Earth Science Q2 Week 3 Past Paper PDF

THE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF OCEAN BASINS, PLATE MOVEMENT for Earth Science - Senior High School (Core Subject) Quarter 2/ Week 3  FOREWORD This Self Learning Kit is made to help learners to be prepared with the necessary idea in Earth Scien...

THE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF OCEAN BASINS, PLATE MOVEMENT for Earth Science - Senior High School (Core Subject) Quarter 2/ Week 3  FOREWORD This Self Learning Kit is made to help learners to be prepared with the necessary idea in Earth Science. It is designed to aid the learners in acquiring the knowledge needed for this competency. This self-learning kit will enable the learners to describe the Structure and evolution of ocean basins, and the movement of plates. The activities in this learning kit will strengthen the knowledge gained by the learners, and will farther develop comprehension and identification skills. This Self-Learning Kit is divided into three parts: A. What Happened? Wherein the learners will answer different activities that they are not fully equipped yet in this competency. This part presents the vital terms related to the competency. B. What I Need to Know? This part delivers the explanation of the competency, it provides the content and the necessary information that should be given to the learners. C. What I Have Learned? Presents the evaluation of what the learners learned in the discussion. This will measure how well they can retain the information through series of activities. 2  OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this self-learning kit are the following: A. Explain how the seafloor spreads and plate movements. B. Describe the movement of plates that lead to formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges. C. Appreciate the importance of the structure of ocean basins and plate movement to our daily life. LEARNING COMPETENCIES: ✓ Explain how seafloor spreads (S11ES-IIf-32) ✓ Describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11ES-IIf- 33) ✓ Explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges ((S11ES-IIg-h-34) I. WHAT HAPPENED PRE-ACTIVITY/PRE-TEST: I. Word Match. Match the terms inside the box with the corresponding description in every number. Write the answers in your notebook. seafloor spreading magma plate boundaries continental crust mantle 3 _______________1. It is an extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth’s surface. _______________2. The layer of granitic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks which form the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves is _________. _______________3. It can be categorized as divergent, convergent and transform fault. _______________4. It is a geologic process in which tectonic plates, the large slabs of Earth's lithosphere split apart from each other. _______________5. It is mostly the solid bulk of Earth’s interior. II. JUMBLED LETTERS. Rearrange the letters to form a word related to ocean basins, then answer in your notebook. 1. CCIIFPA EANOC NASIB _________________________ 2. LATNENITNOC SSLEEHVE _________________________ 3. INRG OF IREF _________________________ 4. AEEASWTR _________________________ 5. AESREDNU OUAINNMT ANESGR _________________________ II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW According to what I read for our lesson today, sea floor spreading What have you searched explains the continental drift about seafloor spreading? theory and plate tectonics. We will know more in the discussion and I am excited already. https://tinyurl.com/yyhtav2m 4  Let’s begin! Henry Hammond Hess, born in 1906, was a professor at Princeton University. Because of his stunt as a Navy officer during the World War II he was able to use sonar which mapped the ocean floor across the North Pacific which led him to publish “The History of Ocean Basins” in 1962. It paved way to Sea Floor Spreading. He discovered that the oceans were shallower in the middle, and identified the presence of Mid Ocean Ridges. Source: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Chap1-Pioneers-of-Plate- Fig. 1: Henry Hess Tectonics/Harry-Hess The Sea floor spreading theory states that “new ocean crust is being formed at mid-ocean ridges and destroyed at deep-sea trenches”. Source: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/seafloor- spreading/#:~:text=This%20rock%20(basalt)%20becomes%20a%20new%20part%20of%20Earth's%20cru st.&text=Seafloor%20spreading%20occurs%20along%20mid,rising%20from%20the%20ocean%20floor.