Earth Science Module 7: Waste and the Environment PDF

Senior High School Earth Science Module 7: Waste and the Environment AIRs - LM LU_Earth Science_Module7  Earth Science Module 7: Waste and the Environment Second Edition, 2021 Copyright © 2021 La Union Sc...

Senior High School Earth Science Module 7: Waste and the Environment AIRs - LM LU_Earth Science_Module7  Earth Science Module 7: Waste and the Environment Second Edition, 2021 Copyright © 2021 La Union Schools Division Region I All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the copyright owners. Development Team of the Module Author: Arlance Sandra Marie M. Garcia Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team Content Reviewer: Lani Gatchalian Language Reviewer: Agnes Bucsit Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr. Design and Layout: Mariza R. Mapalo Management Team: Atty. Donato D. Balderas Jr. Schools Division Superintendent Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph D Assistant Schools Division Superintendent German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Science Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II Printed in the Philippines by: _________________________ Department of Education – SDO La Union Office Address: Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City, La Union Telefax: 072 – 205 – 0046 Email Address: [email protected] LU_Earth Science_Module7  Senior High School Earth Science Module 7: Waste and the Environment LU_Earth Science_Module7  Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you. LU_Earth Science_Module7  Target Humans continuously makes life easier with the development of better technologies, transportations, communication in the click of a finger and a lot more. However, the development of higher technology necessitates the use of natural resources. Couple this with a culture of consumerism that has become similar to an infection amongst today’s populace, an increase in the demand and production of higher technology manufactured goods causes greater abuse of natural resources. Such processes as well as the daily living activities of humans generate waste and additional pollutants of the environment. Humans therefore have become the largest contributor to the degradation of the environment. In the previous lesson you were able to know more about the different types of waste generated by humans. At the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. explain how different types of waste affect people’s health and the environment (S11ES-Ii-j-20). Specifically, you would be able to: a. cite examples of how waste affects human health; b. describe situations where waste impacts the environment; c. identify better waste management practices, and; d. explain better waste management practices through an information, education and communication material. LU_Earth Science_Module7 1  Pre - Test 1. What are materials that have been used and are to be thrown away? A. excess C. waste B. reserve D. resource 2. Which are substances that can degrade over time? A. hazardous C. biodegradable B. inorganic D. non-biodegradable 3. What activity is ideally used to address fruit and vegetable peelings? A. incineration C. attenuation B. dumping D. composting 4. What is termed as the conversion of organic waste into a substance that helps make the soil healthier? A. incineration C. composting B. recycling D. biodegration 5. What does reduce mean? A. using more B. using less C. save the Earth D. waste 6. What is the other term for garbage juice? A. leachate C. tonic B. chemical D. runoff 7. Why are composting and recycling beneficial? A. reduces amount of waste C. increases waste B. can be sold D. to follow rules 8. Which of the following items should NOT be put in a compost? A. plastic tubs C. leaves B. food scraps D. wood clippings 9. What is the unlawful method of burning trash? A. incineration C. attenuation B. dumping D. composting 10. Which is NOT considered hazardous waste? A. battery from motorcycle C. electronic devices B. fabric waste D. Freon from refrigerator 11. What can you recycle? A. paper, plastic, glass, metal C. used napkins B. food D. leaves 12. What is recycling? A. wasting stuff C. throwing items B. making new items from old ones D. avoiding buying 13. Where is the usual site where urban trash is taken to be buried? A. rivers C. incinerator B. compost pit D. landfill 14. Which of the following materials is non-biodegradable? A. plants B. plastic C. banana peel D. paper 15. What is the process of reclaiming raw materials to make new products? A. recycling C. reducing B. composting D. reusing LU_Earth Science_Module7 2  Jumpstart Activity 1: Compare and Contrast Directions: Ask someone older to help you in this activity. Together describe the items stated in each number. Write down your observations of the item. Compare it with the answer of the one assisting you, preferably a grandparent, on how they remember the same item when they were still young. Item Your Present Grandparent’s Observation Memories 1. Air Quality 2. Sea, Rivers and Streams 3. Transportation 4. Communication Devices 5. Climate Conditions 6. Nearby Hills and Mountains 7. Waste/ Garbage 8. Electricity 9. Drinking Water Questions: 1. Which items did you describe similarly? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which items did you describe differently? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ LU_Earth Science_Module7 3 Activity 2: Word Hunt Directions: Search for the words below. Encircle the items you find. F M C H M B P U R I I J H J Z Q Q R L Q L F F W G P E A P O L L U T I O N L S B K E K A A C A R P L A S T I C T I I R D S Q Z T R Y Z P O G T Y Y H H F X G E I K E H E B N B E E S D N E I D G R T C O T L G R A C Q O E R I Z X N Y D A U O D R B C R G K C L T U D O A I V H T Z V E R S E O E B K X D T L L N R C R O B E A E D M Y M G Z N O E L P O A I E Z O R O D H Y O F P A M H Z B E E W V C O I E F U C W C G L O T G T C L S C N Y N C F J C T K E N P W S I T O B U Q S C E O U U E I P A Y D Z W T O F L X Y G L S N S O P L A N T I N G A F N V U T A E P V E D C D H I E U T R O P H I C A T I O N Y S F R B R M P N N O Y X S R K E C R Z Y C D E P E N M U O D I L E P K C M K U T Q H T M U B R B F Q M V M I N I N G M X F I H L S R M D X S I D W A S T E H O M A A R O E M N G X R V N G C G L Y X S A P 1. BOTTLES 10. OCEAN 19. REFUSE 2. COMPOST 11. OZONE 20. REUSE 3. EROSION 12. PAPER 21. RIVER 4. EUTROPHICATION 13. PLANTING 22. RUNOFF 5. GARBAGE 14. PLASTIC 23. SEGREGATION 6. LAND 15. POLLUTION 24. SMOG 7. LANDFILL 16. RECOVER 25. WASTE 8. LEACHATE 17. RECYCLE 26. WATER 9. MINING 18. REDUCE LU_Earth Science_Module7 4  Waste disposal can be defined as any process used to discard unwanted substances or materials. Improper waste disposal is the removal of waste in a way that has adverse consequences. Poor waste disposal activities prompt severe problems. The negative effects of improper waste management not only results to an undesirable view but also affects the health of people and the environment. Improper Waste Disposal Methods ▪ Incineration is the burning of waste materials at high temperatures to transform them into gases or residue. ▪ Landfill refers to a cost effective method of waste disposal that involves burying the waste in the land. ▪ Open Dumping is a simple and inexpensive method which involves the deliberate disposal of garbage in an open space. ▪ Ocean Dumping occurs when sewage, garbage, construction debris, hazardous chemicals etc. are intentionally discarded at sea by ships, aircrafts and other man made machines. Incineration of trash at sea is also included in this definition. https://www.philstar.com Fig. 2 San Juan River in General Kalentong, Mandaluyong City LU_Earth Science_Module7 5  Discover How Our Trash Impacts the Earth The waste humans generate waste has been detrimental to our environment for quite some time now. Humans are generating too much trash and cannot deal with it in a sustainable way. Waste that is not biodegradable and cannot be properly be recycled is filling our oceans and landfills. Effects of Improper Waste Disposal on Public Health A. Exposure to mishandled waste does affect health, children being more vulnerable to these pollutants. In fact, direct exposure can lead to diseases through chemical exposure as the release of chemical waste into the environment leads to chemical poisoning. B. Skin and blood infections resulting from direct contact with waste, and from infected wounds. Eye and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust, especially during landfill operations. Different diseases that results from the bites of animals feeding on the waste. Intestinal infections that are transmitted by flies feeding on the waste. C. Proliferation of bacteria, microbes, vermin and insects can also be added to the problem that trash causes. D. Incineration operators and others who work with waste collection are at risk of chronic respiratory diseases, including cancers resulting from exposure to dust and hazardous compounds. E. Accidents happen when waste is not properly disposed of. Bone and muscle disorders resulting from the handling of heavy containers. Infecting wounds resulting from contact with sharp objects. Poisoning and chemical burns resulting from contact with small amounts of hazardous chemical waste mixed with general waste. Burns and other injuries resulting from occupational accidents at waste disposal sites or from methane gas explosion at landfill sites. Effects of Improper Waste Disposal on the Environment A. Climate Change – The decaying trash dumped in landfills emits methane gas. Similarly, burning of large, open piles of trash emits LU_Earth Science_Module7 6  hazardous levels of carbon dioxide. Gases released during these times are generally called greenhouse gases and contribute to the increase of pollutants in the atmosphere. The ozone layer serves us a filter or a barrier between the Earth and the Ultraviolet rays of the sun. Holes and gaps form in the ozone layer due to the release of these gases in the atmosphere, there are a larger holes or