â€growth‬ â€aligns‬ â€with‬ â€Sustainable‬ â€Development‬ â€Goals,‬ â€constitutional‬ â€values,‬ â€and‬ â€national‬ â€policies‬ â€like‬ â€'Sabka‬ â€Saath‬ â€Sabka‬ â€Vikas'‬â€,‬ â€targeting‬ â€a‬ â€poverty‬ â€rate‬ â€reduction‬ â€to‬ â€about‬ â€5%.‬ â€This‬ â€progress‬ â€reflects‬ â€robust‬ â€policy‬ â€initiatives‬ â€across‬ â€states‬ â€such‬ â€as‬â€Uttar‬â€Pradesh,‬â€Bihar,‬ â€and‬ â€Madhya‬ â€Pradesh,‬ â€significantly‬ â€lifting‬ â€millions‬ â€from‬ â€multidimensional‬ â€poverty​​.‬ â€Looking‬ â€ahead,‬ â€continued‬ â€efforts‬ â€towards‬ â€economic‬ â€equity‬ â€and‬ â€social‬ â€welfare‬ â€are‬ â€key‬ â€to‬ â€achieving‬ â€sustainable‬ â€and‬ â€inclusive development for all citizens.‬ â€International Best Practices of Inclusive Development‬ â€â€¬ â€Singapore’s‬ â€Skill’s‬ â€Future‬ â€initiative:‬ â€focuses‬ â€on‬ â€continuous‬ â€learning‬ â€where‬â€citizens‬â€receive‬ â€credits to attend courses that improve their job prospects.‬ â€o‬ â€This‬ â€program‬ â€supports‬ â€career‬ â€transitions‬ â€and‬ â€upskilling,‬ â€adapting‬ â€to‬ â€technological‬ â€changes and global economic shifts.‬ â€â€¬ S †ocial‬ â€Business‬ â€and‬ â€Entrepreneurship‬ â€(Bangladesh)‬â€:‬ â€The‬ â€concept‬ â€of‬ â€social‬ â€business‬ â€popularized‬ â€by‬ â€Nobel‬ â€Peace‬ â€Prize‬ â€laureate‬ â€Muhammad‬ â€Yunus‬ â€in‬ â€Bangladesh,‬ â€focuses‬ â€on‬ â€solving‬ â€social‬ â€problems‬ â€through‬ â€business‬ â€techniques,‬ â€including‬ â€microfinance‬ â€and‬ â€social‬ â€entrepreneurship.‬ â€o‬ â€These‬ â€businesses‬ â€reinvest‬ â€profits‬ â€to‬ â€expand‬ â€their‬ â€reach‬ â€and‬ â€improve‬ â€the‬ â€community,‬ â€promoting sustainable economic development.‬ â€â€¬ â€South‬ â€Korea’s‬ â€extensive‬ â€investment‬ â€in‬ â€digital‬ â€infrastructure‬ â€and‬ â€education:‬ â€ensures‬ â€widespread internet access and technological literacy.‬ â€o‬ â€The‬ â€government‬ â€supports‬ â€programs‬ â€to‬ â€ensure‬ â€elderly‬ â€citizens‬ â€and‬ â€other‬ â€vulnerable‬ â€groups‬â€are‬â€not‬â€left‬â€behind‬â€in‬â€the‬â€digital‬â€era,‬â€promoting‬â€participation‬â€and‬â€access‬â€to‬â€digital‬ â€services.‬ â€â€¬ â€Conditional‬ â€Cash‬ â€Transfers‬ â€(Brazil‬ â€and‬ â€Mexico)‬â€:‬ â€Programs‬ â€like‬ â€Brazil’s‬ â€Bolsa‬ â€FamÃlia‬â€and‬ â€Mexico’s‬ â€Oportunidades‬ â€provide‬ â€financial‬ â€aid‬ â€to‬ â€poor‬ â€families‬ â€under‬ â€the‬ â€condition‬ â€that‬ â€they‬ â€comply‬ â€with‬ â€certain‬ â€requirements,‬ â€such‬ â€as‬ â€ensuring‬ â€children‬ â€attend‬ â€school‬ â€and‬ â€receive‬ â€vaccinations.‬ â€o‬ â€These‬ â€programs‬ â€have‬ â€significantly‬ â€contributed‬ â€to‬ â€reducing‬ â€child‬ â€labor,‬ â€improving‬ â€educational outcomes, and enhancing health conditions among the poorest populations.‬ â€â€¬ â€Germany’s‬â€social‬â€urban‬â€development‬â€programs‬â€focus‬â€on‬â€revitalizing‬â€underdeveloped‬â€areas‬ â€without displacing local populations.‬ â€o‬ â€These‬â€initiatives‬â€promote‬â€