Canadian Armed Forces Manual for Handling Explosive Detection Dogs PDF
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2013
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Summary
This Canadian Armed Forces manual provides guidance on handling explosive detection dogs. It covers training procedures, safety, and selection criteria for handlers and dogs.
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A-K9-001-909-DOG FOR TRAINING ONLY Canadian Armed Forces Manual for Handling Explosive Detection Dogs FOR TRAINING ONLY Modified: 6 Sep 2013 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only FOREWORD 1. The information in this volume is intended to be used as reference material for training development sce...
A-K9-001-909-DOG FOR TRAINING ONLY Canadian Armed Forces Manual for Handling Explosive Detection Dogs FOR TRAINING ONLY Modified: 6 Sep 2013 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only FOREWORD 1. The information in this volume is intended to be used as reference material for training development scenarios used in various courses offered at the Canadian Forces Training Development Centre and is for training purposes only. ii A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only PREFACE Aim 1. The aim of this publication is to detail the training of Handlers of Explosive Detection Dogs. Level and Scope 2. 3. This publication is for the use of the following personnel: a. trained and trainee dog handlers, b. supervisors of trained dog handlers, and c. instructors/trainers at Training Establishments tasked with the training of Explosive Detection Dogs and/or dog Handlers. This publication covers: a. safety precautions, b. standards of efficiency of explosive detection dog handlers, c. selection of explosive detection dog handlers and trainers, d. basic handling, e. types of training, f. theory of training, and g. stages of training. iii A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS SECTION 1-1. GENERAL SAFETY ............................................................... 1-1/3 Training ............................................................................................... 1-2/1 Transport ............................................................................................. 1-3/1 Loose Dogs ......................................................................................... 1-3/1 Choking Off.......................................................................................... 1-3/1 CHAPTER 2 STANDARDS OF EFFICIENCY OF AN EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DOG HANDLER SECTION 2-1. GENERAL .............................................................................. 2-1/2 CHAPTER 3 SELECTION OF EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DOG HANDLERS AND TRAINERS SECTION 3-1. GENERAL .............................................................................. 3-1/9 Bold Attitude ........................................................................................ 3-1/9 Retrieval Drive ..................................................................................... 3-1/9 Physical Characteristics Criteria .......................................................... 3-1/9 Determining the Age of a Dog ............................................................. 3-2/9 Evaluation of Dogs Offered for Training .............................................. 3-2/9 Life Span ............................................................................................. 3-2/9 SECTION 3-2. UNDESIRABLE TRAITS IN MILITARY DOGS ....................... 3-3/9 Structural Defects ................................................................................ 3-3/9 Psychological Defects ....................................................................... 3-52/9 SECTION 3-3. INTAKE PROCEDURE .......................................................... 3-6/9 Admission to Kennel Area ................................................................... 3-6/9 Gun-shyness ....................................................................................... 3-7/9 Gun-green ........................................................................................... 3-7/9 Primary Medical Therapy ..................................................................... 3-7/9 SECTION 3-4. SELECTION OF DOG HANDLERS AND TRAINERS ............ 3-7/9 Selection of Dog Handlers ................................................................... 3-7/9 Selection of Dog Trainers .................................................................... 3-8/9 Explosive Detection Dog Section Commanders Responsibilities ........ 3-9/9 ANNEXES: A. EDD Section Questionnaire for Intake Dogs ................................. 3A-1/5 B. EDD Section Temper Evaluation Questionnaire ........................... 3B-1/4 CHAPTER 4 BASIC HANDLING SECTION 4-1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 4-1/14 Principles of Dog Handling ................................................................ 4-1/14 iv A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only SECTION 4-2. BASIC HANDLING SKILLS .................................................. 4-2/14 Taking Over a Dog ............................................................................. 4-2/14 Releasing Dogs from Kennels ........................................................... 4-2/14 Fitting the Muzzle ............................................................................... 4-3/14 The Position of the Dog in Relation to the Handler ............................ 4-3/14 Lifting and Carrying Dogs .................................................................. 4-3/14 Use of the Lead ................................................................................. 4-3/14 SECTION 4-3. EXERCISE ........................................................................... 4-4/14 Routine Exercise ................................................................................ 4-4/14 Settling Exercise ................................................................................ 4-4/14 Reward Exercise ................................................................................ 4-4/14 Compound Exercise .......................................................................... 4-5/14 SECTION 4-4. BASIC OBEDIENCE TRAINING........................................... 4-5/14 Commands ........................................................................................ 4-5/14 Heel ................................................................................................... 4-6/14 Sit ...................................................................................................... 4-7/14 Down.................................................................................................. 4-7/14 Stay.................................................................................................... 4-8/14 Come ................................................................................................. 4-9/14 Advanced Training ........................................................................... 4-10/14 SECTION 4-5. AGILITY TRAINING............................................................ 4-10/14 SECTION 4-6. DRILL ................................................................................. 4-12/14 ANNEXES: A. The Senses of the Dog .................................................................. 4A-1/8 B. The Learning Process of Dogs ...................................................... 