Earth Science PDF

EARTH SCIENCE 5 Main Factors that make a planet habitable Temperature Water Energy Atmosphere Nutrients Big Bang Theory - most powerful, well-supported theory as to the origins of the universe....

EARTH SCIENCE 5 Main Factors that make a planet habitable Temperature Water Energy Atmosphere Nutrients Big Bang Theory - most powerful, well-supported theory as to the origins of the universe. ______________________________________________ Georges Lemaître, first suggested the idea of big The first and might be the most important bang theory in the 1920s. condition is the existence of water. The presence of water allowed the first photosynthetic organisms ______________________________________________ to thrive. The Earth is the only known habitable planet Organism such as CYANOBACTERIA used sunlight, in the Solar System. carbon dioxide and water to produce biomass and 1. Capable of being lived in oxygen, an essential component of the atmosphere. These single celled organisms would then evolve 2. Suitable for habitation into the organism present today ______________________________________________ Scientists believe that WATER on Earth came from two possible sources: water released through 1 second VOLCANISM and water from the ICY METEORS of The temperature in the vicinity of the big bang was the outer regions of the Solar System which around 5.5 billion degrees Celsius (10 billion bombarded Earth. Fahrenheit) within the first second. However, at this It is also important to note the Earth’s distance from stage there would have been nothing to see. NASA the sun called HABITABLE ZONE, allows water in its states that "the free electrons would have caused liquid form. It is a torus-shaped region in the Solar light (photons) to scatter in the same manner as System, located roughly between the orbits of the sunlight scatters from cloud-based water droplets. “ planets Jupiter and Mars, that is occupied by a 3 seconds great many solid, irregularly shaped bodies, of many sizes but much smaller than planets, called Protons, electrons, and neutrons—all the subatomic asteroids or minor planets. particles required for atoms and molecules—were present in the first explosion. It is at this stage that HEAT comes from EARTH and from the SUN. lithium, helium, and hydrogen form as the first Heat coming from the Earth is caused by the fundamental elements. radioactive materials decay inside Earth’s core and 380,000 years. mantle and extruded via active tectonics activities such as volcanism and plate movements. Light enters the universe for the first time. The cosmic microwave background is the term used to Heat is also provided by the sun. As radiation from describe this radiation, or light. It is a distinctive the Sun enters Earth, some of the heat is trapped by mark of the Big Bang that Ralph Alpher first the atmosphere. This causes the greenhouse hypothesized to exist in 1948. The age of the cosmos phenomenon needed by plants to carry on with can be inferred from the microwave background that photosynthesis. is still visible today. Photosynthesis also ensures the right amount and 300,000,000 years flow of gases on Earth. Without it, there would be too much greenhouse gases that would cause global This is a bit of a jump ahead. Gravity begins to play a warming. Having a right distance from the sun, life role when the first burst of atoms and gas expands. seems limited to a temperature range of -15 ᴼC to Stars are created in pockets of gas with varying 115 ᴼC. densities, and star clusters eventually give rise to galaxies. This result in changes in weather, ecology and daytime called season. The moon makes Earth a 9,000,000,000 years more livable planet by moderating our home planet's Our sun is formed. Our sun is about 4.6 billion years wobble on its axis, leading to a relatively stable old, while the universe is nearly 14 billion years old. climate. Earth is the third planet from the sun and considered as haven for many life forms. It serves as harbor of life for billions of years and still continue to comfort innumerable life forms. Earth’s Subsystems and the Flow of MANTLE Matter and Energy 84% of the Earth's total volume ATMOSPHERE below the crust -serves as the Earth’s blanket. silicate rocks -Greek word atmos means gas , sphaira means thickest layer globe or ball mostly solid but behaves like a liquid -The air in the atmosphere is generally composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon the CORE remaining 0.10% is made up of different trace gases iron + nickel and vapor. outer core = liquid iron; primary source of the -It serves as the Earth’s protection form harmful Earth's magnetic field UV rays