& text=Seafloor%20spreading%20is%20not%20consistent,narrow%20underwater%20cliffs%20and%20mo untains. Fig. 2: Sea Floor Spreading 5  The Earth has three different layers namely: the crust, mantle and core. The crust is the part of the Earth right on top where people inhabit. The crust is subdivided into two types, oceanic and continental. Oceanic crust is found under oceans, and it is about four miles thick in most places. A feature unique to oceanic crust is that there are areas known as mid- ocean ridges where oceanic crust is still being created. Magma shoots up through gaps in the ocean’s floor here. As it cools, it hardens into new rock, which forms brand new segments of oceanic crust. Since oceanic crust is heavier than continental crust, it is constantly sinking and moving under continental crust. Continental crust varies between six and 47 miles in thickness depending on where it is found. Continental crust tends to be much older than the oceanic kind, and rocks found on this kind of crust are often the oldest in the world. Seafloor Spreading Seafloor spreading is a geologic process of the movement of two oceanic plates, splitting apart from each other at a divergent plate boundary. It results in the formation of new oceanic crust from magma that comes from within the Earth’s mantle along a mid- ocean ridge. This process is the result of mantle convection. Mantle convection is the slow, swirling motion of Earth’s mantle. Convection currents carry heat Source: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?tem=sea- floor %20spreading from the lower mantle and core to the Fig. 3: Convection Current lithosphere. Convection currents also reutilize lithospheric materials back to the mantle (take a look at figure 3). Seafloor spreading happens at the divergent plate boundaries. As tectonic plates gradually distance from each other, heat from the mantle’s convection currents makes the crust more plastic and less dense. The less-dense material rises, often forming a mountain or elevated area of the seafloor. 6  As a result, the crust cracks. Hot magma powered by mantle convection bubbles up to fill these fractures and spills onto the crust. This bubbled-up magma is cooled by frigid seawater to form igneous rock. This rock (basalt) becomes a new part of Earth’s crust. Seafloor Spreading Subduction It is the process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle, and allows part of the ocean floor to sink back into the mantle. Mid Ocean Ridges These are large mountain ranges rising from the ocean floor. Seafloor spreading occurs along mid-ocean ridges, though it is not consistent at all mid- ocean ridges. Slowly spreading ridges are the sites of tall, narrow underwater cliffs and mountains. Rapidly spreading ridges have a much more gentle slopes. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for instance, is a slow spreading center. It spreads 2-5 centimeters (.8-2 inches) every year and forms an ocean trench about the size of the Grand Canyon. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge separates the North American plate from the Eurasian plate, and the South American plate from the African plate. The East Pacific Rise, on the other hand is a fast spreading center. It spreads about 6-16 centimeters (3-6 inches) every year. There is not an ocean trench at the East Pacific Rise, because the seafloor spreading is too rapid for a trench to be developed. The East Pacific Rise is a mid-ocean ridge that runs through the eastern Pacific Ocean and separates the Pacific plate from the North American plate, the Cocos plate, the Nazca plate, and the Antarctic plate. Mid-ocean ridge is the actual site of seafloor spreading. The newest and thinnest crust on Earth is located near the center of mid-ocean ridge. The age, density, and thickness of oceanic crust increases with distance from the mid- ocean ridge. 7  Source: https://www.quora.com/Why-is-sea-floor-spreading-important Figure 4: Seafloor Spreading at Mid-Ocean Ridge Evidence for Seafloor Spreading The seafloor has a large mountain range running through it. Deep trenches are found far from the ridges. The magnetic polarity of the seafloor changes. The center of the ridge is of normal polarity. Stripes of normal and reverse polarity are found symmetrical on both sides of the ridge. The rocks closest to the ocean ridge were younger than the rocks found further from the ridge. This means that new rocks are formed at the ridges and push the older rocks away from the ridge based on the core sample collected from 1968, a drilling ship called the Glomar Challenger. The oldest seafloor is much younger than the oldest continent. The oldest ocean floor rocks ever found are 180 million years old. Remember the Earth is 4.6 billion years old. This proves that ocean floor is being destroyed therefore all ocean floor rocks are young compared to the age of Earth. Rocks shaped like pillows (rock pillows) show that molten material has erupted again and again from cracks along the mid- ocean ridge and cooled quickly. Stripes