Ecology PDF

ECOLOGY  to Eure1 : Intro Ecology Ecology : The study of the relationships of organisms and...

ECOLOGY  to Eure1 : Intro Ecology Ecology : The study of the relationships of organisms and their environment. 1869 * Ecology > - * 3 of homes Oikos = Home the study trees Logos study Ants = ex. on Natural History Ecology VS. out and finding organisms going · · systematic and quantitative (#) · the descriptive study' of organisms in their wild habitats. · science that asks us why things are the way #s they are. (using Abiotic VS , Biotic · not alive (temp · Alive (Ants) influenced influenced by disease , compet. by env. ~ other organisms through · moisture , nutrients , fire , toxin. predation , disease , mutualism · conspecific or interspecific i org · direct effects (predation] · indirect effects (competition for resources Read page 49. Ecosystems : Fundamental unit in ecology ) ↳ include Abiotic /Biotic ↳) can be large (biosphere ↳ small ) pitcher plant) L toxins 3 would live animals. in bottom plant digest ↳ watere top of increase in Biomass ↑ Rate En of an ecosystem described by productivity (Energy dynamic by D in nutrients (nitrogen fixation by flow of energy by flow of water Ecology is a science · common features of ecological studies > - field-based research - sophistared took Hypothesis testing > - > - stat - analysis ex. noise monotring -  Lecture 2 u Environmental factors Features that affect ind. pop , communities landscapes etc. organisms, : , , Biotic or Abiotic derived · human ro. natural · or anthropogenic affectI n such as productivity decomp nutrient cycling · , , factors Limiting factor with lowest availability relative to need : mineral nutrients are often a limiting factor for ecosystem productivity · ex. phosphorus often limits lake productivity water) · Additional phosphorous light visible Isolar Radiation) weight product collected - : of organic matter by organic molecules. 1. energy flows through ecosystem · measured on dry weight basis HonsOfdruweitn (Birds see ur light , unlike humans) ↳ earth open system accumulation productivity : rate of energy fixation # biomass vital for Autotrophs = self feeding (plants Algae , the rate of Diomass accumulation. Nutrients 2 cycle through ecosystem photosynthesis sunlight : + 610 + 6H20 + CH 200 + 602 & , (plants algea cynobacterial , , 1st law of - thermodynamics Absorb solar radiation 102 +20 simple sugars + oxygen + + energy cannot be created or destroyed - Heterotrophs : (Animals , fungil only live by feeding off other organisms thermal ,a disappate input outprchemical , , photosynthesis Also be released as. heat (flow through system) · ↳ solar ↳ of solar Delayed release energy withinSeasons times oflotsofsolarenya ↑ 2nd Law thermodynamics - reflected or Absorbed ↳ varies with latitude. * dissapated by reradiation Energy transformation % (reflected) energy) (heat) can occur ~ 30 into space (infrared ~ 25 % absorbed /atmosphere) spontaneously only under conditions ~ 45 % absorded (surface in which entropy of the universe. 4 Also evapotranspiration : crap from all surfaces. · ↑ evaporation from organisms page (53) : disorder transpiration liquid ~ gas ·. ex in order for balloon to inflate , it needs energy endothermic Absorbs energy latent heat Centhalpy Greehouse - H20 CH3 D4GG through gasses CO2 , , Combustion , deforestation 4) Absorb dissapated infrared radiation + agriculture and re-adidte it in all directions. Energy Fixations in ecosystems. 3 · provides thermal blanket (15c) # 4 through years page5 Autotrophs-primary producers · photoautotrophs plants , Algea , (light self feeders) gross primary production (GPP Cynobacteria · : UpsinherentAppear = total amount of solar energy Global decomp. produced warming < ↑ productivity 4 drought + green ↳ Also My ↑ chemoautotrophs : specialized bacteria (live in dark) Anthrogenic increases in GG cause in tem · -) Chemosynthesis metabolism : energy from inorganic chemicals sulphide minerals ( (oxidizing RespirationAmtofchera fish · Cod , Angel , snake blenny have shifted north. > - exothermic - CO2 + Ho = glucose tabolism -) ex Volcanic sea deep vents provide energy. 10 5. - 0. 