Honors Ecology Study Guide PDF

**Honors** Ecology Study Guide Module 2: Principles of Ecology ***Lesson*** 1**:** *Organisms* **& *Their Relationships*** -abiotic - -biotic - -commensalism - -organism - -zone of tolerance - -parasitism - -mutualism - -competition - -biome - -predato...

**Honors** Ecology Study Guide Module 2: Principles of Ecology ***Lesson*** 1**:** *Organisms* **& *Their Relationships*** -abiotic - -biotic - -commensalism - -organism - -zone of tolerance - -parasitism - -mutualism - -competition - -biome - -predator-prey - -biosphere - -ecosystem - -population - -community - -limiting factor - -habitat - -niche - -zone of intolerance - -zone of physiological stress - ***Lesson 2: Flow of Energy** in **Ecosystems Study Guide*** -trophic levels (primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer) - - - - - -autotroph - -omnivore - -heterotroph - -detritivore - -carnivore - -food webs - -Role of heat in pyramids/food webs/chains - -10% rule - ***Lesson* 3: *Cycling of Matter*** -Matter : A physical substance that that takes up space and has mass -Nutrient : A substance that is essential for life and growth -Biogeochemical cycle : The movement of chemical and physical items, the compounds between living organisms -Water cycle (what happens, what\'s involved, where does it happen, why is it important?) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. -condensation : the process in which gas or water vapor is turned into a liquid -transpiration: The process where plants evaporate and lose water -precipitation : The process where the cloud and water particles in the clouds are deposited back into the the ground in forms like rain, hail, and snow -evaporation : The process of turning a liquid into a gas or a vapor (water into water vapor) -Nitrogen cycle (what happens, what\'s involved, where does it happen, why is it important?) 1. 2. 3. a. b. 4. 5. 6. 7. -nitrogen fixation : Turning nitrogen into ammonium through nitrogen fixing bacteria -denitrification : Making nitrogen unusable again through denitrifying bacteria -nitrification: Turning nitrogen into nitrites and nitrates through nitrifying bacteria -Carbon/Oxygen cycle (what happens, what\'s involved, where does it happen, why is it important?) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. -combustion: Burning of fossil fuels -deforestation: Cutting down trees and plants -respiration: The process by which plants use the sugars made through photosynthesis and turn them into energy releasing the CO~2~ -photosynthesis : Plants using energy from the sun and converting it to sugars/food -Phosphorus cycle (what happens, what\'s involved, where does it happen, why is it important?) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. -organic materials: Anything being decomposed ***Module* 4 *Lesson* 1: *Population Dynamics*** -population: Organisms of the same species in a given area at the same time -population density: The number of one species in a given area -dispersion: The pattern in which populations are spread out (clumped, random, uniform) -density independent factors (examples!): Factors that do not rely on the population density( ex: storms, fires, floods, earthquakes) -density dependent factors (examples!) : Factors that rely on the population density (ex: availability of food, parasitism, competition, predation) -population growth rate: The rate at which a population grows impacted by birth rate and immigration -emigration: Organisms exiting a population -immigration: Organisms moving into a population -exponential growth (explanation, examples, graph) : J curve graph shows growth under ideal conditions with no limiting factors (ex:current state of human population growth) -logistic growth (explanation, examples, graph) -carrying capacity : S curve graph shows organisms typical growth pattern with lag phase, growth curve, and carrying capacity (ex:mice population) -k-strategy: Organisms that have long lifespans, reproduce only a few times, and raise their offspring, usually large bodied organisms (humans, elephants, whales) -r-strategy: Organisms that have shorter lifespans, reproduce often, and do not raise their offspring. Usually smaller bodied organisms (insects, frogs, fish) **Module 3: Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems *Lesson 1: Community Ecology*** -role of abiotic factors in succession - -role of biotic factors in succession - -primary succession (examples, process, end result) - - -secondary succession (examples, process, end result) - - -ecological succession - -climax community - -pioneer species - ***Lesson 2: Human Population*** -Human Population Growth - - -Carrying capacity for humans - - -Age Structure Diagrams with different growth rates - -Population growth pyramids - - - -Birth Rate/Death Rate - - -Demography - -Demographic Transition - -Zero Population Growth - -