4B-1/3 CHAPTER 5 TYPES OF TRAINING SECTION 5-1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 5-1/5 SECTION 5-2. ENVIRONMENTAL TRG – COUNTER CONDITIONING ....... 5-1/5 SECTION 5-3. PRIMARY TRAINING ............................................................. 5-3/5 SECTION 5-4. CONTINUATION TRAINING .................................................. 5-3/5 CHAPTER 6 THE THEORY OF TRAINING SECTION 6-1. HOW THE MIND IS FORMED................................................ 6-1/9 Behaviour Determinants ...................................................................... 6-1/9 SECTION 6-2. CANINE BEHAVIOUR DRIVES.............................................. 6-2/9 Drives................................................................................................... 6-2/9 Prey Drives .......................................................................................... 6-2/9 Pack Drives .......................................................................................... 6-2/9 Defence Drive-Fight ............................................................................. 6-2/9 v A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only Defence Drive-Flight ............................................................................ 6-2/9 SECTION 6-3. COMMUNICATION OF THE DOG ......................................... 6-2/9 Voice Communication .......................................................................... 6-3/9 Body Communication .......................................................................... 6-3/9 SECTION 6-4. CONDITIONING ..................................................................... 6-4/9 Introduction .......................................................................................... 6-4/9 Classical Conditioning ......................................................................... 6-4/9 Operant Conditioning........................................................................... 6-5/9 SECTION 6-5. REINFORCEMENTS AND PUNISHMENTS .......................... 6-6/9 Reinforcements ................................................................................... 6-6/9 Punishments ........................................................................................ 6-7/9 Schedules of Reinforcement................................................................ 6-8/9 SECTION 6-6. TRAINING PROCEDURE ...................................................... 6-8/9 Methods of Obtaining a Desired Behaviour ......................................... 6-8/9 Training a Behaviour ........................................................................... 6-9/9 CHAPTER 7 STAGES OF TRAINING SECTION 7-1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 7-1/10 SECTION 7-2. THE BONDING PROCESS .................................................. 7-1/10 SECTION 7-3. DUMMY DROPS .................................................................. 7-1/10 SECTION 7-4. SIMPLIFIED STAGES OF TRAINING .................................. 7-2/10 Stage 1: Intake Evaluation ................................................................. 7-2/10 Stage 2: Harness Retrieve ................................................................ 7-3/10 Stage 3: Obedience ........................................................................... 7-3/10 Stage 4: Scent Imprinting/Response Training ................................... 7-3/10 Stage 5: Simple Search ..................................................................... 7-4/10 Stage 6: Scent Discrimination............................................................ 7-4/10 Stage 7: Building Search ................................................................... 7-4/10 Stage 8: Vehicle Search .................................................................... 7-4/10 Stage 9: Area Search ........................................................................ 7-5/10 Stage 10: Route Search .................................................................... 7-5/10 Stage 11: Confirmation ...................................................................... 7-5/10 Stage 12: Certification (Pass-out) ...................................................... 7-6/10 SECTION 7-5. ESSENTIAL SKILLS TESTS ................................................ 7-6/10 Introduction ........................................................................................ 7-6/10 Essential Skills Test One ................................................................... 7-6/10 Essential Skills Test Two ................................................................... 7-7/10 Essential Skills Test Three ................................................................ 7-7/10 Essential Skills Test Four .................................................................. 7-8/10 Confirmation Pass-Out ...................................................................... 7-9/10 vi A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only ANNEX: A. Suggested Format: EDD Essential Skills Test Report ................... 7A-1/3 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 4–1: Suggested Dog Agility Course ...................................... 4-12/14 Figure 4–2: Dispersal of Scent in Light and Strong Winds ................. 4A-4/8 Figure 4–3: Comparison of Human and Canine Nasal Structures ..... 4A-8/8 TABLES Table 3–1: Comparative Ages of Dog and Man ................................... 3-2/9 Table 7–1: Training Summary............................................................ 7-2/10 vii A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only GLOSSARY 1. The terms listed below are used in this publication. Definitions which appear in Australian Defence Force Publication 101, Glossary, 1994, are shown verbatim in normal type. Definitions or portions of definitions, which are not included in Australian Defence Force Publication 101, Glossary, 1994, are shown in italic. association: A connection made in the dog's mind between a stimulus and a response. conditioned response: A response which the dog has been trained to display after a conditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus: A stimulus which the dog has learned to associate with an expected response and consequence. conditioning: Training by providing reinforcement. Can be classical or operant. counter conditioning: The training of the dog to respond differently to a given stimulus. For example, the dog behaves to a certain conditioned stimulus (for example, strangers) with fear. Counter-conditioning can be used to make the dog respond to that same conditioned stimulus with pleasure (for example, get strangers to feed the dog). environmental: Introducing a new stimulus to an animal that has had no prior experience of it, in such a way that the dog forms a favourable response to it. generalise/generalisation: This involves teaching the dog to respond to the same stimulus even though the associated cues (for example location, clothing, and background noise) may differ. Dogs typically learn a command within the context it is given in. For example, if a dog has only been taught to sit inside by a voice command given by a man in uniform, he may not sit outside when given the same command by a civilian. To ensure that the dog responds to the commands alone, without any of the associated cues, it is important that generalisation training is done. This involves training the dog with many different associated cues, until the dog realises that it is the command, hand signal alone