in the seafloor. When magma cools, the iron cools into the mineral magnetite. It lines up parallel to the Earth’s present magnetic field. This iron is 8  like compass needles, pointing north. So, when the rock hardens, a record of the Earth’s magnetic field at that time is locked in stone. EARTH FACTS! ✓ Age of rock increases as distance from ridge increases, youngest is at the ridge. What is an Oceanic Basin? Ocean basin is the largest depression of land surface on Earth under an ocean. Tectonic activities such as seafloor spreading and subduction shape ocean basins. Seafloor spreading happens along the boundaries of tectonic plates that are moving apart from each other. These areas are called mid-ocean ridges. New seafloor is then created at the bottom, or rift, of a mid-ocean ridge. Ocean basins that have mid-ocean ridges are expanding. The Atlantic basin, for instance, is expanding because of seafloor spreading. Subduction happens along the boundaries of tectonic plates that are crashing into each other. In these subduction zones, the heavier plate moves underneath, or subducts, the lighter one. Ocean basins that experience subduction, such as the Pacific basin, are shrinking. 9  http://www.rcastilho.pt/ewExternalFiles/The%20Ocean%20Basins.pdf Evolution of Ocean Basin Stages in the Evolution of Ocean Basin S ourc e: htt ps:// polarpedia.eu/ en/ wils on -c yc le/ Figure 5: 6 Major Stages of Ocean Basin Evolution – The Wilson Cycle Characteristic and Topography Oceanic basin landforms have two main characteristics namely: 1) Ocean basin is a land that exists under an ocean; and 2) It includes all topographical features. 10  It is said that ocean basins are not featureless Earth surfaces. Information about ocean basins were gathered using the following technologies: seismic surveyor, echo sounder, side-scan sonar, and the satellites that measure the height of sea surfaces. Some dominant topographical features associated with ocean basins are: Continental shelf It is a shallow gently sloping part of the continental crust that borders the continents. It has an average depth of 130 m, and its width varies from tens of meters to a maximum of about 1, 300 km. Continental slope It extends from the continental shelf at an average depth of 135 meters. The base is steeply sloping and occurs at a depth of approximately 2000 meters that marks the edge of the continents. The width of the slope varies from 20 to 100 kilometers. Both continental shelf and continental slope are structurally part of the continents, although they are below the sea surface. Submarine canyon The V-shaped canyon that cuts into the continental slope to a depth of up to 1200 meters. It cuts perpendicular to the running direction of the continental slope. Continental rise It is found at the base of the continental slope. The depth ranges from 2000 to 5000 meters deep, and the width is up to 300 kilometers. Continental rise is created by the merging of accumulated deposit at the mouth of the many submarine canyons. Abyssal fan It is the canyon’s thick fan-shaped sedimentary deposits. 11 Ocean floor It is found at the base of the continental rise in water, ranging from 4 000 to 6 000 meters deep. Ocean floor accounts for nearly 30 % of the Earth’s surface, consisting of thin layer of basaltic rock. http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10p.html Figure 5.a: Marginal features found at the interface of the continents and the ocean basins Source: http://officersiasacademy.blogspot.com/2016/04/oceans-submarine-relief.html Figure 5.b: Ocean Basin Topography 12  Source: https://tinyurl.com/y68sh67w Figure 5.c: Basin Topography Famous Oceanic Basins and Facts There are five major ocean basins, coordinating with the major oceans of the world: the Pacific basin, the Atlantic basin, the Indian basin, the Arctic basin, and the Southern basin. Many smaller basins are often considered oceanic basins, such as the North Aleutian Basin, between the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. The Atlantic Ocean Basin covers approximately 29 million square miles of the Earth’s surface, extending from the Arctic Ocean in the north, to the Southern Ocean above Antarctica. The average depth of the basin is 12,881 feet and the deepest point is the Puerto Rico Trench at 28,231 feet below the water. The Indian Ocean Basin has 26 million square miles of underwater land surface, bordered by Africa in the west, Australia in the east, India to the north and the Southern Ocean. The basin has an average depth of 13,800 feet, and the deepest point is 23,812 feet below water in the Java Trench. The Southern Ocean was officially designated by the International Hydrographic Organization in the year 2000 but does not have a true ocean basin. It surrounds the continent of Antarctica and extends northward to 60 degrees of latitude, where it meets the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The Arctic Ocean Basin has over 5 million square miles, approximately one third of this is the continental shelves of North America and Asia. It has an average depth of 4,900 feet and the deepest point is at 17,880 feet below water. 