and keeps the planet warm through greenhouse gasses. inner core = solid iron Atmosphere is affected by the Earth’s gravity, so this HYDROSPHERE is the reason why as the altitude increases the -Greek word hydro means water. amount of gases in the atmosphere decreases. It is composed of layers namely: Troposphere, -composed of all the water on Earth in any form: ice, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere , water vapor and liquid water. Exosphere CRYOSPHERE - permanently frozen part of GEOSPHERE hydrosphere Ex: Greenland and Antarctica -Greek word geos mean ground. -Earth is the only planet in the solar system that are known to contain water in all three phases. -solid part of the earth. -Water on Earth is constantly and consistently -Non-living only moving because of temperature and salinity. -interior structure, rocks, minerals, landforms, - Solid, liquid, gas physical processes on land 71% of the planet - divided into three layers such as the crust, mantle, and the core. ❑97% is salt water (found in oceans) -composed of naturally occurring solid aggregate of ❑3% is freshwater: minerals, organic material or natural glass called rocks. 69% - Frozen - composed of loose particles of rocks that 30% - Ground water enveloped the surface of Earth called regolith. 1% - Surface water -contains all the soil, rocks, and minerals present in BIOSPHERE the crust to the core of the Earth. - Greek word bios means life. -It comprises the geologic landforms - composed of all living things and the areas CRUST where they are found. oceanic + continental It includes all animals, microbes, and plants 4.8-69 km thick In biosphere, each organism plays an important role to the food web. If one is lost the others will be oceanic = beneath the oceans affected. continental = continents and landforms - known and unknown creatures on land, composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, water, and air calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium - all life on Earth The processes that move matter and energy from PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS one sphere to another is called as sphere interactions. Changes in any sphere greatly affect CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OR HABIT the other spheres as well since all the spheres are - overall shape or growth pattern of the mineral. interconnected system. a. Equant – three dimensions of the mineral have The four subsystems are closely linked through the about the same length, like that of a cube or sphere. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES which involves (ei. garnet) biological, geochemical, and chemical factors. b. Elongate – forms prismatic or prism-like crystals These cycles are alleyways by which substances that are thicker than the needle as in a pencil. (ei. move through biotic which is the biosphere and Indicolite) abiotic which is the geosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere, components of Earth. c. Platy – looks like a flattened and thin crystal (like plate). (ei. Wulfenite) MINERALS LUSTER the building blocks of rocks. - appearance of a mineral when light is reflected present everywhere and some examples can be from its surface. It can be described as opaque, found at home. transparent, dull, or shiny. MINERALOGISTS ✓Metallic luster is opaque and very reflective like gold and silver. use the criteria to determine whether a mineral is classified as mineral or not. ✓Nonmetallic luster is dull, silky, greasy, and pearly like silicates. Example of these are: CLEAVAGE Hematite (hinges, handles, make-up color) - tendency of minerals to break along very smooth, Chromite (chrome plating, dyes) flat and shiny surfaces. Copper (electric wiring) Biotite and mica have one direction, orthoclase has two directions, galena has three directions and fluorite has Quartz (clocks, mirrors) four directions. Gold (jewelries), FRACTURE Feldspar (porcelain, ceramics) – A mineral may break along random, irregular Fluoride (toothpaste) surfaces. It can be classified as conchoidal, uneven, hackly, splintery, and earthy. CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS Some minerals break only by fracturing, while others NATURAL OCCURRING both cleave and fracture. – term which identifies mineral as part of Earth’s Quartz has a conchoidal fracture while asbestos has a natural process. splintery fracture. INORGANIC HARDNESS – a substance is not a product of an organism. - measure of the mineral’s resistance to scratching. Harder minerals will scratch softer minerals. HOMOGENEOUS SOLID – minerals should have definite volume and rigid shape. FRIEDRICH MOHS in 1812 ranked minerals according