that has significance. phobia (adversative): A stimulus that produces excessive fears, for example, noise (thunderstorm), floor surfaces (slippery). prompt A prompt or a cue is anything that helps to produce the desired behaviour, for example, pushing down on a dog's rear to get him to sit. Prompts must be gradually faded out so that the animal learns to produce the behaviour on the command alone, without the prompt. response: Behaviour elicited from the dog by a stimulus, for example, sitting, barking, and drooling. viii A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only shaping: This is used if the dog rarely performs the desired behaviour, so you need to progressively reward some approximation (or small step) that resembles the desired behaviour. Rewards should be given more often as the dog gets closer to the desired behaviour. The dog progresses by small steps. stimulus: Any event that can be perceived by the animal. A stimulus could be light, sound, smell or touch. unconditioned stimulus: A stimulus that naturally elicits a certain response without being taught, for example, food is an unconditioned stimulus as it naturally elicits salivation. ix A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only CHAPTER 1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS SECTION 1-1. GENERAL SAFETY 1. Safety precautions are to be observed during the handling of military dogs to prevent them: a. injuring themselves, b. injuring another dog or person, or c. escaping and possibly becoming lost. 2. Incidents can be prevented by the use of common sense and the application of the following rules: a. A military dog must be under control at all times; kennelled, chained, leashed or unleashed. b. A 'safe lead' with the loop passed over the right wrist must be used whenever the handler wishes to use his right hand. For example when fastening the collar, fitting the lead or collar, and opening or shutting gates. c. The door of an occupied kennel is to be opened in such a manner that the dog can not escape past the handler. d. Before a dog is taken out of a kennel check that it's collar is correctly fitted and adjusted and always attach the lead clip to the collar. e. Before leading a dog out of its kennel, check that no other people or dogs are near the door then call 'Dog Out'. f. When approaching the kennel with a dog at heel, call 'Dog In'. g. Keep the dog on a short lead when it passes other dogs or people, and always walk wide around other handlers with dogs. h. Pass on the right side of other dogs and handlers. i. Do not run with dogs in the exercise area or in the vicinity of other dogs and handlers. j. Do not release the dog for unleashed obedience training or exercise unless it is safe to do so. k. Smoking is forbidden when handling a dog and in the kennel area. l. Conduct a daily check to ensure that the dog's equipment is in good order, especially fastenings and clips. m. Chains must be used to stake out dogs if they are to be left unattended. 1-1/3 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only n. Before chaining a dog at any location ensure that the anchor point is secure. o. 'Staked-out' dogs must be positioned in clear areas where they cannot injure themselves. p. Ensure that the kennel is correctly labelled with the occupying dog's name. q. Kennels must be secure and in good order at all times, without any nails or sharp projections which may injure the dogs. r. Gates to the kennel compound must remain closed. s. One way circuits are to be observed, especially in kennel compounds. Training 3. During training the following rules should be observed: a. Only the handler is to pet or handle the dog, other than for treatment or during instruction. b. Do not pet, handle or walk near to dogs for casual reasons. c. When dogs are worked or exercised in squads there should be at least three paces between dogs. d. When dogs are out of their kennels they are not to pick up anything in their mouths. e. Safety regulations regarding the use of blank ammunition, pyrotechnics and explosives apply to dogs. f. Natural and artificial obstacles for agility training must be of safe design and construction with adequate take-off and landing areas. g. A dog must not be made to attempt more than its ability will allow. h. Always walk on the left hand side of the road when on road walks. i. When on road walks, remain alert for signs of lameness and at each halt check the dog for sore feet, cracked nails or other injuries. j. Veterinary first aid kits should be carried when dogs are being worked an appreciable distance away from the kennels. k. If a dog shows undue signs of fatigue, rest it. l. Avoid muzzling for long periods of time and prolonged strenuous work during periods of hot weather. m. Muzzle and restrain an injured dog before attempting treatment. 1-2/3 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only Transport 4. When moving in a vehicle the following safety precautions should be observed: a. Dogs must be kept clear of the tailboard when it is being raised or lowered. b. Loading and carriage points on vehicles must be free of holes and hazards which may injure dogs. c. At least one handler must travel in the rear of the vehicle with the dogs. d. Dogs should be muzzled if they are attempting to fight with each other. e. Dogs must be secured so that they cannot jump from moving vehicles. Loose Dogs 5. If a dog becomes loose, shout 'Loose Dog' and take measures to recover it preferably without running after it. On hearing the shout of 'Loose Dog', secure any dogs which are out of their kennels and assist in the recovery of the loose animal. Do not run from a loose dog that is approaching and behaving aggressively. 6. Before using a dog catcher, check that it is in good order, especially the part of the rope which is inside the tube. Choking Off 7. This is the method used to remove a biting dog from an adversary. On no account should a dog be dragged from another dog or person it may be biting. When choking off, take an overhand grasp of the dog's collar and twist it vigorously away from the body. At the same time the dog's Adam’s apple may be squeezed for greater effect and the word of command 'LEAVE' is given. 1-3/3 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only CHAPTER 2 STANDARDS OF EFFICIENCY - EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DOG HANDLERS SECTION 2-1. GENERAL 1. An Explosive Detection Dog (EDD) Handler must be able to: a. assess an operational situation and advise the employment agency as to whether or not his dog can be usefully employed; b. follow correct EDD operational procedures; c. use his dog to search a given area in order to detect small arms weapons and explosives containing the following base compositions: (1) Cyclo-trimethylene-trinitramine (RDX); (2) Pentacrythritol-tetranitrate (PETN); (3) Trinitrotoluene (TNT); (4) Ammonium Nitrate (AN); (5) Trinitro-phenyl-methyl nitramine (Tetryl); (6) Nitro-glycerin (NG) and Nitro Cellulose (NC) based propellants; and (7) Black Powder; d. use appropriate search techniques for buildings, open areas, routes and vehicles; e. use his dog by day or by night (when sufficient artificial light is available), and in most climatic conditions; f. maintain search awareness at all times; g. control his dog and maintain visual contact with it when working; h. read his dog's limitations, and how this reflects on its capacity to work; i. conduct continuation training in order to maintain the dog's standard of efficiency; j. keep his dog fit and healthy and maintain all associated equipment in good order; k. detect signs of ill health in his dog, render emergency first aid and assist with routine treatment of a sick dog; and l. maintain all necessary documentation that is described in Land Warfare Procedures - Combat Arms (Engineers) 2-5-1, Care, Welfare and Health of Dogs, 2004. 