Earth-Science-Q1-Module-5.pdf

11 Earth Science Quarter 1 – Module 5: Minerals and Rocks Earth Science – Grade 11 Self-Learning Module (SLM) Quarter 1 – Module 5: Minerals and Rocks First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government o...

11 Earth Science Quarter 1 – Module 5: Minerals and Rocks Earth Science – Grade 11 Self-Learning Module (SLM) Quarter 1 – Module 5: Minerals and Rocks First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Development Team of the Module Writers: Edalin B. Timbasal-Nuevo Editors: Edalin B. Timbasal-Nuevo Reviewers: Laforeza L. Maguate, John Jerson P. Constantino Illustrator: Graciel Monica V. Padre Layout Artist: Jerome B. Reynes, Maylene F. Grigana Cover Art Designer: Ian Ceasar E. Frondoza Management Team: Allan G. Farnazo, CESO IV – Regional Director Fiel Y. Almendra, CESO V – Assistant Regional Director Gildo G. Mosqueda, CEO VI - Schools Division Superintendent Diosdado F. Ablanido, CPA – Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Gilbert B. Barrera – Chief, CLMD Arturo D. Tingson Jr. – REPS, LRMS Peter Van C. Ang-ug – REPS, ADM Peter Van C. Ang-ug – REPS, Science Donna S. Panes – Chief, CID Elizabeth G. Torres – EPS, LRMS Judith B. Alba – EPS, ADM Norma P. Rendon – EPS, Science Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN Region Office Address: Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal Telefax: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893 E-mail Address: [email protected]  11 Science Quarter 1 – Module 5: Minerals and Rocks Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Grade 11 Earth and Life Science Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Minerals and Rocks! This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. i For the learner: Welcome to the Grade 11 Earth and Life Science Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Minerals and Rocks! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. ii  Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! iii  What I Need to Know Minerals are all around us! Since ancient civilization, human applied mining techniques when mining rocks and minerals on Earth’s surface. The importance of minerals in our everyday lives can recognize all around us. From eating nutrient-rich foods, powering smartphones with copper and even in the development of modern technology. Just like vitamins, minerals help your body to grow, develop and stay healthy. 1  Images on the Importance of Minerals In this module, you will gain knowledge that minerals are naturally occurring chemical compounds that have been formed by geological processes. It helps us develop new technologies and are used in everyday lives. It also provides chemicals that are essential for life on Earth. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Identify the importance of minerals to the society. 2  I know you are excited to start this adventure just as I am but remember to do the following tips to successfully achieve the objectives of this learning kit. 1. Read the instructions carefully. 2. Follow the instructions carefully. 3. Answer the pretest before you start the lesson. 4. Take note and record points for clarifications. 5. Seriously answer the given questions in pretest and posttests and try to achieve the level of proficiency at 75% or more. 6. Work diligently and honestly. What I Know To start off, you have to answer the pretest for you to measure how much you know about the topic. You can start now. There are 10 questions. Each question has ONLY ONE CORRECT ANSWER. Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Each question is worth 1 point. Read each question fully and carefully. Take your time. GOOD LUCK! 1. On Moh's hardness scale, which of the following minerals is harder than quartz? A. Apatite B. Diamond C. Gypsum D. Talc 2. The color of the powder that a mineral leaves on a piece of white, unglazed porcelain is called the mineral's __________. A. Hardness B. Luster C. Scratch D. Streak 3. The most common classification of minerals is based on? A. Chemical size B. Color C. Shape D. Size 3 4. Which is NOT a major limitation in predicting future mineral resource costs and availability? A. Inability to predict new discoveries of major mineral resources and reserves B. Lack of basic knowledge of the types of rocks and geologic environments that mineral resources are found in C. Inability to predict what technology will be available in the future for extracting minerals D. Lack of understanding about the environmental consequences of extracting minerals 5. Which determines whether a metallic element becomes concentrated in the liquid fraction during magmatic segregation? A. Its density B. Its conductivity C. Its susceptibility to magnetic fields D. Its compatibility in early crystallizing minerals 6. Which is a NOT an example of