13  The Pacific Ocean Basin is the largest oceanic basin in the world with an area of 59 million square miles. It is also the deepest, with an average depth of 14,042 feet. The deepest point found below sea level is the Marianas Trench in the western Pacific, near the Marianas Islands to the west. In a depression called the Challenger Deep within the trench, a depth of approximately 36,070 feet has been measured from a distance of almost 7 miles below the surface. FUN FACTS! The oldest ocean-floor rocks are 190 million years old, whereas the oldest continental rocks are 3.8 billion (3800 million) years old. New ocean floor seems to form at different rates in different ocean basins and over time. It is very difficult to get information about landforms of the ocean basin, such as trenches and mid-ocean ridges. These landforms are thousands of feet below the surface of the water. Few instruments can endure the intense pressure, cold, and dark at the bottom of ocean basins. Occasionally, researchers themselves explore ocean basins in special submarines called submersibles. Numerous volcanoes populate the floor of the ocean basins. Scientists estimate that there are approximately 10, 000 volcanoes on the ocean floor. Mid-ocean ridge is normally found rising the ocean floor at the center of the ocean basins. 14 Plate Movements The Earth is made up of three main layers: 1. The Core is at the center of the Earth. It is divided into an inner and outer core. 2. The Mantle is the layer surrounding the core. The upper mantle is partially molten and called the asthenosphere. 3. The Crust, or lithosphere, is the rigid outer- most layer. Earth’s Sublayers Lithosphere: This layer combines the rigid crust plus the upper-most mantle. Asthenosphere: Partially molten part of upper mantle. Tectonic plates are able to move about on top of the softer, partially molten asthenosphere. Figure 6: Layers of Earth Source: https://tinyurl.com/yytct7ce The Earth’s crust consists is of about a dozen large slabs of rock, or PLATES, that the continents and oceans rest on. These plates can move centimeters per year— about as fast as your fingernails grow up to 15cm/year in some places. Tectonic plates consist of lithospheric mantle (upper part of the upper mantle) overlain by either of two types of crustal material: oceanic crust and continental crust. Average oceanic lithosphere is typically 100 km thick; its thickness is a function of its age. As time passes, it conductively cools and becomes thicker. Continental lithosphere is typically ~200 km thick, though this also varies considerably between basins, mountain ranges, and stable cratonic interiors of continents. Major continental and oceanic plates ❖ Eurasian plate ❖ Caribbean plate ❖ Australian-Indian plate ❖ South American plate ❖ Philippine plate, Pacific plate ❖ African plate ❖ Juan de Fuca plate, Nazca plate ❖ Arabian plate ❖ Cocos plate ❖ Antarctic plate ❖ North American plate ❖ Scotia plate 15  Source: https://tinyurl.com/y9x2l2gm Figure 7: Earth’s Major Plates Plate tectonics is a scientific theory which describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. Tectonic plates, or lithospheric plates, are constantly moving, being created, and consumed simultaneously. Today, there are 15 major tectonic plates that move and interact with each other. Where these plates meet, a plate boundary is formed and geological features unique to the different boundaries can be found. The motion sometimes results in earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges at the plate boundaries. Plate motion is driven by heat escaping from the mantle. The constant movement of heat in the mantle leads to circular convection currents. These hot convective cells are similar to the rolling boil that occurs when water is heated on a stovetop. The flowing mantle has also been compared to a “conveyor belt,” moving the rigid plates in different directions. Plate Movements Processes 1. Hot mantle from the two adjacent cells rises at the ridge axis, creating a new ocean crust. 2. The top limb of the convection cell moves horizontally away from the ridge crest, as does the new seafloor. 3. The outer limbs of the convection cells plunge down into the deeper mantle, dragging oceanic crust as well. This takes place at the deep-sea trenches. 16  4. The material sinks to the core and moves horizontally. 