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Energy Transformations and Biological Processes
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Energy Transformations and Biological Processes

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Questions and Answers

Which type of organism is identified as not being an autotroph?

  • Ghostpipe (correct)
  • Algae
  • Sunflowers
  • Cacti

    • What ecosystem is mentioned as the most diverse?

  • Rainforest (correct)
  • Temperate forest
  • Desert
  • Tundra

    • Which factor is mentioned as contributing to productivity in major biomes?

  • Warm humid climate (correct)
  • Poor soil quality
  • High environmental constraints
  • Low biodiversity

    • Which statement about plants is indicated in the content?

    <p>Some plants can be heterotrophs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to when discussing 'net primary production'?

    <p>Energy available after photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy is absorbed by the surface?

    <p>45%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way energy is lost to space as heat?

    <p>Reradiation as infrared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition must be satisfied for spontaneous energy transformation to occur?

    <p>Entropy of the universe must increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy is absorbed by the atmosphere?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy that has been reradiated characterized?

    <p>As thermal energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option represents a method through which energy is transformed but not absorbed?

    <p>Energy reflected by surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the combined percentage of energy reflected and absorbed by the atmosphere?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes contributes to the dissipation of energy in the environment?

    <p>Reradiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do geese play in relation to grass in the ecosystem?

    <p>Their feces fertilize the grass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nutrients enter the living part of the Earth according to nutrient budgets?

    <p>Through decomposition processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of decomposition regarding carbon compounds?

    <p>It transforms carbon compounds into methane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances can act as storage for nutrients within the ecosystem?

    <p>Biomass like coal, oil, and gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of the carbon cycle mentioned in the context?

    <p>Carbon fixation from the atmosphere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is directly responsible for the release of methane?

    <p>Decomposition of organic materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What incorrect assumption might one make about nutrient storage?

    <p>Biomass cannot hold any nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the nutrient cycling process aside from faeces?

    <p>Grass decay and subsequent decomposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do minerals such as nitrogen and phosphorus play in biological processes for plants?

    <p>They are required for various metabolic functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following minerals is classified as a micronutrient?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the function of major minerals in plants?

    <p>They support plant tissue structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of micronutrients in plants?

    <p>They are essential for enzyme functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is not considered a mineral nutrient?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of nutrition for humans and plants, what does the term 'mineral nutrients' refer to?

    <p>Elements needed in small amounts for physiological functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which micronutrient is predominant for chlorophyll synthesis in plants?

    <p>Magnesium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when plants lack essential mineral nutrients?

    <p>They may exhibit nutrient deficiency symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is classified as a major mineral nutrient essential for bones and teeth in humans?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of hydrogen for plants?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of nitrogen fixation in legumes?

    <p>It provides energy-rich nutrients through microbial activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to the solubilization of minerals in rock or soil?

    <p>Biological weathering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the growth-limiting properties in ecosystems?

    <p>Lack of energy-rich nutrients in soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of the nitrogen cycle involving nitrification?

    <p>Involves bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is attributed to anthropogenic sources?

    <p>78%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does acid rain impact ecosystems?

    <p>It can lead to nutrient leaching from the soil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do root nodules play in the ecosystems of legumes?

    <p>They house nitrogen-fixing bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one indirect effect of volcanism on soil ecosystems?

    <p>Supplies minerals and influences nutrient cycling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of clay in soil?

    <p>To enhance nutrient retention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the sulfur cycle is most likely to contribute to acid rain?

    <p>Sulfur dioxide from both natural and anthropogenic sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Root nodules in legumes primarily benefit which organisms?

    <p>Nitrogen-fixing bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to phosphorus during biological cycling in ecosystems?

    <p>It is cycled through various biochemical processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of poorly draining clay soils in agriculture?

    <p>Increased risk of root rot in plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the ecosystem is the conversion of ammonium to nitrate primarily undertaken?

    <p>Surface soil layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Energy Transformations

    • Energy can spontaneously transform under conditions where the entropy of the universe increases
    • ~ 75% of solar energy is absorbed by the Earth, ~ 45% by the surface and ~ 30% by the atmosphere.
    • ~ 25% of solar energy is reflected back into space.

    Heterotrophs

    • Not all plants are autotrophs (e.g. ghostpipe)
    • The productivity of a biome is determined by its environmental constraints
    • Rainforests are the most diverse ecosystems
    • Heterotrophs depend on autotrophs directly or indirectly for energy

    Biological Processes

    • Plants use carbon dioxide, oxygen, hydrogen, and mineral nutrients for growth
    • Mineral nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and potassium
    • Micronutrients are required in small quantities and include iron, manganese, boron, chlorine, and sodium
    • The carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon through the living and non-living components of the Earth
    • Methane is produced by decomposition and can be oxidized industrially
    • Root nodules in legumes provide bacteria with energy and enhance nitrogen fixation
    • Solubilization of minerals in rocks and soil makes them water soluble and usable by organisms

    Soil

    • Soil is the foundation of ecosystems
    • Soil provides physical support for plants
    • Clay is dominant in drainage, and nutrients can pass through organisms

    Nitrogen and Sulfur Cycles

    • The nitrogen cycle involves the fixation, nitrification, and denitrification of nitrogen.
    • Sulfur is stored in sediments, volcanoes, and lakes.
    • Acid rain results from the release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.
    • 78% of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is anthropogenic (human-caused).

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    Explore the interplay of energy transformations and biological processes in ecosystems. This quiz covers concepts including heterotrophs and their relationship with autotrophs, as well as the role of mineral nutrients in plant growth. Understand how solar energy influences various biomes and the importance of the carbon cycle.

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