gaps in the ozone layer. UV rays tend to come in and greater radiation and heat reaches Earth’s surface. What happens then is that this extra heat will be propelled up in long- wave radiation back to the atmosphere. However, because of the greenhouse gases that are abundant in the atmosphere, the heat is trapped. The energized molecules of the greenhouse gases then emit energy in all directions. So together UV radiation and greenhouse gases increase Earth’s temperature which means global increase in temperature or otherwise known as global warming. B. Loss of Resources and Biodiversity Cement factories emit a lot of greenhouse gases. A direct by product of heating lime stone would be carbon dioxide. When carbon dioxide levels increase in the atmosphere, nearby surface waters would absorb it and it turns acidic. Ecosystems are badly affected by waste. Marine life and waterways become polluted. Plastic and other non – biodegradable materials are ingested by aquatic animals. It causes them to starve due to their inability to process the materials and expel it. This leads to their death. Animals have also been recorded to get trapped in plastic. Litter left by humans in mountains accumulate over the years and become dumping grounds. Animals come to forage for food and end up eating non degradable materials. C. Water Pollution – When rain falls upon the earth, the water droplets do not stay where they reach the earth. Upon reaching saturation, the ground can no longer hold additional amount of water. The runoff or excess water then follows gravity and flows over the surface of the earth and it can pick up soil contaminants including petroleum, pesticides, or fertilizers. The runoff of nitrate and phosphate into lakes, rivers and streams fertilizes them, and causes accelerated eutrophication or enrichment of the waters. As the algae population is stimulated to grow to uncontrolled proportions, they can release harmful toxins which can easily poison aquatic species. They also deplete the oxygen in the water and in turn suffocate other aquatic creatures. The overgrowth of algae LU_Earth Science_Module7 7  is sometimes called red or brown tide. At times, it becomes too overwhelming that large aquatic ecosystems are shutdown. D. Soil Contamination – Waste dumped in landfills exposed to groundwater underflow or to rain water. As the garbage decomposes, chemicals, toxic materials and by-products are released with the accumulated liquid called leachate and it gathers at the bottom of the landfill and saturates the soil. The toxicity of the leachate depends upon the landfill itself. Groundwater and surface water sources can be contaminated by leachates through several methods. a. Direct Leachate Contamination – There is a protective barrier underneath landfills. If this barrier breaks or cracks, leachate can then seep into the groundwater. b. Waste Transportation Contamination - Trucks leaking quantities of solid and hazardous wastes may leak small quantities during transport or be involved in accidents that cause a release of waste material into surface water. c. Storm water Runoff Contamination – Too much rain water can saturate landfills. The excess water with leachates soaking through the landfill may spill into surrounding water sources. d. Overpopulation of Birds - Landfills are known for drawing in large quantities of bird species that feed on newly disposed trash before it is buried. At landfill sites along major water bodies, these birds can infest those bodies of water at night causing secondary contamination from animal by-products. F. Air Pollution – Particulate matter, also called particle pollution, is the term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. It is the by-product of coal energy plants. It contributes to making lakes and streams acidic, changes the nutrient balance in coastal waters and large river basins. It also depletes the nutrients in soil and damages sensitive forests and farm crops. PM also affects the diversity of ecosystems and is a major contributor to acid rain effects. PM contributes greatly to climate change. It is also believed that PM can add to the presence of drought and the significant decrease of rainfall. It can also cause respiratory illnesses in a large radius. LU_Earth Science_Module7 8 Activity 3: Picture Analysis Directions: Examine the image below. This is Peanut. A turtle whose picture became trending on the internet. Write your thoughts and feelings in reaction to the picture using 200 words or more. www.huffpost.com Fig. 3 A Turtle Stuck in Plastic Activity Rubrics Category 4 3 2 1 Content Written Written Written Response lacks response response response any addresses addresses essay addresses comprehension essay question acceptably essay question of the essay very question very acceptably. question. satisfactorily. satisfactorily. Organization Response is Response is Response is Response is & well organized organized and fairly organized disorganized Development and developed developed with and developed, and of Ideas with general presenting underdeveloped, appropriate supporting ideas generalizations providing little support to provided without or no relevant make meaning (reasons/general adequate support. clear. examples). support.. Grammar, Response is Response has 3 Response has Response has 6 Usage, and free from any or less errors. 