2-1/2 A-K9-001-909-DOG 2. For Training Only A trained EDD must possess the following capabilities: a. be obedient to the following words of command – 'HEEL', 'SIT', 'DOWN', 'STAY', 'COME', 'LEAVE', 'SEEK ON'; b. be obedient, both leashed and unleashed, under all types of operational conditions it may encounter; c. react immediately to all words of command it has been taught, and when necessary, conforming to the handler's movements; d. be able to detect and indicate to its handler the presence of small arms and explosives containing the following base compositions: (1) RDX; (2) PETN; (3) TNT; (4) AN; (5) Tetryl; (6) NG and NC based propellants; and (7) Black Powder; e. be capable of searching all types of urban and rural areas including occupied and unoccupied buildings, vehicles and outside areas; f. be capable of working by day or by night (when sufficient artificial light is available), and in most climatic conditions; g. be capable of detecting and indicating to its handler the presence of hidden hides; h. be agile enough to negotiate reasonable obstacles; i. be bold but not aggressive; j. not be distracted by other animals whilst working; k. not be overly sensitive to small arms fire; l. be capable of working in areas and situations where personnel, movement and noise are present; and m. accept movement in all types of transport. 2-2/2 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only CHAPTER 3 SELECTION OF EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DOG HANDLERS AND TRAINERS SECTION 3-1. GENERAL 1. Selection criteria for dogs offered for training and employment within the Royal Australian Engineers are stringent. Few animals display the full range of character traits and physical characteristics required. The animals must be: a. of bold attitude; b. frantic retrievers; c. of sound temperament; d. in good health and fit, not fat; e. bitches or dogs between one to two years old; and f. of the breeds German Shepherd, Collie, Labrador or a mix of these breeds. Bold Attitude 2. In determining that a dog has a bold attitude, it will be noted that the animal is hyperactive, very alert and inquisitive to all activity in his surroundings. These characteristics must be observed in the animal's normal behaviour and in unfamiliar surroundings. The dog should not demonstrate aggressiveness towards people. Retrieval Drive 3. The dog must demonstrate a very strong, almost frantic desire to retrieve a thrown object. This desire is reflected in a dog that jumps around and trembles with anticipation and excitement when a person fakes at throwing a retrieving object. The dog must also display a possessive attitude towards a tennis ball. Physical Characteristics Criteria 4. Regardless of the breed selected, the animal should meet generally accepted standards for breed conformation. Good bone structure, a deep chest and a properly proportional body and limbs are required. Musculature should be firm and well developed. The animal's paws should be properly positioned and the footpads should be tough and resilient. 5. Both the walking gait and the running gait should fall within accepted breed standards. Abnormalities in the animal's movement pattern may reflect underlying defects in skeletal or muscular development and function arising from genetic of pathologic origins and therefore may be a cause for rejection. Assessment of a good gait is best done at the trot. The animal should be able to reach straightforward with both front and hind legs, with the paws moving close to the ground. 3-1/9 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only 6. A dog being considered for EDD training and employment must meet the following physical characteristics criteria: a. be of medium build; b. not be over weight; c. meet the accepted breed conformation standards; d. have tough and resilient pads; and e. have no signs of lameness or hip displashia. Determining the Age of a Dog 7. Accurate assessment of the age of a dog is difficult, especially with animals over six years old. Signs of aging are not always constant but a combination of factors may indicate that a dog is advancing or advanced in years. These signs include: a. the appearance of grey hairs on the muzzle of dark dogs about the age of five or six years (not always reliable); b. 'blueing' of the eyes from the age of six years onwards; c. progressive wear on the lobes of the incisor teeth; and d. dishing of the face below and above the eyes, due to wastage of the muscle. Evaluation of Dogs Offered for Training 8. Evaluations of prospective dogs must be conducted in an environment away from the dog's normal surroundings and by a person other than the dog's master. The dogs must be allowed a settling down period prior to commencing evaluations. Evaluations are to include a thorough screening by a qualified veterinarian. 9. The sex of a dog is not a determining factor in the selection of dogs. Female dogs are to receive a complete ovario-hysterectomy prior to commencing training to eliminate a potential source of distraction for male dogs. Life Span 10. It is often said that one year of a man's life equals seven of a dog's, but this is inaccurate. A pup develops very rapidly in its early months. For example a bitch is sexually active and capable of becoming pregnant at eight months old. An indicative list of the comparative ages of dogs and man is at Table 3–1. 3-2/9 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only TABLE 3–1: COMPARATIVE AGES OF DOG AND MAN Age in Years Dog(a) 1 Man 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 Note: (a) Age averaged across dog breeds 11. A handler should be aware that dogs do not all age at the same rate. A dog's biological age depends upon many things including its genetic background, its nutritional status, and the presence of coexistent diseases and environmental stresses. Of importance is the care the dog has received throughout its life. Well cared for pets suffer few infirmities as they grow older. When sickness, illness or injury is neglected, the aging process is accelerated. 12. Large dogs age more rapidly than smaller ones. German Shepherds and similar sized breeds reach old age at 10 to 12 years. Small breeds are old at 14 to 16 years. SECTION 3-2. UNDESIRABLE TRAITS IN MILITARY DOGS 13. The perfect example of a dog suited to explosive detection training is rarely found and therefore selection is a matter of compromise. The main criteria are the ability of the dog to perform its role effectively and to maintain a high standard throughout its period of time in service, normally five to six years. Faults in dogs are either structural or psychological. Structural Defects 14. The following should be looked for when evaluating a dog as a potential EDD: a. Pinched Nostrils. The dog's most important faculty is its sense of smell. It must have well formed nostrils to enable air to pass freely into the nasal chambers. b. Eyes Set Correctly. The dog should be able to locate movement through good binocular vision. The eyes should not be set too close together or too far apart on the head. c. Malformation of Eyelids. The eyelids should not be turned inward so that the eyelashes and hairs of the lids irritate the surface of the eye. This causes the appearance of a 'water-eyed' dog with tears down its face. The eyelids should be firm, conforming to the shape of the eye and not displaying a haw where the lower eyelid is drooping and exposes the pink mucous membrane of the inner lid. 3-3/9 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only d. Defects of the Eye. Dogs that have one eye or are cross-eyed are to be rejected. 