to hardness, He selected ten minerals of DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION distinctly different hardness that ranged from a very – represented by chemical formula. soft mineral (talc) to a very hard mineral (diamond). ORDERLY CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE – atoms of minerals arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern. The scale is named for its creator, the German ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES: geologist and mineralogist Friedrich Mohs. ▪ MAGNETISM - Some minerals are attracted to a hand magnet. To test a mineral for magnetism, just put the magnet and mineral together and see if they are attracted. Magnetite is the only common mineral that is always strongly magnetic. ▪ STRIATIONS - presence of very thin, parallel grooves. The grooves are present in only one of the two sets of cleavages and are best seen with a hand lens. They may not be visible on all parts of a cleavage surface. ▪ SPECIFIC GRAVITY - is the weight of that mineral COLOR divided by the weight of an equal volume of water. The specific gravity of water equals 1.0. - most obvious properties of a mineral but not reliable alone. ▪ Most silicate, or rock-forming, minerals have specific gravities of 2.6 to 3.4; the ore minerals are Quartz varies widely in color, due to minor (parts per usually heavier, with specific gravities of 5 to 8. billion) impurities and even defects in its crystalline structure. ▪ TASTE, ODOR, FEEL – Some minerals have distinctive taste (halite is salt, and tastes like it). STREAK Some give off a distinctive odor (the powder of some - color of the mineral in its powdered form, which sulfide minerals, such as sphalerite, a zinc sulfide, may or may not be the same color as the mineral. smells like rotten eggs), and some have a distinctive feel (talc feels slippery). Streak is a more reliable property than color as streak shows the true color of minerals. It does not CHEMICAL PROPERTIES vary even if color does. EFFERVESCENCE DIAPHANEITY/AMOUNT OF TRANSPARENCY 1) Calcite reacts with HCl; bubbles of CO2 – ability to allow light to pass through it. This is affected by chemical makeup of the mineral sample. OXIDATION TENACITY 1) Reaction between Iron (Fe) and oxygen (O2). - describes the minerals reaction to stress. a. Iron (Fe) + oxygen = Rust a. Brittleness- a mineral turns into powder. (Halite, Metal is weakened by change calcite, fluorite) 2) Reaction between copper and air; creates a b. Malleability - a mineral can be flattened by greenish coating pounding with a hammer. (Silver, copper, gold) a) Copper (Cu) + oxygen = copper oxide c. Ductility- A mineral can be stretched into wire. Metallic sulfide minerals form into sulfuric acid (Gold) when exposed to air and water. Uranium and d. Flexible but inelastic-Minerals are bent but they thorium containing minerals like Autunite (hydrated remain in the new position. (Gold) calcium uranium phosphate) and Thorianite (thorium dioxide) are radioactive. Metals like e. Flexible and elastic- Minerals are bent, and they magnesium are flammable. bring back to their original position. (Mica) Furthermore, Cuarto (2016) classified minerals f. Sectility - ability of minerals to be sliced by a according to their chemical composition using Dana knife. System which divides minerals into eight basic classes. The classes are native elements, silicates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, halides, carbonates, phosphates, and mineraloids. This classification shows the chemical composition of minerals  CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS CARBONATES NATIVE ELEMENTS minerals made of carbon, oxygen, and a naturally occurring in metallic element. nature in an uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure. PHOSPHATES classified as metal, formed when other semimetals and non- minerals are broken metals. down by weathering. SILICATES They are often brightly colored. largest group of minerals. contains silicon and MINERALOID oxygen, with some Ithose substances that do aluminum, magnesium, not fit neatly into one of the iron and calcium. eight classes. OXIDES formed from the combination of a metal with oxygen. SPECIAL PROPERTIES ranges from dull ores like a) Lodestone-Magnetite; is naturally magnetic bauxite to gems like rubies and sapphires. b) Iceland Spar-Calcite; produces double refraction SULFIDES c) Pitchblende; radioactive made of compounds of USES OF MINERALS sulfur usually with a metal. Ttend to be heavy and ORE brittle. - A mineral that contains metals and nonmetals that can be mined and removed in usable amounts; for a profit SULFATES a) METALS- elements that have a shiny surfaces, are made of compounds of able to conduct heat and electricity, and are sulfur combined with malleable. metals and oxygen. 