5. The material heats up and reaches the zone where it rises again. Types of Plate Boundary Convergent Plate Boundaries Convergent plate boundaries are plate boundaries where two plates move toward each other. This type of boundary deforms the crust on one or both plate edges. Continental - continental collisions occur when two continental plates collide and neither will subduct beneath the other (both are com-posed of less-dense continental crust). These collisions result in mountain-building, or “orogenies”. Rocks and debris are warped and folded into rocky outcrops, hills, mountains, and entire http://www.earthscrust.org.au/science/transects/urals.html mountain ranges in the compressing Fig. 8: Continental-continental boundaries. Mountains formed are called convergence fold mountains. One example are the Himalayas which resulted from an ongoing continental collision where the Indian and Eurasian plates are coming together. Another is the Appalachian Mountains, an ancient mountain range that was formed from a continental collision. Oceanic and continental collision The more dense oceanic plate subducts beneath the more buoyant continental plate. These plate boundaries are characterized by a chain of volcanoes inland from the subduction zone. Thrust faulting is common along these plate boundaries, and large earthquakes are possible. The Cascadia subduction zone and Cascade Mountains are excellent examples of a subduction zone and associated volcanic chain. 17 Oceanic - Oceanic convergence It is a convergence zone where an oceanic plate subducts beneath another oceanic plate, the same as a continent-ocean subduction zone. An ocean trench marks the location where the plate is pushed down into the mantle. In this case, the line of volcanoes that grow on the upper oceanic plate is an island arc. In the north Pacific, the https://www.ck12.org/earth-science/ocean-ocean- convergent-plate-boundaries/lesson/Ocean-Ocean- Pacific Plate is sub-ducting beneath the North Convergent-Plate-Boundaries-HS-ES/ American Plate just as it was off the coast of the Fig. 10: Oceanic-oceanic Pacific Northwest. This subduction creates the convergence Aleutian Islands, many of which are currently active. Divergent Plate Boundaries mostly occur as mid-ocean ridges, but some can be rift valleys within continents. Normal faults are commonly found at mid-ocean ridges and divergent plate https://tinyurl.com/y2cf74xx boundaries. These normal faults create a series of horsts and grabens, otherwise known as basins and ranges. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/680325087444323947/ Fig. 11: Divergent plate boundary Transform Plate Boundary It displays horizontal movement. Typically, no land is destroyed or created along these https://www.google.com/search?q=transform%20bound plate boundaries. ary&tbm=isch&hl=en&tbs=rimg:CbOnaLW1HOQ2YRlPKd _1X2yte&sa=X&ved=0CB0QuIIBahcKEwjY8PI8K3tAhUAA AAAHQAAAAAQBw&biw=1007&bih=415#imgrc=AhW6Yl This is characterized by strike-slip faulting G5xjMu_M and earthquakes are a common occurrence Fig. 12: Transform plate boundary along this type of boundary. The fracture zone that forms a transform plate boundary is known as a transform fault. Most transform faults are found in the ocean basin and connect offsets in the mid-ocean ridges. The San Andreas Fault is an excellent example of a strike-slip fault and a transform plate boundary. 18  A Closer Look at Fold Mountain Formation They are formed at continental-continental plate boundaries. Compressional force causes the layers of rock to buckle and fold. The process is called folding. https://www.google.com/search?q=structure+of+fold+mountains+diagram https://www.google.com/search?q=structure+of+fold+mountains+ &source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi86YWR9KztAhVdwosBHQPTC diagram&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi86YWR9Kzt 2QQ_AUoAXoECAcQAw&biw=1024&bih=489#imgrc=zefPBqODU6LzwM AhVdwosBHQPTC2QQ_AUoAXoECAcQAw&biw=1024&bih=489#im grc=BcXDmyEsLy_JXM https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/86272149090401334/ Figure 13: Formation of fold mountain http://searchoflife.com/the-great-rift-valley-2014-03-22 Figure 14: The great rift valley that passes https://www.amusingplanet.com/2015/03/the-san- andreas-fault-of-california.html through several countries Fig. 15: San Andreas Fault in California that extends up to 1,287 km 19 Key Concepts on Plate Tectonic Movement There are three types of plate movement: the converging, diverging or transversing against one another. The tectonic movement of the Earth's plates has resulted in the folding and faulting of the Earth's crust. Folding is a tectonic activity that results in the formation of Fold Mountains, such as the Himalayas, while a Rift Valley, such as the East African Rift Valley, is formed from faulting. Mountain belts are created when two continental crusts collide. The crust thickens, the rocks are folded and faulted, and is forced up as you can observe in mountains. In the converging plates between oceanic and continental, the oceanic plate subducts because it is denser. The subducting oceanic plate melts in the mantle and forms volcanoes on the surface. Trench is also formed along the subduction zone. Divergence of plate boundaries occur mostly as mid-ocean ridges where normal faults can be found. But divergence within continental crusts leads to the formation of rift valleys. Transform plate boundaries form the strike-slip fault and frequent earthquakes occur. 