'Wall-eyed' dogs may be acceptable. e. Opaque Eye. A 'milkiness' in the eye is a natural sign of advancing age and may be observed in trained dogs. Any dogs offered for training with opaque eyes are to be rejected due to the likelihood of illness or disease accompanying the condition. f. Inflammation of the Eye. One or both eyes may be diseased or a general disease of the body may be shown through various changes in the eye, warranting rejection of the dog. g. Faulty Ears. The ear canal passage should be wide and free of hair. Unusual shape of the external ear, including lop-ears, is not a factor in selection. h. Malformation of the Jaws. The jaws must close cleanly with the front of the incisor teeth of the lower jaw in gentle contact with the back of those in the upper jaw. The big canine teeth of the lower jaw should fit closely in front of the larger ones of the upper jaw. i. Malformation of Teeth. It is essential that dogs have good strong teeth that are all present. Puppies that have survived distemper often have small deformed teeth with a telltale brown line running along them parallel to the gums. Dogs with vices associated with gnawing wood and stones will show excessive or uneven wear to the teeth and should not be accepted. j. Emaciation. A dog may be temporarily thin for a variety of reasons. A veterinary officer will assess if the emaciation is temporary or permanent. k. Bone and Joint Malformations. A veterinary officer's assessment is necessary to determine any effect which malformations may have on the working life of the dog. l. Straight Shoulders. When the angle between the shoulder blade and humerus is over 90 degrees, the animal loses some of the springiness of its stride. Although not a serious fault, it may lead to arthritis in later life. m. Pinched in Elbows. The dog may lack the endurance of a properly formed dog and later in life the animal may be subject to arthritis in the forelegs. Dogs displaying this structural defect should be rejected. n. Bow Legs. Bow legs may be a sign of rickets or a congenital defect. Although a slight tendency to bandiness is not serious, veterinary advice should be sought prior to accepting or rejecting the dog. o. Hip Dysplasia. A malformation of one or more of the bones that make up the hip joint, hip dysplasia is cause for rejection of the dog. 3-4/9 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only p. Cow Hocks. Cow hocks are equivalent to and often accompany pinched elbows. The hocks are turned inwards towards each other. A dog with any pronounced degree of this condition is to be rejected. q. Sickle Hocks. When viewed from the side, the angle of the hock can be too pronounced. Although a sign of weakness, it is not a major fault and veterinary advice should be sought. r. Hare-feet. The angle at the wrist or carpus can be pronounced so that the whole of the foot seems to project too far forward, like those of a hare. Although not a serious fault, veterinary advice should be sought. s. Dew Claws. Dew claws on the hind legs are not desirable in the working dog, as they are prone to injury and infection. They are to be removed by a veterinary officer if the animal is accepted for training. Psychological Defects 15. Assessment of the character of a dog is to be based upon the evidence presented at the selection examination. This initial assessment will determine candidates that are to commence training. However some undesirable traits may not be observed until the animals have been in service for some time. For example: a. Timidity. The dog must display a positive attitude to all aspects of its job and be able to carry on for prolonged periods without showing apprehension of man, other animals, geographic hazard or surrounding activities. b. Gun-shyness. On initial selection, a dog should not display aversion to the sharp report of a weapon firing. It should show an unflinching interest in the source of the sound. It is necessary to differentiate between the animal that is gun-shy from one that is gun-green. A dog that is gun-green has had no experience of weapons firing rather than having acquired a fear of it. As dogs may overcome their gun-green reaction, they should be exposed to the noise of ball ammunition firing practices. c. Over-aggression. Some dogs may attack humans or other animals without provocation. The selector must assess if this aggression can be controlled through training. The dog should be rejected when it is judged uncontrollable. Dogs may possess or develop kennel proudness when their territorial defence instincts are pronounced. Unless an animal can be managed easily in its living space, it should be rejected. d. Treachery. Treachery is a loose term that might be applied to timid dogs that bite out of fear, or dogs that develop an unpredictable habit of biting their handlers for no discernible reason, despite long 3-5/9 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only periods of normal behaviour. If the cause is determined to be mental instability, the dog should be rejected. e. Distraction by Other Species. Care must be taken to assess a dog's degree of distraction caused by the presence of other animals. No military dog should be distracted from its task by other animals, especially those which are likely to be met under working conditions, for example cats, dogs, and wildlife. f. Untrainable. Some dogs may fail to respond beyond the initial stages of training. Other animals reach their ceiling at a stage prior to achieving an acceptable standard of training. All such animals should be rejected. SECTION 3-3. INTAKE PROCEDURE Admission to Kennel Area 16. Before admission to kennels the dog must be subjected to a thorough veterinary examination for clinical evidence of disease. It must also be tested for gun-shyness. Failure in either respect calls for rejection. 17. As the vaccination status of the dog is often unknown, the first dose of vaccine affording protection against the major infectious diseases is to be administered. The vaccination program continues after the dog is accepted for service. 18. During the intake period of 21 days, a period of about two days must be allowed for the animal to adjust to its new surroundings. This time is needed to determine what the dog's behaviour will be like under training, given its adjustment to kennel environment and its retrieving ability. 19. During the two-week trial, the trainer is to assess the dog's suitability for EDD training. This is performed by placing the animal in a variety of circumstances, then assessing the dog's reaction to these situations. Any negative response may lead to rejection. Aspects tested would include: a. any behavioural faults, b. eagerness to retrieve in different situations, c. reactions to distractions, d. a veterinary examination, and e. reaction to gunfire. 20. It is expected that the rejection rate of dogs offered for training will exceed 50 per cent. Upon commencing training, it is inevitable that a proportion of those dogs accepted will prove unsatisfactory at a later stage in their training. 