1) Iron-Hematite/Magnetite large group of minerals that tend to be soft, and 2) Aluminum-Bauxite translucent. 3) Copper-Chalcopyrite/Malachite HALIDES b) NONMETALS- Elements that have dull surfaces form from halogen and are poor conductors of heat and electricity and elements like are brittle. chlorine, bromine, 1) Halite(NaCl)- Salt fluorine, and iodine combined with 2) Gypsum-Drywall, chalk metallic elements. 3) Calcite-Cement They are very soft and easily dissolved in 4) Kaolinite-Bricks water.  ALLOY ROCKS - A mixture of two or more metals or a mixture of naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals metals and nonmetals sometime with nonmineral solid particles. a) Tin+Copper= Bronze Naturally occurring mixtures of minerals, mineraloids, glass or organic matter. b) Copper+Zinc= Brass PETROLOGY c) Iron+Chromium+Limestone= Steel The scientific study of rocks. d) Lead+Tin= Pewter IGNEOUS ROCK GEMS - Minerals that have desirable qualities; hardness, ❑ Ignis = Latin for “fire” color, luster, clarity, durability, rarity… ❑ Formed from the cooling of either lava or magma a) Precious Stones: ❑ most abundant type of rock Diamond, Rubies, Sapphires, Emeralds ❑ Classified according to their origin. b) Semi-Precious Stones: Amethyst, Garnet, Topaz TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS c) Gems that are not minerals a) EXTRUSIVE/VOLCANIC: Forms from the fast Pearls, Amber cooling of lava on or near Earth’s surface. ROCKS IN RELATION TO MINERALS -Rapid cooling does NOT allow time for crystals to grow. 1. Many kinds of rocks are composed of minerals -Rocks have small to no crystals; smooth/fine a) Granite; mica, feldspar and quartz texture. 2. Monomineralic; rocks that are composed of only b) INTRUSIVE/PLUTONIC: Form from the slow one mineral. cooling of magma within the Earth a) Marble– Calcite -Slow cooling allows time for large crystals to grow 3. Polymineralic; rocks that are composed of two or -Rocks have large crystals; coarse/rough texture more minerals EXTRUSIVE/VOLCANIC INTRUSIVE/PLUTONIC a) Granite IGNEOUS ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCKS Obsidian Granite 4. There are almost 4,700 different minerals Basaltic glass Diorite Silicates make up 90% of the crust. Pumice Gabbro Scoria Peridotite Basalt Dunite Andesite Pegmatite Rhyolite CRYSTAL SIZE VS. COOLING RATE 1) Location in Earth’s crust effects the cooling rate and crystal size  2) Texture (Continuation) SEDIMENTARY CHARACTERISTICS Glassy – non-ordered solid from rapid quenching A) They are composed of rock, mineral or organic particles. Pyroclastic – composite of ejected fragments B) Some have a range of particle sizes. Examples of Igneous Rocks: 1) Pebbles, cobbles, boulders, in a sand, silt or clay a) Conglomerate: rounded fragments b) Breccia: angular fragments. C) Some have a uniform sediment size; due to sorting during deposition 1) Sandstone: 0.2 - 0.006cm 2) Siltstone: 0.006 –0.0004cm 3) Slate: less than 0.0004 cm D) Some rocks are organic and may contain fossils. 1) Coquina E) Usually form in horizontal layers called strata or beds SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Examples of Sedimentary Rocks: -Formed from sediments that are pressed or cemented together or when sediments precipitate out of solution. Rocks that usually form in horizontal layers, from the accumulation of sediment, organic matter, or METAMORPHIC ROCK chemical precipitates Rocks that have changed due to intense 1. Form underwater in lakes, seas or oceans temperature and pressure. 2. Mostly composed of quartz, feldspar and clay. Forms from existing rock types called “parent rock” TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS “Meta” means change and “morphosis” means a) CLASTIC: form from mineral particles and form in Greek. sediment that are compacted and cemented Igneous and sedimentary rocks can change to together. become metamorphic rock. 1) Compaction: pressed by weight of overlying METAMORPHISM rock a) Conditions that cause rocks to undergo 2) Cementation: glued by natural cements in metamorphism water 1) Heat 2) Pressure 3) Chemical Activity b) CHEMICAL: form from minerals dissolved in water; which settleout/precipitate. b) CONTACT METAMORPHISM 1) Dissolved minerals are left behind when water 1) Rocks around a magma/lava can be evaporates metamorphosed through direct contact with the magma/lava c) ORGANIC: form from the accumulation of plant/animal matter that undergoes a c) REGIONAL METAMORPHISM transformation into rock. 1) Rocks buried deep within the crust can re- crystallize due to extreme pressure during mountain building events  METAMORPHIC CHANGES 4. Environments within the crust have high temperatures and high pressure; causing rocks to change by recrystallization. 