20  POST ACTIVITY I. Draw the illustration below in your notebook and label the parts. Choose your answer from the box below. A. Mid-ocean ridge E. Continental Shelf B. Continental Slope F. Rift Valley C. Trench G. Volcanic Island D. Abyssal Plains H. Seamounts 21 III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED EVALUATION/POST TEST: I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Write the letter of your choice in your notebook/ answer sheet provided. 1. It is described as saucer-like depressions of the seabed and the largest depressions on Earth. A. Ocean Basin B. River Basin C. Slope D. Rift 2. ________ and _________ subduction are the most important types of tectonic activity that shape ocean basins. A. Divergent and Convergent B. Hot spots and Subduction C. Strombolian and Vulcan D. Seafloor Spreading and Subduction 3. Which of the following is an example of embryonic stage? A. Atlantic Ocean C. Persian Gulf B. Great Rift Valley D. Tibetan Plateau 4. Which among the major basins is the largest? A. Southern Ocean C. Pacific Ocean B. Atlantic Ocean D. Arctic Ocean 5. Which of the following tectonic activities led to the formation of ocean basins? I. Seafloor spreading III. Continental drift II. Subduction IV. Magnetic reversal A. I and II C. II and III B. I and III D. all of the above 6. What is the largest oceanic basin in the world? A. Arctic Ocean Basin C. Indian Ocean Basin B. Atlantic Ocean Basin D. Pacific Ocean Basin 7. What is found at the base of the continental rise in an ocean basin? A. Continental shelf c. ocean floor B. Continental slope D. abyssal plain 8. Which among the ocean basins below is in its declining stage? A. Indian Ocean Basin c. Atlantic Ocean Basin B. Pacific Ocean Basin d. Arctic Ocean Basin 22 9. Why is the Pacific Ocean Basin said to be shrinking? A. Because its seafloor is spreading. B. Because it is located in the subduction zone. C. Because of the sediments deposited in the submarine canyon. D. All of the above. 10. How old is the oldest ocean-floor rocks? A. 3.5 billion years C. 3.8 million years B. 180 million years D. 190 million years 11. He formulated the first complete statement of the continental drift hypothesis. A. Alfred Wegener C. Alfred Wilson B. Charles Darwin D. None of These 12. The following are evidences that support continental drift theory except: A. Glacial deposits found in current warm climates and warm climate plant fossils found in what is now the Arctic. B. Nearly identical rock formations found on the east coast of U.S. and the west coast of Europe and eastern South America and western Africa. C. The origin of life is eubacteria. D. Fossils of the same plant found in Australia, India, Antarctica and South America. 13. It is the center of the Earth and divided into two. A. Mantle C. Lithosphere B. Crust D. Core 14. This layer combines the rigid crust plus the upper-most mantle. A. Mantle C. Lithosphere B. Crust D. Core 15. _____________ scientific theory which describes the large-scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. A. Continental Drift Theory C. Plate Movements B. Plate Tectonics D. None of These 16. The motion of plate tectonics sometimes results in earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain ranges at the plate boundaries. A. The statement is correct. B. The statement is incorrect. C. The statement is partially correct. D. The statement is partially incorrect. 23 17. In the movement of plates, the material sinks to the core and moves vertically. A. The statement is correct. B. The statement is incorrect. C. The statement is partially correct. D. The statement is partially incorrect. 