21. All dogs are kept in isolation kennels during the intake period. During this time, there is to be no contact with enlisted dogs and minimal handler contact between the two sets of dogs. To further minimise the threat of disease, handlers should take basic hygienic precautions. Wash hands after handling new dogs 3-6/9 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only and do not transfer faecal matter, food dishes, leads or coats between the sets of dogs. Once the dogs have moved out of the isolation kennels, thorough cleansing and disinfecting must be carried out prior to the kennels being reoccupied. Gun-shyness 22. Gun-shyness cannot be tolerated in any military dog. Typical responses to gunshots include cowering, attempting to escape the situation or, on rare occasions, fear-induced biting of the handler. Gun-green 23. Gun-green dogs are those that have not previously been exposed to gunfire and therefore have not learnt to fear gunshots or similar loud conditions. Such animals may be accepted if appropriate testing does not reveal symptoms of frank gun-shyness. Most gun-green dogs can be trained to remain calm during gunfire through a process of gradual adaptation and conditioning. 24. Testing for gun-shyness involves discharging a small calibre weapon at progressively decreasing distances from the dog. Observing its behaviour when the round is fired assesses the animal's reaction. The initial shot should be fired at a distance of at least 50 metres (m). If no evidence of alarm is noticed, the testing personnel may advance 10 to 15 m and discharge a second series of shots. This procedure is continued up until a distance of 20 m. Dogs that cower, whimper and whine, or run away from the noise should be considered for rejection. Care must be taken to ensure that the dog's reaction is assessed correctly as the animal may simply shy away from an unexpected gunshot. Primary Medical Therapy 25. Once the two-week trial is finished, primary medical therapy should be completed. This consists of the following: a. heartworm test; b. gastro-intestinal wormer; c. vaccination for C5 (Parvovirus, Distemper, Hepatitis, Adenovirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica) and Leptospirosis; d. flea rinse; and e. medical check form. 26. The format of the two-week trial evaluation is shown at Annex A and Annex B to this chapter. SECTION 3-4. SELECTION OF DOG HANDLERS AND TRAINERS Selection of Dog Handlers 27. Dog training is an art and must be considered as such. The handler is no doubt the most important influencing factor that relates directly to the success or failure of a search dog. Personnel to be considered for training as Dog Handlers must: 3-7/9 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only a. possess above average mental alertness; and b. display an even temperament, with the following traits: (1) above average patience and willingness to persevere; (2) a confident and forceful character; (3) determination to succeed; (4) a cheerful disposition; (5) devotion to his dog; (6) a reliable individual who is self-motivated and capable of working unsupervised; and 28. A handler without these characteristics will not only be unsuccessful but will become a liability to his unit's search capabilities. 29. In addition to the characteristics listed above, the handler's attitude towards his duty acts as a critical variable in the overall performance of the bonding between handler and dog. Most dogs possess the ability to sense and react to the manner and general frame of mind of their handler. Thus, the handler who projects an air of enthusiasm and genuine interest may find this will reflect in terms of noticeable improvements in the performance of his dog. Similarly, a sincere and enthusiastic delivery of verbal praise for correct behaviour will almost certainly contribute favourably to the dog's performance. 30. All candidates are encouraged to research and understand the duties of an EDD handler. Selection of Dog Trainers 31. There is no clear-cut psychological profile or otherwise purely objective procedure for selecting dog trainers. However, the cardinal characteristics of a dog trainer are: a. two years EDD experience in a handler position; b. a friendly attitude towards dogs; c. intelligence; d. patience and perseverance; e. mental and physical coordination; f. mental and physical endurance; g. resourcefulness; and h. dependability and confidence to succeed. 32. It is essential that only qualified and experienced personnel carry out all training. Experience clearly indicates that considerable damage, and in many cases irreparable damage, is caused within the first few training exercises by a 3-8/9 A-K9-001-909-DOG For Training Only sincere but unknowing or unqualified handler who is attempting to train a detection dog. Explosive Detection Dog Section Commanders Responsibilities 33. Members who are chosen to complete the EDD Section Commanders course must show qualities of good command and control, and the ability to manage people and equipment. The EDD Section Commander represents the key element in the operation of a successful training program. Their duties and responsibilities include: a. providing for the well-being of all dogs assigned to their care; b. responsibility for organising the application of the detection training progression through training programs and section search exercises; c. demonstrating an ability to understand and incorporate each dog's special strengths and weaknesses to attain maximum performance; d. ensuring the section's administration and documentation is complete and teams are ready for tasking; and e. assisting other trainers as needed, and reporting all training problems or difficulties to the chief trainer (SME). ANNEXES: A. Explosive Detection Dog Section Questionnaire for Intake of Dogs B. Explosive Detection Dog Section Temper Evaluation Questionnaire 3-9/9 CFTDC (EDD Scenario) Annex A to Chapter 3 For Training Only EDD SECTION QUESTIONNAIRE FOR INTAKE DOGS 1 Name of Owner 2 Address Phone Number 3 Name of Dog 4 Age 6 Sex 7 Vaccinated 8 Heart wormed 9 All wormed 10 Nature of dog 11 Previous Injuries 12 Assessment Results 5 Breed Pistol Test – Dog’s Reaction Retrieving Ability – Eagerness, Type of Items, Recovery of Item, Possessiveness This dog does / does not meet the required standards to undertake the twoweek trial. Rank / Name Signature Date 3A-1/5 CFTDC (EDD Scenario) Annex A to Chapter 3 For Training Only Basic History 1 From where did you obtain your dog? a. RSPCA YES / NO* b. Breeder YES / NO* c. Stray Dog YES / NO* d. Friend YES / NO* e. Other 2 How long have you owned the dog? 3 At what age did you obtain the dog? 4 Have you ever ‘re-homed’ the dog? YES / NO* If YES, give the reason for the dogs return. 5 Has the dog, to your knowledge, ever bitten anyone or attempted to bite anyone? YES / NO* If YES, under what circumstances? 6 Has your dog received any previous training? If so, what type of training and what was the outcome? Short Veterinary History 1 Has your dog ever had any broken bones? If YES, when and which bones? 3A-2/5 YES / NO* CFTDC (EDD Scenario) Annex A to Chapter 3 2 For Training Only Has your dog ever had a veterinary operation? YES / NO* If YES, for what reason? 