1) No true melting; called partial melt (plastic) 2) Increased Density 3) Chemical Change/New Minerals 4) Foliated/non-foliated TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK TEXTURE a) FOLIATED: Rock has mineral crystals arranged in layers or parallel bands. Mineral Alignment: Schist, Slate, & Banding: Gneiss b) NON-FOLIATED/UNFOLIATED: Rock does not have mineral crystals arranged in layers; do not break in layers/sheets 1) Marble, Quartzite, Anthracite Coal IMPORTANT MINERALS TO SOCIETY texture Metamorphi Original Rock c Rock ▪ toothpaste contains fluoride. Foliated Slate Shale Sedimentary Schist Slate Metamorphic ▪ Face powder contains talc – the softest mineral. Gneiss Granite Igneous ▪ salts used to enhance the flavor of our food. Un - Marble Limestone Sedimentary foliated Quartzite Sandston Sedimentary ▪ Stainless kitchen wares contain mostly of alloy of e iron and chromium Anthracite Bituminou Sedimentary casserole are made of aluminum – a durable metal, Coal s Coal corrosion resistant and a better conductor of heat and lighter than stainless steel. Examples of Metamorphic Rocks: ▪ silicon, silver, and gold are used as components of gadgets like cellphones and computers. ▪ skyscrapers that tower up to 50 stories high use durable materials like iron steel – a combination of iron and carbon and concrete that contains limestone, lime, and chalk that make them strong and stand still against strong wind and earthquake. ▪ They also use glass made of silica or quartz. Floors are made up of granite and marbles. ▪ Aluminum is used in window and door panels. ▪ Titanium used in making medical and dental tools. It is also known for its biocompatibility which makes it important in prosthetics and in dental implants. ▪ There are lots of other minerals that they use for cleaning and surgery. Examples are gypsum in plaster cast, and alloys like stainless steel that is primarily composed of iron, chromium, and carbon deep blue in their tools. color contains ▪ In nuclear power plant, radioactive minerals like lazurite Uranium are used as source of heat to run a nuclear mineral reactor and generate electricity. Calcite natural form used as ▪ batteries for electric cars need minerals like of Calcium ingredient in lithium, cobalt, and nickel. carbonate manufacture constitutes of cement ▪ In producing dry cell batteries, zinc and carbon the used as flux are used on its electrodes while cadmium, carbon, sedimentary in lead, and nickel are also used to manufacture rock metallurgical different dry cell. Limestone processes In agriculture, NPK Fertilizers contain vital minerals Garnet translucent used as for the plant to grow healthy. These minerals include and has a gemstone nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium. minerals vitreous to used widely like lime are also used to lower the acidity of the soil. resinous as an lusters abrasive Calcium helps body in developing strong and Serpentine has used as healthy bones, patterned gemstone Magnesium and Zinc that are essential in improving appearance, as stone health by helping our immune system to function slippery and decoration in properly. colored green architecture Opal a silica used as Other minerals that are used by the society are mineral with gemstone the following: variety of and as Mineral Description/ Uses colors from abrasives, Name Property the yellows insulation Kaolinite also known as important and reds due media, fillers, "China clay" material in to impurities. and ceramic Soft and the ingredients. white manufacture Ruby composed of used as of porcelain, (gemstone) transparent gemstone in paper, rubber, red any kind of and paint corundum jewelry Hematite Red iron ore as pigmenting mineral with high iron agent with deep content used in cochineal to preparations pale rose red for heavy color media Emerald variety of used as separation, (gemstone) beryl mineral gemstone in radiation with grass- any kind of shielding, green color jewelry ballast, and as a minor gemstone. Mica flat, ingredient in translucent makeup and and elastic various mineral cosmetics. contains high amount of silica Lapis lazuli semiprecious widely used (rock) stone with as gemstone  Ore Minerals: How they are Found, Mined, explosive devices to remove the minerals from the and Processed for Human Use rocks that cover them. Mining Mineral processing - process of mineral extraction from a rock seam or the process of extracting minerals from the ore, ore –a natural rock or