18. _________ is a location where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other, often causing one plate to slide below the other. A. Divergent Plate Boundaries C. Transform Plate Boundaries B. Deviating Plate Boundaries D. Convergent Plate Boundaries 19. The following are different types of convergent plate boundaries except: A. oceanic-oceanic boundaries B. oceanic-continental boundaries C. continental-continental boundaries D. oceanic-continental-oceanic boundaries 20. Earthquakes are common at ______________since the movement of magma and oceanic crust results in crustal shaking. A. mid-ocean ridges C. boundaries B. tectonic plate D. oceanic boundary 24 References https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/basin/ http://www.delmarlearning.com/companions/content/1418080748/s tudent_resources/Oceans/ddoe_unit1.pdf http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Mi-Oc/Ocean-Basins.html#ixzz6XzeiY3uA https://earthhow.com/5-oceans https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/physical/world-ocean/ocean- basins-and-continents http://www.rcastilho.pt/ewExternalFiles/The%20Ocean%20Basins.pdf https://www.slideshare.net/bala1957/origin-of-ocean-basins-78162769 https://www.slideshare.net/NasirAhmad15/origin-of-ocean-basins http://worldlandforms.com/landforms/oceanic-basin/ https://www.slideshare.net/lorettar/ocean-basins https://www.marineinsight.com/know-more/10-deepest-parts-of-the-ocean/ https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=vtSnY5km&id=95A C16B316F5AEA44ECD8A22F3D5159866D6EED3&thid=OIP.vtSnY5kmYNfUqsU3pOp ZXwHaFj&mediaurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimage3.slideserve.com%2F6012810%2Fslide9 l.jpg&exph=768&expw=1024&q=ocean+basin+topography&simid=60804315026 8695696&ck=6540DBACD35E1F04F8953A4883EB959C&selectedindex=0&form=IR PRST&ajaxhist=0&pivotparams=insightsToken%3Dccid_w4NIcIPq*cp_A5547FC1C 7711D2BDFD99F50CEA1B6B0*mid_074152A4E5C8816230472476A5E3D839FBB62C 54*simid_608044541843082943*thid_OIP.w4NIcIPqnuOH4ngoaKqDmgHaFj&vt=0& sim=11&iss=VSI Pidwirny, M. (2006). "Physiography of the Ocean Basins". Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition. Date Viewed. http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10p.html 25 Little, W.; Fowler, H.W.; Coulson, J. (1990). Onions C.T. (ed.). The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary: on historical principles. II (3 ed.). Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861126-4. http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10l.html https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-geology/chapter/outcome- theory-of-plate-tectonics/ https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/plate-boundaries.html https://geology.com/nsta/convergent-plate-boundaries.shtml https://www.thoughtco.com/convergent-plate-boundaries-3866818 https://rocogeog.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/folds-and-faults.pdf https://www.geologypage.com/2015/12/geological-folds.html https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=a19ff0ccadbe4e5e9 f24090b1dbd6552 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-geology/chapter/outcome- volcano-formation/ “Folded Mounatain”. National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/fold-mountain/. Date retrieved: Dec. 1, 2020. Minader, Rachel. “Plate Tectonics, Faults, and Folding“.https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=a19ff 0ccadbe4e5e9f24090b1dbd6552. Date retrieved: Dec. 1, 2020. “Ocean-ocean Plate Boundaries”. https://www.ck12.org/earth-science/ocean- ocean-convergent-plate-boundaries/lesson/Ocean-Ocean-Convergent- Plate-Boundaries-HS-ES/. Date retrieved Dec. 1, 2020. 26  ACKNOWLEDGMENT DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V Schools Division Superintendent FAY C. LUAREZ, Ph.D., Ed.D, TM Assistant Schools Division Superintendent NILITA L. RAGAY Assistant Schools Division Superintendent FAY C. LUAREZ, Ph.D., Ed.D.,TM Acting CID Chief RACHEL B. PICARDAL, Ed.D. SGOD Chief ARNOLD R. JUNGCO PSDS – Division Science Coordinator ROSELA R. ABIERA LR Manager ELMAR L. CABRERA PDO MARICEL S. RASID Librarian EASTER ROSE U. TOLOMIA Writer EASTER ROSE U. TOLOMIA NOELYN E. SIAPNO Lay-out Artist MEMBERS OF THE QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM (alpha) LIEZEL A. AGOR MARY JOYCEN A. ALAM-ALAM EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR. JOAN Y. BUBULI LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO MEMBERS OF THE QUALITY ASSURANCE TEAM (Beta) JOAN Y. BUBULI LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA MIEL C. PACULANANG ARJIE T. PALUMPA 27 SYNOPSIS This self-learning kit is intended to aid the students in explaining the seafloor spreading, ocean basins, its topography and understanding movement of plates that leads to the formation of folds, faults, trenches, volcanoes, rift valleys, and mountain ranges. Explain the evidences that led to different theories like plate tectonics theory. AUTHOR & ILLUSTRATOR, LAY-OUT ARTIST EASTER ROSE UBAG TOLOMIA is a Senior High school teacher in Sibulan National High School- Balugo Extension. She finished her Bachelor of Science in Nursing at St. Paul University Dumaguete and took Continuing Professional Education at Foundation University. She graduated Master of Arts in Education Major in General Science at Foundation University. 28