3 Has your dog any of the following reoccurring problems? a. Eyes YES / NO* b. Ears YES / NO* c. Skin YES / NO* d. Paws YES / NO* 4 Has your dog, to your knowledge, any allergies? YES / NO* 5 Is your dog currently on medication? YES / NO* If YES, what type? Environment 1 In what type of accommodation do you keep your dog? a. Kennel YES / NO* b. House YES / NO* c. Flat YES / NO* d. Chained YES / NO* e. Backyard loose YES / NO* f. Urban YES / NO* g. Rural YES / NO* 3A-3/5 CFTDC (EDD Scenario) Annex A to Chapter 3 2 For Training Only Do you exercise your dog in any other environment? If so, where and how often (determine exposure to outside or everyday environments)? Feeding 1 What time of day do you feed your dog? 2 Type of food (brand) / quantity? 3 Where do you feed your dog? 4 Is your dog feed possessive? 5 Who feeds your dog? 6 Is your dog a fussy eater? AM / PM* YES / NO* YES / NO* Character 1 Does your dog prefer: WOMEN* / MEN* / BOTH* 2 Does your dog fight with other dogs? YES / NO* 3 Does your dog chase livestock or other animals? YES / NO* 4 Is the dog owner protective? YES / NO* 5 Is the dog property protective? YES / NO* 6 Is the dog used to transportation? YES / NO* 3A-4/5 CFTDC (EDD Scenario) Annex A to Chapter 3 For Training Only 7 Has the dog been kennelled before? YES / NO* 8 Is the dog afraid of excessive noise? YES / NO* 9 What are your dog’s good points? 10 What do you perceive as bad/undesirable points? (Problem behaviour for example, digs holes.) 3A-5/5 CFTDC (EDD Scenario) Annex B to Chapter 3 For Training Only EDD SECTION TEMPER EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE Kennel Attitude [ ] Timid / Shy [ ] Indifferent [ ] Energetic [ ] Aggressive Reaction to Other Dogs [ ] Shy [ ] Indifferent [ ] Bold [ ] Cowardly [ ] Aggressive Attitude towards Strangers [ ] Shy/Retreats [ ] Indifferent [ ] Bold/Inquisitive [ ] Aggressive Physical Appearance Hair/Coat Skin Eyes [ ] Healthy Appearance [ ] Poor [ ] Normal [ ] Evidence of Abnormality [ ] Clear, free of mucous [ ] Abnormal Nose Gait 3B-1/4 Limbs [ ] Normal [ ] Abnormal Discharge [ ] Normal [ ] Abnormal [ ] Normal [ ] Abnormal CFTDC (EDD Scenario) Annex B to Chapter 3 For Training Only Field Retrieve Eagerness before the throw [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Eagerness during the chase [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Recover of the aid [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Return to handler [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Possessiveness towards aid [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Attitude towards area [ ] Hesitant [ ] Distracts [ ] Unconcerned Vehicle Retrieve Willingness to go under [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Willingness to go inside [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Willingness to jump seat [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Ability to jump seat [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Possessiveness towards aid [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Reaction towards environment [ ] Hesitant [ ] Distracts [ ] Unconcerned Bold Building Retrieve Entry [ ] Hesitant [ ] Cautious [ ] Pursuit of aid [ ] Poor Fair Good [ ] 3B-2/4 [ ] [ ] Excellent CFTDC (EDD Scenario) Annex B to Chapter 3 For Training Only Recovery of aid [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Return to handler [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Possessiveness towards aid [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good [ ] Excellent Attitude towards surroundings [ ] Hesitant [ ] Distracts [ ] Unconcerned Heights Willingness to jump [ ] Poor [ ] Fair [ ] Good Reaction to elevation [ ] Unstable [ ] Cautious [ ] Unconcerned Moving surface [ ] Unstable [ ] Cautious [ ] Unconcerned Sensitivity towards area [ ] Hesitant [ ] Over Sensitive [ ] Moderately Sensitive Attitude Towards Strange Situation Vehicle traffic [ ] Hesitant [ ] Cautious [ ] Unconcerned Personnel activity [ ] Hesitant [ ] Cautious [ ] Unconcerned Sensitivity Gun fire (retest, single and multiple shots) [ ] Shy [ ] Over Sensitive [ ] Indifferent Strange noise/Loud noise/Engine noise [ ] Shy [ ] Over Sensitive [ ] Indifferent Strange surroundings/Situations [ ] Shy [ ] Over Sensitive [ ] Indifferent 3B-3/4 CFTDC (EDD Scenario) Annex B to Chapter 3 For Training Only Comments *2 week Trial Result: PASS/ FAIL Testing NCO Chief Trainer Name Name Signature Signature Date Date 3B-4/4 CFTDC (EDD Scenario) For Training Only CHAPTER 4 BASIC HANDLING SECTION 4-1. INTRODUCTION Principles of Dog Handling 1. Training and handling of dogs is based upon enhancing their natural senses and educating them to perform a series of actions which achieve a task of benefit to man. 2. The principles of dog training are knowledge, patience, repetition, reward and correction. The trainer and the handler must be consistent in the application of these principles as their effect is based upon the dog's natural instinct to enjoy pleasurable activities and seek rewards. Conversely, any dog will avoid unpleasant experiences arising from its actions. Laxity or inconsistency on the part of the trainer or handler on just one occasion can undo weeks of patient training. 3. Knowledge. The most fundamental and important of the training principles is knowledge. The trainer or handler must know how to properly perform each exercise before he is permitted to start his dog on the activity. During each phase of training of both handler and dog, the subject matter is to be taught in an appropriate sequence. The handler is to be taught both the goals of the training and how the training is to be accomplished. 4. Patience. Trainers and handlers must demonstrate self control and exercise patience when training dogs, especially during early stages when new tasks or exercises are introduced. Failure to maintain consistency will cause confusion in the animal and may result in reticence to perform. 5. Repetition. Dogs learn through association, therefore repetition is used in the teaching of new tasks to enable them to become proficient. Caution must be exercised in the frequency of repetition as dogs can also loose proficiency by practicing one exercise too often during any one period. This occurs when the dog tires of performing the same tasks. As the dog progresses out of the initial stages of training, various phases are swapped around during each training day. The dog is exposed to various environments and performs different exercises, keeping him motivated. 6. Reward. The dog learns through association of correct performance of tasks with reward. Therefore, every time it successfully performs a task the dog must be rewarded. When the dog is praised, it senses that what it has done is correct and becomes anxious and motivated to perform the task again. This is the result of an effective reward system. 7. During the initial phases of training such as obedience and agility, the handler must reward the dog with physical and verbal praise. Since each dog is different and the degree of sensitivity varies, each trainer or handler must judge how much praise to give his dog. It is also through this form of reward that a close bond is developed between the handler and dog. Although, it is essential 4-1/14 CFTDC (EDD Scenario) For Training Only that a good bond be developed, it should not be so strong that the dog will develop a dependence on his trainer/handler. 8. Correction. If the dog performs a task incorrectly, he must be immediately corrected. Normally, a rebuke spoken in an unpleasing tone of voice or a quick sharp jerk on the leash is sufficient. Timing is an important factor in administering any form of correction, as a dog cannot associate a reprimand with an error that it committed minutes before the correction. 