4-5 errors. or more errors. Mechanics errors. 200 words YES NO LU_Earth Science_Module7 9 Activity 3: Picture Analysis (Answer Sheet) Guide Questions: 1. Describe what you see in the photo. 2. How did you feel after seeing it? 3. Who do you think is responsible for what happened to the turtle? 4. What can you do to avoid more incidences like what happened to Peanut the turtle? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ LU_Earth Science_Module7 10  Explore Better Waste Disposal Methods More than just changing the way we deal with our waste, we have to learn to develop an environmental conscience and form an effective waste management habit. 1. Zero Waste is a set of ideologies focused on waste prevention that encourages the goal of reducing the amount of trash that we generate. 2. R’s of Sustainable Development. In the conservation of the environment there is a core set of activities which is believed to effectively increase the sustainable development. These three R’s are Recycle, Reuse and Reduce. However, in the recent rise of environmental awareness, a total of eight R’s have been proposed- Recycle, Reuse, Fig. 3 Word Cloud Reduce, Refuse, Retake, Redesign, Recover and Repair. By reducing the amount of “stuff” we obtain, we decrease the energy needed for manufacture, transport and disposal. We also cause less disruption to the ecosystems where the materials originate, are transported through and are disposed. Avoid the culture of consumerism. The more we can reuse items and avoid single use items, the better. Take a look at my earlier post on the humble handkerchief vs. the throw-away tissue. Rethink, respect and responsibility ask us to think about the ecosystem, including the people who live around the world, and think about any effects our actions might have. To refuse is to avoid consuming that which we do not need. It is similar with the idea of reducing. We can have the choice of refusing to use disposable plastics. When we go to the market, we LU_Earth Science_Module7 11  can bring reusable bags. A step like this has been implemented in the Municipality of Bauang, La Union to help reduce the amount of disposable plastic wastes. Recycling converts used materials into reusable ones. Plastic bottles can be recycled into planters and pots for urban gardens. Recover, replenish, replant and restore all seem to convey a similar theme: trying to leave the world as we found it for those who come after us. We should do our best to contribute in tree planting activities or even just by creating a small urban garden in our homes. Redesign and reinvent promote divergent/out-of-the-box thinking. Materials can be redesigned so that their use can be prolonged. We can redesign our way of living so that we can actually promote sustainable development. Like heling farmers redesign their cropping and planting methods. Repair and renew might be lumped together with the replenish group in terms of repairing the environment for future generations. However, they can also be thought of as repairing or renewing an item so that it may be reused. Oftentimes when things break we just buy new ones. www.sustainabilityguide.co.uk We can actually fix them so that we have no need to purchase another. Fig. 4 Plastic Bottle Icons Explained 3. Composting refers to the decomposition of organic wastes naturally by placing accumulated waste in a pit for a long period of time. It can serve as organic fertilizer and can increase soil fertility. 4. Vermicomposting involves the use of earthworms to convert organic waste into fertilizer. www.publicdomainpictures.net Fig 5 Vermicomposting LU_Earth Science_Module7 12 5. Waste Segragation or waste sorting is the process by which waste is classified into different categories. Waste sorting can be done manually at the household and collected through municipal or local waste collection systems or automatically separated in a materials recovery facilities or mechanical biological treatment systems. https://swachhindia.ndtv.com Fig. 3 Waste Segragation Assigned Colors 6. Biomethanation is a process by which organic material is microbiologically converted under anaerobic conditions to biogas. Poultry farms and similar agricultural facilities take advantage of this method by converting animal manure and organic wastes into usable clean fuel. 7. Sanitary Landfill involves the disposal of wastes into a landfill. The base is equipped with a protective lining, which serves as a barrier between wastes and ground water. Waste layers are regularly compacted and subsequently coated with an earth layer. LU_Earth Science_Module7 13  8. Material Recovery Facility (MRF) is also known as materials reclamation facility or materials recycling facility, solid-waste management plant