Earth Science Reviewer PDF

**Earth Science Reviewer** **Factors that makes Earth habitable** 1. Location \>Earth's location is far from hazards 2. Sun \>Our sun is a stable and long-lasting star 3. Just right distance from the sun \> Earth is located in the goldilocks zone( habitable zone) -Its fund...

**Earth Science Reviewer** **Factors that makes Earth habitable** 1. Location \>Earth's location is far from hazards 2. Sun \>Our sun is a stable and long-lasting star 3. Just right distance from the sun \> Earth is located in the goldilocks zone( habitable zone) -Its fundamental conditions are "just right" to support life. The range of distance with the right temperatures for water to remain liquid. 4. Right stuff to host a dynamic core \> Interstellar cloud of gas and dust that gave rise to earth contained enough radioactive elements( potassium, uranium, and thorium) to power a churning core for billions of years. This creates magnetic field. 5. Magnetic field \>protects the planet from dangers like solar flares and solar wind. 6. Big moon \>Stabilizes our axial wobble, it makes our climate steady, and causes the tides or the periodic rise and fall of the waters of the oceans. 7. Ozone layer \> It blocks harmful rays 8. Temperature \> Influences how quickly atoms & molecules move. \>Allow liquid water to exist on earth's surface which is favorable to life. 9. Water \>Dissolves & transports chemicals within and to and from a cell. \> The existence of water in three phases ( liquid, solid, and gas) is very essential to earth's diverse ecosytem. 10. Atmosphere \>Traps heat, shields the surface from harmful radiation, and provides chemicals needed for life, such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide. \> It regulates the balance of water, oxygen and carbon dioxide. 11. Energy \> light/ chemical energy is used by organisms to run their life processes such as the process of photosynthesis used by producers like plants. 12. Nutrients \> used to build and maintain an organism's body. **Earth Subsystem** ***ATMOSPHERE ( blanket of air)*** \>gaseous layer above the earth's surface \>traps heat energy from the sun \> contains the air we breathe \> mostly made of invisible gases \>greenhouse effect keeps the planet warm \>70% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gases Important roles 1. Contains the gases that living things need for survival. 2. Transfer heat 3. Ozone in stratosphere protects living things from excess uv radiation. Human actions that affects the atmosphere -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- **Negative** **Positive** Aerosols-deplete the ozone layer Hybrid Vehicles- decreases the amount of GH gas emissions Driving cars- adds excess GH gases Alternative power(wind/solar)-same as HV Factories- same as cars Burning tires/garbage- adds harmful gases to the atmosphere. Planting trees- absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and adds O2. -------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ***BIOSPHERE (life zone)*** \> living organisms and all matter that has not yet decomposed. \> energy and nutrients are tranferred from one level of the food chain to the next. AUTOTROPH ( self/producer) HETEROTROPH ( consumer) \>made of all living things and their habitats. \> Must have: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -sun \- plants and algae(photosynthesis) \>structured into a hierarchy known as the food chain ( all life is dependant on the first tier - mainly the primary producers that are capable of photosynthesis) ***HYDROSPHERE ( water)*** \> Always moving, through all spheres \> 71% of earth's surface is the ocean \> includes water trapped in the soil and ground water, water vapor, frozen water ( ice caps & glaciers) \> only about 3% of the water on earth is "fresh" water and about 70% of the fresh water is frozen in the form of glacial ice. Important roles 1. 2. 3. ***GEOSPHERE/ LITHOSPHERE ( land/ ground***) \> mostly solid and rocky part of the earth \> divided into 3 layers 1. 2. 3. \>includes the continental and ocean crust as well the various layers of earth's interior \> 94% of earth is composed of elements oxygen, silicon, and magnesium \> not static (unchanging), but its surface (crust) is in constant state of motion. \> where mineral sources are mined Human actions that affects the atmosphere ----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- **Negative** **Positive** Mining- strips earth's nutrients Composting- can decrease the amount if garbage in land fills Littering/ using non-recyclables Aeration- allows air to enter soils Construction- destroys natural environment Planting trees- prevent soil erosion Pesticides- add unnatural chemicals to soils. Gardening/ green rooftops- regreens the landscape in uban areas. Deforestation- increases soil erosion Conservation areas and provincial parks- preserve/protect the land ----------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- ***How do earth's sphere interact?