sediment containing one or refining them, and preparing these minerals for use. more valuable mineral. The minerals can range from The primary steps involved in processing precious metals and iron to gemstones and quartz. minerals include: Modern mining technology uses geophysical Sampling techniques that involve measuring the magnetic, gravity and sonic responses of rocks above and the removal of a portion which represents a whole around a prospective mineral ore body. needed for the analysis of this material. There are two methods of mining: Analysis Surface Mining important to evaluate the valuable component in an ore. This includes chemical, mineral and particle to extract ore minerals near the surface of the earth. size analysis. The soil and rocks that covered the ores are removed through blasting. Comminution Blasting - controlled use of explosives and gas the valuable components of the ore are separated exposure to break rocks. through crushing and grinding. This process begins by crushing the ores to a particular size and finishes Some examples of surface mining are: it by grinding the ores into a powder form. Open-pit mining Concentration most common type of surface mining. the separation of the valuable minerals from the raw Open pit means a big hole (or pit) in the ground. materials. The pit in mine is created by blasting with explosives and drilling. Dewatering It is used to mine gravel and sand and even rock. uses the concentration to convert it to usable Strip mining minerals. This involves filtration and sedimentation of the suspension and drying of the solid materials involves the removal of a thin strip of overburden harvested from this suspension. (earth or soil) above a desired deposit, dumping the removed overburden behind the deposit, extracting the desired deposit, creating a second, FUEL parallel strip in the same manner and depositing the waste materials from that second (new) strip - substance that provides a form of energy. onto the first strip. - Such as heat, light, electricity, or motion. This mining method is used for coal, phosphates, clays, and tar mining. - a result of a chemical change Dredging Combustion process of mining materials from the bottom of a - process of burning a fuel body of water, including rivers, lakes, and oceans. - Gasoline + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water Underground mining FOSSIL FUELS used to extract the rocks, minerals and other - energy rich substances formed from the remains of precious stories that can be found beneath the once-living organisms. earth’s surface. miners need to create a tunnel so they can reach - made of hydrocarbons, they contain carbon and the ore minerals. hydrogen’s. is more expensive and dangerous as compared to surface mining because miners need to use - three major fossil fuels are coal, oil and natural gas.  COAL - A factory where crude oil is separated into fuels and other products by heating is called a refinery. - solid fossil fuel formed from plant remains. TOP 10 CRUDE OIL EXPORT - Known deposits of coal (and other fossil fuels) can be obtained using current technology are called 1. Saudi Arabia reserves. 2.Russia - most plentiful fossil fuel and cheap. 3.Iraq 1. easy to transport 4. Canada 2. provides lots of energy when burned. 5.UAE TYPES OF COAL 6.Nigeria Lignite 25%-35% carbon 7. Angola Sub-bituminous 35%-45% carbon 8. Venezuela Bituminous 45%-86% carbon 9.Kazakhstan Anthracite 86%-97% carbon 10. Norway NATURAL GAS The higher the grade of coal, the cleaner it burns Advantages: Can be mined through surface or underground 1. Provides lots of energy mining 2. Lower levels of air pollutants than coal and oil TOP 10 COAL EXPORT 3. easy to transport. 1. Indonesia ($104.30 billion) 2. Australia: ($83.30 billion) 33.7% Disadvantage: 1. Highly flammable 3. Russia: ($43.45 billion) 17.6% 4. USA: ($17.26 billion) 7% - Compared to other fossil fuels, burning natural gas 5. South Africa: ($13.03 billion) 5.3% produces lower gas emissions and air pollutants. 6. Canada: ($10.79 billion) 4.4% - The third major fossil fuel is natural gas. 7. Colombia: (10.50 billion) 4.2% - It is a mixture of methane (CH4) and other gases. 8. Mongolia: ($6.51 billion) 2.6% 9. Netherlands: ($2.18 billion) 0.9% TOP 10 NATURAL GAS EXPORT 10. Mozambique: ($2.03 billion) 0.8% 1.United States OIL 2.Russia - thick, liquid fossil fuel 3.Iran - formed from remains of small animals, algae and 4. Canada protists. 5. Algeria - known as Petroleum and Crude - Processed to produce gasoline, diesel, asphalt, 6. Qatar etc. 7.Norway REFINING OIL 8. China - When oil is first pumped out of the ground, it is 9. Saudi Arabia called crude oil. 10. UAE