that processes recyclable materials to sell to manufacturers as raw materials for new products. https://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/National-Solid-Waste-Management-Status-Report-2008-2018.pdf Fig.5 Low Cost Municipal MRF’s in the Philippines 9. Biomethanation is a process by which organic material is microbiologically converted under anaerobic conditions to biogas. Poultry farms and similar agricultural facilities take advantage of this method by converting animal manure and organic wastes into usable clean fuel. 10. Sanitary Landfill involves the disposal of wastes into a landfill. The base is equipped with a protective lining, which serves as a barrier between wastes and ground water. Waste layers are regularly compacted and subsequently coated with an earth layer. 11. Plasma gasification exposes materials are to high temperatures and converted to syngas. This can either be directly combusted or further refined into chemicals and higher-grade fuels. The non- organic part of the waste is converted to slag which is cooled, tightly bound solid waste which can be a raw material for construction. Effective waste management calls for concerted efforts from all. It is not a matter that is only for the government. The actions must always begin individually. LU_Earth Science_Module7 14  Deepen Activity 4: Reflection Directions: Listen to the song, “Masdan Mo ang Kapaligiran” by Asin. Try to recall the activity 1 in this module. Go over your answers to that first activity. After nearly completing this module, has your opinion changed? Write an essay using 200 or more words in answer to the following questions. Questions: 1. What are the signs or evidences of pollution that you have seen or experienced personally? 2. Who/ what is responsible for the pollution in our world? 3. What are the changes needed to save our world from more degradation? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ LU_Earth Science_Module7 15 Rubric for reflection Criteria Points 4 3 2 1 1. Enumerate at Authenticity/ Complete Incomplete Incomplete least 5 ways of but some & some & Complete conserving and examples examples inaccurate protecting soil are are examples inaccurate inaccurate 2. Discuss and Enumerated Enumerated Enumerated No cite examples of & discussed but not but without examples the application properly discussed argument/ enumerated of these properly & Discussion enumerated discussion ways. 3. Indicate in Stated & Stated some Stated some your discussion discussed ways or ways or No which examples some ways or practices practices practices are the practices practices being done but without indicated & being done being done in in his/her an arguments already in your his/her place place arguments about it place. Total LU_Earth Science_Module7 16 Activity 5: A Waste Free World: Dream Board Directions: Knowing now that human activities create so much waste, think of how you can be a better environmental advocate. Through a dream board, explain the kind of world you would like your future children to have. Include at least 5 ways that you can do to dispose of waste more effectively. Use cutouts from old magazines or printed materials. You may also use indigenous or recycled materials. LU_Earth Science_Module7 17 Activity Rubrics Rubrics 5 4 3 2 Content The output The output The output The output shows 5 shows 4 shows 3 shows 1-2 ways of ways of ways of ways of waste waste waste waste disposal. disposal. disposal. disposal. Creativity Output is Output is Output is Output exceptionally creative & a creative & reflects some creative. A good amount some degree of lot of of thought thought was creativity. thought & was put into put into effort was it. decorating it. put into it. Originality Exceptional Good use of Acceptable Slight use of use of new new ideas & use of new new ideas & ideas & originality. ideas & originality. originality. originality. Neatness The output is The output is The output is The output is extremely satisfactorily acceptably neat and has neat and free neat and free neat and has a few from from minimal erasures. erasures. erasures. erasures. LU_Earth Science_Module7 18  Gauge Direction: Write the letter of the matching answer. ____1. Process by which wastes are made A. Biodegradable into new products and materials B. Composting ____2. The byproduct of gasification which C. Fauna can be used as construction material D. Flora ____3. The toxic air-polluting gas that E. Greenhouse gases causes acid rain F. Leachate ____4. The method of using worms for G. Non-biodegradable breaking down waste H. Ozone ____5. Term applied to wastes that break I. Partition down into harmless substances J. Recycling when exposed to the environment K. Refuse ____6. The layer of the atmosphere thought L. Reusing to be breaking down because of air M. Segregation pollution N. Slag ____7. A collective term for animals in the O. Smog environment P. Vermicomposting ____8. The used materials that are to be Q. Waste discarded R. Reducing ____9. The accumulated liquid from garbage S. Repairing ____10. The method of separating waste into T. Rethinking different elements insects U. Redesigning ____11. To avoid consuming that which we V. Replanting do not need. ____12. To fix items to avoid buying new ones ____13. To make out-of-the-box ideas usage of old items ____14. To avoid single use items ____15. To decrease material usage LU_Earth Science_Module7 19 References Printed Materials Abellera, Priscilla S. Advanced Topic In Earth Science and Travel (SCE 201) Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University Open University System ISBN 978-971-9619-00-0 Garcia, Arlance Sandra Marie M. Earth Science:Grade 11/12 Module 11 Week 6 – 7, First Edition, 2020, La Union Schools Division, Region 1 Olivar II, Jose Tolentino, Rodolfo, Raymond, Cabria, Hillel: Earth Science (Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House Inc. 2016), 120 – 135 Petersen, James, Robert Gabler, Dorothy Sack, Mike Seeds, Dana Backman, Donald Hyndman, Davin Hyndman: Earth and Life Science. 14th ed. (Philippines: Rex Bookstore, 2016), 229 – 254 Website Anisha Bhatia Austin Downs and Richard Acevedo February 28, 2019 https://www.earthday.org/how-our-trash-impacts-the- environment/ Daniel Hoornweg and Perinaz Bhada-Tata, “WHAT A WASTE: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management.” The World Bank. March 2012, no. 15, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPME NT/Resources /336387- 1334852610766/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf. Delon Porcalla Philippines 3rd largest contributor to ocean plastic. In The Philippine Star, June 15, 2018. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/06/15/1824813 /philippines-3rd-largest-contributor-ocean-plastic Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 2018 “National Solid Waste MAnagemanet Report 2018” https://emb.gov.ph/wp- content/uploads/2019/08/National-Solid-Waste- Management-Status-Report-2008-2018.pdf Dragani, Rachelle. The Effects of Improper Waste Disposal last modified July 27, 2020. https://sciencing.com/the-effects-of- improper-waste-disposal-13421035.html Environmental Management Authority. The administrative Record for Draft Waste Management (Hazardous Waste). 2014Port of Spain. http://www.ema.co.tt/new/images/adminrecorddraftwaste. pdf. Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. “National Waste Recycling Policy.” Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources. 2015. LU_Earth Science_Module7 21  http://www.mewr.gov.tt/Documents/Policies/WASTE_RECY CLING_POLICY_2015.pdf Guide to plastic recycling Infographic. In the Sustainability Guide: A Practical Guide to Sustainable Living. January 24, 2018 http://www.sustainabilityguide.co.uk/2018/02/05/recyclab le-plastic/guide-to-plastic-recycling-infographic/ Health Care Waste February 8, 2018 https://www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/health-care-waste Health Impacts of Waste http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/ solwaste/health.htm Improper Waste Disposal November 22, 2016 https://stratmatters.wordpress.com/2016/11/22/improper- waste-disposal/ No Plastic In Nature February 25, 2019 WorldWildlifehttps://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/publicati ons/1208/files/original/WWF_McK_Plastic_Waste_FinalWeb 2.pdf?1560193480 Papiewski, John. "What Is the Difference Between Hazardous Waste and Solid Waste?" sciencing.com, https://sciencing.com/what-is- the-difference-between-hazardous-waste-and-solid-waste- 13636686.html. Pollution https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/pollution Sarah Ruiz-Grossman and Damon Dahlen Heartbreaking Photos Show What Your Trash Does To Animals May 12, 2017. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/plastic-trash-animals- photos_n_58ee9ec1e4b0b9e984891ddf Solid, Liquid, and Gas Waste. Working Draft Framework, Version 2, June 4, 1996. https://www.hq.nasa.gov/ iwgsdi/Solid_Liquid_Gas_Waste.html Vermicomposting.https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view- image.php?image=2463&picture=earthworms Waste Disposal.”2016. In The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather Guide, edited by Helicon Abington: Helicon. http://ezproxy.sastudents.uwi.tt:2048/login?url=ht tp://search.credoreference.com.ezproxygateway.sastudents. uwi.tt:2048/content/en Waste Management: How India Is Drowning In Garbage Independence Day, News, Waste Management.August 11, 2017 https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/waste-management-india- drowning-garbage-2147/ Waste Segration Guide https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/medicalwaste /guide3.pdf?ua=1 LU_Earth Science_Module7 22  For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – SDO La Union Curriculum Implementation Division Learning Resource Management Section Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500 Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127 Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046 Email Address: [email protected] [email protected] LU_Earth Science_Module7 23