*** \> matter and energy \> energy and matter flow through earth's subsystem 1. \> water cycle \*water evaporates into the atmosphere \* water condenses forming clouds \> nitrogen cycle \* bacteria release nitrogen into the soil from the atmosphere \* plants use nitrogen to grow 2. \> move back and forth between spheres \> plants use energy to make food \> animals eat plant for energy \> solar energy- drives winds and weather e.g. Hurricanes ( atmosphere) sweep across the ocean ( hydrosphere) & onto the land ( lithosphere), damaging the dwellings of people ( biosphere) who live along the coast. **Rocks** \>naturally occuring \> formed/ combination of minerals and gems ***CATEGORIZED BY:*** 1. 2. 3. ***ROCK CYCLE*** \>Transformational processes that change rock from one kind to another. ***3 PROCESS*** 1.Weathering ( breaking down of rocks) and erosion ( move from one place to another) 2.Heat and pressure 3.Melting and cooling ***3 MAIN CATEGORIES OF ROCKS*** 1. Igneous Rocks \> magma ( parent material) e.g. obsidian, granite, basalt, pumice & gabbro Types based on texture Aphanitic- fine grained & small crystal ( faster rate of cooling Phaneritic- coarse grained & larger crystal ( slower rate of cooling) Types based on composition Mafic- crystal spreading Felsic- crystal compression General Types Intrusive ( plutonic)- cool slowly, coarse grained, has crystal growth Extrusive (volcanic)- cool quickly, fine grained, lack of crystal growth 2. Sedimentary Rocks \>compaction and cementing of sediment \> materials deposited by water, wind and glaciers e.g. sandstone, breccia, limestone, conglomerate, and shale Processes: Lithification- combine sediment into hard rocks Deposition- pile up/ fragmented into tiny bits and settled at the bottom of the sea) Sedimentation- building up/ forming 3 Main Types 1. 2. 3. 3.Metamorphic Rocks \>pressed/ buried leads to increase heat & pressure \>Metamorphism- transformation of rocks minerology & physical characteristics \> transform rock to another \*protolith- parent rock/unmetamorphosed rock e.g. schist, slate, marble, quartzite, and gneiss Types of metamorphism Contact ( thermal)- heated and non- foliated Regional ( pressure)- pressured and foliated 2 main types Non-foliated- formed around igneous intrusive, atoms compact and dense, has color bands Foliated- formed within earth's interior, high temp, and unequal pressure, identified by texture ***ROCKS ARE MADE OF MINERALS*** Igneous- forming and fusing together after being melted Sedimentary- cemented together with pressure and time Metamorphic- reforming and fussing together with heat, pressure and time **Minerals** \>Identify common rock- forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties ***DIFERRENCE*** Rock- made of one or more minerals Gems- polished minerals Minerals- made up of elements/ chemical components \> made up earth's solid part and provide us valuable resources. ***COMMON MINERALS WE ENCOUNTER EVERYDAY*** \>Halite (salt) for cooking \>Graphite ( pencil) for writing \> Gold and Quartz as jewelry \> Snowflakes is also a mineral. It possess the properties as a mineral ***5 REQUIREMENT TO BECOME A MINERAL*** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ***TO BE CONSIDERED A COMMON ROCK-FORMING MINERAL, IT MUST BE;*** \>one of the most abundant minerals in earth's crust \> one of the original minerals present at the time of a crustal rock's formation \>an important mineral in determining classification of a rock ***MINERALOGY*** \> study of minerals and their properties ***MINERALOGIST*** \> someone who studies minerals ***PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS*** \> characteristics which can be observed and determined easily. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. \>metallic-generally opaque( not letting light through /not transparent) \>non-metallic- vitreous( glassy/ transparent) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. ***CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS*** \> the most stable & least ambiguous basis for claffication of minerals is based on their chemical compositions.  **Ore Minerals** \>natural rock or sediment containing one or more valuable mineral \> can be mined at a profit \> rock deposits that contain minerals ***MINERAL DEPOSITS*** \>designates a natural ccurence of useful mineral. "geologic term" ***ORE DEPOSITS*** \> denotes a mineral deposit of sufficient extent and concentration to invite exploitation. "economic term" ***HOW MINERALS ARE FOUND?*** Mineral Exploration- complete sequence of activities which aims to discover deposits of minerals and rocks that can be used to meet the resource need of society 1. 2. A. B. C. 3. ***HOW MINERALS ARE MINED?*** \>History of mining - pre historic times ( flint- first mineral used) \>Mining- process of extraction from a rock seam or ore Types of Mining 1. A. B. C. D. 2. ***HOW MINERALS ARE PROCESSED FOR HUMAN USE?*** Milling/ mineral processing- extracting minerals from the ore, refining them, and preparing these minerals for human use. Primary Steps in processing minerals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Examples of milling or recovery methods or process: 1. Heavy media seperation 2. Magnetic seperation 3. Flotation 4. Cyanide heap leaching \>mining is temporary land use \> after mining, rehabilitate is a must \>small scale mining \>large scale mining