Earth Science Quiz 1 PDF

EARTH SCIENCE 1.1 Origin of the Universe, Solar System, Earth as Habitable Planet MODERN THEORIES energy to synthesize the heavier elements such as copp...

EARTH SCIENCE 1.1 Origin of the Universe, Solar System, Earth as Habitable Planet MODERN THEORIES energy to synthesize the heavier elements such as copper, gold, and uranium. 1. Big Bang Theory ➔ Continuous creating and bursting of stars Proposed by Belgian Roman Catholic Priest provided the energy that led to the production Georges Lemaitre. Describes the universe as of the elements that were later used for the expanding from a tiny, dense point, called singularity. formation of the planets. Matter was not present but rather composed of only 2. Oscillating Universe pure energy. Proposed by Albert Einstein. It is a modification Plank Era - earliest stage of the universe, of the Big Bang theory, in which an expanding immediately after the Big Bang. 4 universe eventually reverses and collapses fundamental forces of nature were unified back to a Big Crunch before starting to expand into one force called “super force”. again, forming one cycle of an endless series. 1.) Gravity 3. Steady State Theory 2.) Nuclear Weak Force 3.) Nuclear Strong Force Proposed by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, 4.) Electromagnetic Force Hermann Bondi. The Universe is constantly Grand Unified Theory – the “super force” expanding but with a fixed average density. began splitting into two distinct forces: 4. Inflationary Universe 1.) Gravity 2.) GUT – Combination of the 3 remaining forces. Proposed by Alan Guth. The universe in the very early stages of its evolution was exponentially As the universe cool and expand, and due to expanding in the unstable vacuum-like state. tremendous amount of energy, the nuclear strong force began to separate from the GUT. This TRADITIONAL THEORIES expansion of the universe is called inflation By the start of electroweak, nakasplit na si strong force. Genesis – In 6 days, God created the universe Electroweak - three forces operating in our Rigveda (Hinduism) – Cosmic Egg or universe during this era: gravity, nuclear Brahmanda strong force, and electroweak force. - Brahman – Hindu’s god Electroweak force was a unification of - Anda – egg The egg break, universe came electromagnetic and weak force. All For out fundamental forces were forever distinct; Primordial Universe (Greek) forces had fully separated from each other - Philosopher Anaxagoras and no longer appeared unified - He posited that the cosmos was originally a Particle Era – Since the four fundamentals chaotic mixture of all its fundamental were finally separated, ordinary particles ingredients, which he called "seeds" or started to form. Near the end of the particle "homoiomeries." These seeds were era, the temperature of the universe was low infinitely divisible and existed in enough for the quarks to combine in groups infinitesimally small fragments of themselves. of three to form protons and neutrons. - Anaxagoras believed that everything in the Era of Nucleosynthesis – atomic nuclei universe was made up of these basic, (heavier nuclei) began to form by fusion of indivisible particles or seeds. These seeds protons and neutron left over. The Universe were not just material substances but was about 3 mins old and contained 75% contained qualities or characteristics. Hydrogen and 25% Helium This chaotic mixture eventually led to the Era of Nuclei - The expanding universe formation of the cosmos as we know it. consisted of plasma of hydrogen nuclei, Atomic Universe helium nuclei, and free electrons throughout - Leucippus & Democritus this era. In this era, the first 25 elements of periodic table were created. - Universe was composed of small, indivisible Era of Atoms and the Era of Galaxies - the and indestructible atoms. universe consisted of a mixture of neutral Geocentric Model atoms and plasma, which slowly gathered - Aristotle & Ptolemy together to form protogalactic clouds. The - Earth is the center of the universe first generation of stars was formed within the Heliocentric Theory clouds, which transformed the clouds into - Nicolaus Copernicus galaxies. heavier elements could not be - Sun is the center of the universe formed having the amount of energy provided by the stars. The needed energy was derived from the bursting of the stars known as supernova. This provides the EARTH SCIENCE 1.1 Origin of the Universe, Solar System, Earth as Habitable Planet Static or Newtonian Universe This distance from the Sun is called the - Isaac Newton habitable zone, or the Goldilocks zone. - "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) - “Principia” described as static, steady state, infinite universe - Gravitationally balanced but essentially unstable - he believed, 'the fixed stars, being equally spread out in all points of the heavens Cartesian Vortex Model - French Philosopher Rene Descartes - The space was not empty but was filled with matter ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1. Encounter Hypothesis - solar system was formed through a close encounter between the Sun and another star, where material was pulled out from the Sun, cooled, and condensed into the planets. 2. Nebular Hypothesis - the solar system starts as a large cloud of gas(Nebula) that contracts under self-gravity. 3. Protoplanet Hypothesis - formation of planets through the gradual accumulation of dust and gas in a protoplanetary disk, leading to the creation of planetesimals, which then collided and merged to form protoplanets and eventually the planets. Gas & Dust → Planetesimals collided and merged to form → Protoplanets → Planets EARTH AS HABITABLE PLANET Earth is considered as habitable due to: 1. Water: flows in a natural cycle called the water cycle. 2. Heat Source: internal heating of Earth & external heating from Sun 3. Atmosphere: Traps heat, shields the surface from harmful radiation, and provides chemicals needed for life,such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Earth's atmosphere is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen. Goldilocks Zone – The distance Earth orbits the Sun is just right for water to remain a liquid.