75) Heterotrophs productivity of major biomes productive habitat with ↓ environmental constraints : Net primary Production a * not all plants are autotrophs (warm numid climate , fertile soil). Rainforest = most diverse ecosystem. LDex ghostpipe-no chlorophyll. Energy transfer : · At trophic level of from ↓ NPP b ↓ nutrient a large part availability , energy surrounding trees open oceans > < - L ·. energy is lost at respiration. · Reefs -P 4 NPP (like underwater Rainforest) , Energy& as you P trophic levels Food chain feeding interactions energy transfer : linear +. · only a part of energy food used · earth can sustain 10 billion people but only if levels ·Herbarores Do energy inoit Biomagnification : Humans produce toxins we eate lower trophic that do not occur naturally. eX. organochlorides , DDT , mercury · these enter food chains Food Web All feeding food chains : interactions amoung  Lecture 4-Pnutrient nu ↓ cycling sub · necessary for healthy physiogy of org. factor limits growth Abiotic factors principle limiting ·. water - ex. Phosphorus + nitrogen often limit productivity in ↳ result in algedblooms I Lp influx of nutrients macronutrients required a : in large quant. * hemoglobin-Diron Oxygen Hydrogen , , CarbonBiological process plants -- ↑ Carbon AKA mineral nutrients : N , S,P , Ca , Mg , ↓ Poxygen (same for AA to live humans) Phydrogen ↑ micronutrients : required in small quantities ↑ micronutrients 4 Fe , Mn , B ,2 , Cl , Na... u lack of these , could lead to defencies Toxicity long to toxic sub. Hyper accumulation plants neutralize toxic sub : : essential nutrients become Tolerance : exposure toxic e levels high Icope with leads to evolution of tolament org , by collecting in vacuoles ex nickel + copper-stunt growth extra nutr) metal Mangroves salf tolerance. Mangroves. ex > ex -n hyperacs. · - ·.. ↳ depends on organism. ex Plants develop tolerance to toxic metals Bioremediation exploits. · · to help collect pollutants Energy transfer vs nutrient cycles metalaccumulating species - grow in 4) metal soils ·. continuous input of energy ↳ ocean absorbs it nutrients recycled. * earth closed system* Carbon cycle : ↓ Backbone of life ↳ ex obtain nutrients from energy released = lear turn yellow. geese grass then thier CO2 fixed from feces fertilize [chmosphere grass through , decomp Throughstration. Nutrient budgets : how they get into the living part of earth · storage as biomass (coal , oil , gas · input Methane : when Ozd , decomp. ↓ Anthropogeniceffects L use FF and land covers 402 up produced. transformations cows. flatulent heterotrophs > · ↳ - Output Dead animals · Compartments al Atmospheric gasses Nitrogen Cycle -organic * ↓ surface critical component of AA &enitrification ammonification nitrofication b) Organic pool Living biological tissue at the at the earth : ↓ · growth limiting inorganic Na · nitrate,ammonium neverendant 178 %) c) Available nutrients : plants d) Rocks and soil : Deep in oceans , volcanoes & Nitrogen Fixation : N2- useful nitrogen /Ammonia etc. ↳ through oxidation be done industrally. (agriculture ↳ can Root nodules bacteria legumes - : Solubilization provides advantage for pasi s -energyrichprocess + ↳minerals in rock/soil become water soluable andusedby organs i s Sulfur PHOSPHOROUS cye of cells · Cycle protient biochemicals nitrification : nitrogen cycle volcanois lakes sulfur growth-limiting e caseous ↳ in Soil - Foundation of eosystems marine sediments none in atmosphere Acid Rain : · physical support · 78 % SO2 is anthrogenic · clay dominant drain poorly passes through the organism. · combustion of FF of sulfice-riche ores · smelting ↳) prone to drought biovectorsBirds ration ↳ mater-phumus fish with atmosphere organic run ↑ Hz0 , 4 filth  Lecture 5 un (one species) ex. Cod. Population ecology study : of population dynamics of species and how pop. interact with the. environment ↳ How ? quickly do pop , grow ↳ What factors limit ? pop. growth ? ↳ How many organisms in an equilibrium pop. · pop. 41d for short/long time (like compound interst population growth f of conspecific group · 17 ind. that inhabit the same ared. log. - - V closed population * Exponential growth Logistic growth · isolated from other open population ind. D4 immigrate Bd nothing stoodinwayofgot... groups · , · pengiuns-p easier to study. and/or emigrate (D) deaths (B) Births (1)) Field mice , Redfow , Moose , s h a r k carrying capacity · :. · max sus. · humans 2 quickest growth · if B > D ; pop 4 (1) (e) emigrants. immigrants pop. size in a given environment ·. · Doubling time (N-P2N) if B fight males in other. - groups to take place > kills all cubs - Australian.. 3 Othercloselyreptedspeciesism while female-way larger than male 1 sexual dimorphism) Female eat male mating 1. Adult male odour , recognizes triggering aggression. unrelated cubs by unfam. - produces renon males achieve ↑ reproductivity when cyclesreachsexual maturity 4.. 2 3 as yeard they insert themselves into female Foraging behaviour food choices linked with fitness takes female more time = more to eat sperm. 3 3 other panthra species (tigers leopards jaguars · : , , are more solitary.