an industrial material or mineral deposit? A. Quartz B. Coal C. Ore D. Diamond 7. Which of the following is not the function of iron? A. Oxygen transport B. Immune function C. Brain function D. Gene regulation 8. “Bricks are made from _______. A. Clay B. Coal C. Gypsum D. Sand 9. What do all minerals have in common? A. Are formed by natural processes. B. Have a definite volume and shape C. Are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup D. All of the above 10. A kind of mineral use by Greeks as a writing tool–or pencil. A. Graphite B. Lead C. Lignite D. Talc 4  Lesson 1 Minerals and Rocks What’s In In your previous lesson, it was discussed there are three kinds of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rocks form when molten rock (magma or lava) cools and solidifies. Sedimentary rocks originate when particles settle out of water or air, or by precipitation of minerals from water. We use things made from minerals and rocks every day. A mineral is an element or chemical compound that is normally crystalline and that has been formed as a result of geological processes. Minerals are basic and essential raw materials in our daily lives, and are vital for economic, social and technological development. But if we were to run out of a mineral — as in, exhaust our supply — it probably wouldn't be because there's none of it left on Earth. How big is our planet supply in minerals? Let’s explore more! Notes to the Teacher The teacher can bring out items from his or her bag such as cell phone, keys, coins, pencil/pen, make-up, powder, glasses, etc. and identify the minerals involved in the manufacture of each item. You can ask students prior to your lesson what their knowledge about the images you introduced to the class. 5 6  What’s New Activity: Minerals in Everyday Life In this activity, you will enumerate a few examples of household items mentioned in the video and indicate its importance (and their properties) that make up each of the selected household items. The video clip shows that even the simplest household items are made up of different minerals. Video link and title : “Mining and the Modern World” of the Ground Rules film (2 minutes) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmXT1YgfoTA). Materials:  Ballpen  Notebook Guide Questions:  What are the importance of Minerals to the society?  How it will affect our daily lives? Procedures: 1. Students will watch the video given the link and the title. 2. He /she will record the information gathered by watching the video. 3. Carefully examine the importance of household items mentioned in the video. No Household Items Minerals used and. Importance 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 7  What is It What Are Minerals? -Naturally-formed solid substance with a crystal structure. Quartz Diamond Amethys t What do all minerals have in common? 1. Are formed by natural processes. 2. Are NOT alive and NEVER were alive 3. Have a definite volume and shape 4. Are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup 5. Are made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over (called a CRYSTAL) The word "mineral" means something very specific to Earth scientists. By definition, a mineral: 1. Is naturally formed; 2. Is solid; 3. Is formed by inorganic processes; 4. Has a specific chemical composition; 5. and Has a characteristic crystal structure Naturally formed - Minerals form through natural processes, including volcanic eruptions, precipitation of a solid out of a liquid, and weathering of pre- existing minerals. Today, scientists, engineers, and manufacturers synthesize many ceramics, plastics, and other substances with a specific chemical composition and structure, but none of these synthetic substances is considered a true mineral. 8 Solid - Liquids and gases are not considered minerals, in large part because their structure is constantly changing, which means they do not have a characteristic crystal structure. A true mineral must be solid. Formed by inorganic processes - Any material produced through organic activity – such as leaves, bones, peat, shell, or soft animal tissue – is not considered a mineral. Most fossils, although they were once living, have generally had their living tissues completely replaced by inorganic processes after burial; thus, they are considered to be composed of minerals as well. Specific chemical composition - Most minerals exist as chemical compounds whose compositions can be expressed using a chemical formula. The chemical formula of salt, or halite, is NaCl, meaning each molecule of salt consists of one sodium atom (Na) and one chlorine atom (Cl). Other common minerals have much more complicated formulas, such as muscovite (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2). A few minerals, such as graphite, consist of only one type of atom (carbon, in this case); therefore, the chemical formula for graphite is written simply as C. All minerals are defined by their chemical composition. If we tried to change the composition of muscovite by replacing the aluminum with iron and magnesium, for instance, we would end up with a totally new and different mineral called biotite. Characteristic crystal structure - Nicolaus Steno, a Dutch contemporary of Isaac Newton, made an important contribution to mineralogy in 1669 when he noted that the angles between faces (or sides) of quartz crystals were constant, no matter how big the crystals were or where they had formed. Today, we know that Steno's Law of Interfacial Angles concerning the external appearance of crystals reflects a regular, internal arrangement of atoms. The angles are constant between faces on quartz crystals because every single quartz crystal is made of the same atoms: one atom of silicon for every two atoms of oxygen, written with the molecular formula SiO2. Importance of Minerals to Society Minerals are the basic and essential raw materials in our daily lives and are vital for economic and social technological development. Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid chemical compounds, which often forms crystals. A rock is composed of one or several minerals. While all rocks contain metals, not all rocks are considered valuable enough to mine. It is possible for rocks to contain so called mineralization, which is a deposition of valuable minerals in a large quantity. These depositions occur due to various geological processes. If a mineralization can be mined with profit, considering all costs of mining and the value of the minerals on the market, it is called an ore. 9  We use minerals in school, on the farm, and in the kitchen Minerals can be found in many of the products that we know and love. In fact, we use or consume more than 25 minerals daily. Some of these include:  Graphite is often referred to as the most stable form of carbon. Since the early 17th century, the Greeks have used graphite as a writing tool–or pencil.  Also known as brown coal, Lignite is a mineral that takes millions of years to form. Lignite helps to generate electricity and can be found in plant fertilizer products.  Every cell in our bodies uses Phosphorus because it promotes growth and energy. This reactive mineral is an active ingredient in items like baking soda, glass, and kitchenware.  Minerals can be found in batteries, jet engines, and other modern technologies.  Drywall is made from gypsum.  Bricks are made from clay  Titanium oxide is used to make paint.  Silica is made to use windows.  Electrical wiring is made of copper.  Faucets contain various combinations of iron, chromium, molybdenum combined to make stainless steel. Minerals and the Environment Many of the minerals that our bodies require for good health such as calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and zinc, we get from food. Some of these minerals come from our everyday contact with the air, water, and ground in our surroundings. Minerals are non–renewable natural resources that are vital for the construction, manufacturing and energy industries. The aim of sustainable mineral development is to ensure mineral use is kept to a minimum amount without having a negative impact on economic growth. This is achieved by efficient use of minerals as well as recycling and the use of alternative materials. Also, it is important that the natural environment is protected from damage that may be caused by mineral extraction. This will help maintain biodiversity and ensure that contamination is not a problem for future generations. The negative impacts of mineral extraction include unsightly workings, mineral waste piles and pollution from acidic water containing heavy metals. 10 Interesting Facts about Minerals  Scientists who study minerals are called mineralogists.  Around 99% of the minerals in the Earth's crust are made up of eight elements including oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.  Common minerals include quartz, feldspar, bauxite, cobalt, talc, and pyrite.  Some minerals have a different colored streak than the color of their body.  A gem is a piece of rare mineral such as diamond, emerald, or sapphire that is cut and polished to shine.  Certain minerals are needed by our bodies so we can grow healthy and strong. What’s More Earth bears many minerals which play a major role in our daily lives. Look around the room and you'll see many objects that are metal. We mine Earth's ore deposits to make iron, copper, aluminum, and other metals. Mineral fuels, such as coal, give us energy to heat, air condition, light up and electrify our homes, offices, and factories. Minerals are also mined for stone products to make concrete, brick and glass for our buildings, roads, and playgrounds. And a broad assortment of Earth's minerals goes into paper, paint, plastics, chemicals, filters, films, fertilizers, and many other products. In your journal or notebook, write a poem, song or a paragraph description that summarizes the importance of minerals in our daily lives. Different minerals are important for different purposes. Good luck! ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _______. 11  What I Have Learned 1. Minerals are naturally formed substance; solid; formed by inorganic processes; has a specific chemical composition; and has a characteristic crystal structure. 2. Minerals are the basic and essential raw materials in our daily lives and are vital for economic and social technological development. 3. Minerals can be found in many of the products that we know and love. 4. We use or consume more than 25 minerals daily. 5. Minerals can be found in batteries, jet engines, and other modern technologies. 6. Minerals are the nutrients that exist in the body and are as essential as our need for oxygen to sustain life. They are most important factors in maintaining all physiological processes, are constituents of the teeth, bones, tissues, blood, muscle, and nerve cells. What I Can Do Explain Why minerals important to society? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ _______. If there will be a scarcity on mineral supply like fuel minerals what do you think will society be like compared to the present and/or the future? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _____________________. 12  Assessment Assessment 1. A mineral that helps to generate electricity and can be found in plant fertilizer products. A. Graphite B. Copper C. Iron D. Lignite 2. Scientists that study minerals. A. Archeologist B. Meteorologist C. Mineralogist D. Pathologist 3. This reactive mineral is an active ingredient in items like baking soda, glass, and kitchenware. A. Calcium carbonate B. Nitrogen C. Phosphorus D. Silicon 4. A naturally formed solid substance with a crystal structure. A. Crystals B. Gems C. Minerals D. Rocks 5. A mineral company is flying a plane with a magnetometer over an area to detect mineral deposits. Which element is this method most likely to detect? A. Carbon B. Iron C. Silicon D. Sulfur 6. Minerals can be found in many of the products that we know and love. In fact, we use or consume more than how many minerals daily? A. 30 B. 27 C. 25 D. 23 7. Minerals can be formed… A. By the cooling of liquid material B. By material precipitating out of a water C. By molecules being exposed to high temperatures and pressures D. All of the above 13  8. Electrical wiring is made up of … A. Copper B. Iron C. Silicon D. Silver 9. An example of a mineral made up of pure element is… A. Coal B. Copper C. Glass D. Quartz 10. “Which of the following properties are used to describe minerals? A. Color, hardness, crystal structure B. Color, odor, hardness C. Crystal structure, appearance, hardness D. Crystal structure, Color, Odor Additional Activities Determine the mineral content of common household items to be found inside your house. Give atleast 10 items. Example: Carpet - Calcium carbonate, limestone. Common Household Items Mineral Content/s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 14  15 Assessment What I Know 1. D 1. B 2. C 2. D 3. C 3. A 4. C 4. B 5. B 5. D 6. C 6. B 7. B 7. D 8. A 8. B 9. B 9. D 10. A 10.A Answer Key References Links for References: https://www.britannica.com/science/mineral-chemical-compound https://www.sgu.se/en/geointro/lecture-1/ https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1770-what-are-minerals https://www.angloamerican.com/futuresmart/our-industry/our-products/uses- of-minerals https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral https://www.visionlearning.com/en/library/Earth-Science/6/Defining- Minerals/119 https://www.bgs.ac.uk/mineralsUK/mineralsYou/mineralsEnvironment.html https://www.ducksters.com/science/earth_science/minerals.php 16  DISCLAIMER This self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by Deped SOCCSKSARGEN with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal. Contents of this module were based on DepEd’s most essential Learning Competencies (MELC). This is supplementary material to be used by all learners of Region XII in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The process of LR development was observed in the production of this module, This is version 1.0 We highly encourage feedback, comments, and recommendations. For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education - Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) Ground Floor, Bonifacio Bldg., DepEd Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines 1600 Telefax: (632) 8634-1072; 8634-1054; 8631-4985 Email Address: [email protected] * [email protected] 17