9. A dog must never be corrected for clumsiness or slowness in learning. In these cases, correction slows the dog's training progress instead of accelerating it. During the detection training, the handler must refrain from severely correcting the dog. Any severe correction during these exercises will normally cause the dog to regress. 10. There are times when a dog may make a mistake, which is caused through error of the handler. Therefore, it is essential that the handler ensure he properly conveys to the dog what is expected. 11. Performance Aberrations. Dogs, like their handlers, can sometimes feel off colour without being ill. If a dog's performance is suddenly not up to its usual standard and it does not appear to be enjoying work it usually likes, it should be given a simple exercise it can perform satisfactorily and then be praised, rewarded and retired for the day. SECTION 4-2. BASIC HANDLING SKILLS 12. Firm, sympathetic and confident handling builds the rapport between a handler and a dog. Dogs become conditioned to their handler's approach and frequently reflect this in their performance. The training program promotes understanding and fosters the bonding between handler and dog. This unison accelerates the complete learning process. Taking Over a Dog 13. EDDs have been trained to respond to confident and gently delivered but firm commands. A handler taking over a dog should therefore learn about the animal's idiosyncrasies from its previous trainer or handler. The best introduction of the new handler to the dog is at feeding time, allowing an approach to the animal with the greatest confidence while carrying its food and at the same time speaking to the animal to get it used to the new voice. Exercise and grooming are logical steps for building up the rapport after this. The new handler should talk to the dog whenever approaching it. Sudden movements should be avoided until the animal is used to its new handler. Releasing Dogs from Kennels 14. When entering an individual kennel, the handler should ensure that the entrance door to the kennel complex is closed and that other individual kennels are not open. If releasing the dog from a temporary or portable kennel a handler should ensure that the release is into a confined area to prevent the animal getting loose. Accommodation doors should open inwards so that a door can be 4-2/14 CFTDC (EDD Scenario) For Training Only used as a shield against an over eager dog whose weight will close the door when trying to thrust itself out. A dog in a portable kennel should always be wearing its collar. Fitting the Muzzle 15. Fear of wearing a muzzle can be avoided by gentle introductionof the equipment to the dog. Patience maybe required at first, but a morsel of food in the muzzle may help to get the dog to accept it readily. The procedure for fitting the muzzle is as follows: a. check the collar is secure; b. hold the collar with the left hand in an overhand grip. With the muzzle in the right hand and the strap facing backwards, slide the equipment gently but firmly over the dog's snout, reassuring the animal at the same time. The strap should be passed around the collar at least once before it is finally secured with the buckle on the muzzle; and c. pull it forward from the front to test the security of the muzzle. The Position of the Dog in Relation to the Handler 16. The dog is trained to position itself and move on the left-hand side of the handler. This is called the 'Heel' position or at 'Heel'. Lifting and Carrying Dogs 17. Dogs should be lifted by the handler placing one arm under the neck near the font of the shoulders, and one under the flank. The dog is held close to the handler’s chest. Use of the Lead 18. Fitting and Releasing the Lead. Hold the dog by the collar with an overhand grip. In this way the dog can be turned away from the handler should the animal resent the movement and try to bite. The lead is fitted and subsequently released with the clip and stud upward. 19. Loose Lead. When using the loose lead, the hand loop is held in the right hand and the forearm across the body parallel to the ground. The length of the lead is adjusted by looping the lead back up across the palm and over the thumb. Close the fingers around the lead forming a fist, leaving enough slack to permit the dog to lie at heel without any strain on the collar. 20. Long Lead. The hand loop is held in the right hand and the remainder of the lead is free. 21. Short Lead. The lead is held as for the loose lead. The left hand holds the lead as close to the clip as possible so that there is slight tension on the collar when the dog is standing or sitting at heel. 4-3/14 CFTDC (EDD Scenario) For Training Only 22. Safe Lead. As an additional safety precaution the right hand can be passed through the hand loop which is positioned around the wrist. The length of the lead can be adjusted to loose, long or short. 23. When a dog is unleashed, the handler carries the lead either folded in four in his hand or he wears it like a bandolier. SECTION 4-3. EXERCISE 24. To maintain a dog in a healthy, well muscled condition, it must be given regular daily exercise. Insufficient exercise may cause obesity, constipation and skin disorders. Exercise may be either free or organised. Free exercise is carried out individually and may be done on or off lead. A dog that is not under the complete control of its handler should never be exercised off lead. 25. Organised exercise in squads should form part of the dog's training and should include long road walks to harden its pads and accustom it to traffic. This type of exercise teaches the dog to walk in the heel position and also to ignore distractions. During all exercise periods the handler should observe his dog, especially its actions and reactions. The better a handler understands his dog, the more efficient they will become as a team. Routine Exercise 26. The purpose of routine exercise is to allow a dog which has been kennelled, to urinate and defecate. It also gives the handler an opportunity to observe the dog for any changes in its health. It is done during first kennel parades, before being finally kennelled for the day and after coming off duty. For dogs in normal work, 10 to 15 minutes is usually sufficient time for a routine exercise period. 27. Planning for travel must also allow periods of routine exercise for the dogs. Settling Exercise 28. A settling exercise is an off-lead period which allows a dog to let off steam and settle down before commencing work or a training period. The exercise allows the dog to familiarise itself with surrounding scents. This will reduce distractions once it commences work. Reward Exercise 29. A reward exercise is permitted to the dog when it successfully completes a training activity. The value of the exercise is related to the amount of pleasure that the dog obtains from it. It is a period of relaxation for the dog when it can romp and play with its handler. Maximum benefit is gained if the animal is offlead during the exercise. 4-4/14 CFTDC (EDD Scenario) For Training Only Compound Exercise 30. When it is not possible for the animal to be given routine exercise, it must be allowed compound exercise. The compound must be: a. secure enough to prevent escape; b. free of hazards which could injure the dog; c. surfaced with material which will not produce undue wear and tear on the dog's pads; d. shaded for the dog; and e. provided with
