Earth & Life Science 11 Q2 M17 Self-Learning Module PDF

Earth and Life Science 11 Earth and Life Science – Grade 11 Quarter 2 – Module 17: The Path to Classification of Organisms First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval o...

Earth and Life Science 11 Earth and Life Science – Grade 11 Quarter 2 – Module 17: The Path to Classification of Organisms First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City Development Team of the Self-Learning Module Writer: Mirasol B. Ortinez Editors: Ephraim Villacrusis Reviewers: Ephraim Villacrusis Illustrator: Edison P. Clet Layout Artist: Mark Kihm G. Lara Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin OIC-Schools Division Superintendent Carolina T. Revera, CESE OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent Victor M. Javeña EdD Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division Education Program Supervisors Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE) Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP) Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS) Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS) Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports) Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM) Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang) Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP) Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE) Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM) Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Pasig City  Earth and Life Science 11 Quarter 2 Self-Learning Module 17 The Path to Classification of Organisms Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Self-Learning Module 17 on The Path to Classification of Organisms This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in developing this instructional resource. This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the Teacher This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.  For the Learner: Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Self-Learning Module 17 on The Path to Classification of Organisms This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills that you will learn after completing the module. Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson at hand. Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts and skills that you already know about a previous lesson. Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module. Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform. Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and application of the lesson. Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the lesson. Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the entire module.  EXPECTATIONS This module is designed and written with you in mind. This will help you describe how the present system of classification of organisms is based on evolutionary relationships. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes your diverse vocabulary level. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the other learning materials you are now using. The module is about how the present system of classification of organisms is based on evolutionary relationships. After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. explain how the present system of classification of organisms is based on evolutionary relationships, 2. apply knowledge through activities the classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationships, and ; 3. recognize the organization of organisms based on its classification. PRETEST Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following is the concept proposed by Charles Darwin that demonstrates how all of the species originated from one or more species? a. Phylogeny in the Evolution of man b. Tree of Life in On the Origin of Species c. Classifications of animals in System Naturae d. Transmutation of animals in Philosphie Zoologigue 2. What is phylogeny? a. It is a group whose members share one or more defining derived traits b. It is a character present in group under considerations and same traits. c. It is a kind of genealogy that follows a lineage’s evolutionary relationships through time. d. It is may be used for different purposes in different groups, but the very same genes direct their development. 3. Which of the following sets of words are the kingdoms of organisms? a. Ferns, conifers, lychophytes, mosses, cycads b. Annelids, chords, sponges, echinoderms, chordates c. Eukaryotic cells, planarians, arthropods, algae, ciliates d. Plantae, Animalia, fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria 4. Who was called as the “father of taxonomy” because of his observations on the similarities of characteristics of organisms that led him to his groupings of organisms? a. Charles Darwin c. Carolus Linnaeus b. Erasmus Darwin d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 5. What is the branch of science as of today that reaches beyond naming and classifying organisms new methods and theories, which can explain the mechanism of evolution? a. Physics b. Geology c. Chemistry d. Taxonomy RECAP Direction: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is incorrect. __________1. Homologous structures are structure with similar functions. __________2. Fossils are the only records that can prove that evolution occurred. __________3. Evolution is a continuous process and still happening and will continue to occur. __________4. Evolution is the change in allelic frequency in population of species. __________5. Vestigial structures are proof that physical structures evolve. __________6. All vertebrae embryos go through a stage wherein they all have gill pouches at the sides of their throat. __________7. The organisms that have stronger and intelligent traits survive. __________8. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace help each to come up with the concept of evolution. __________9. Even before Charles Darwin, the concept of evolution in organism already existed. __________10. Homologous structures do not reveal organisms’ common origin and reflect a common ancestry. It is nice to know that you can still remember the lesson about evolution and how it is related on how populations of organisms have changed and continue to change over time showing patterns of descent with modification from common ancestors to produce the organism diversity observed today. The study of evolution has been the basis of classifying organisms. Evidence of evolution can clearly relate organisms, which are closely related with each other that’s why it how the present system of classification of organisms is based.  LESSON Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist who formally classified some organisms in his System Naturae in 1735. He revolutionized modern taxonomy and implemented a standardized binomial naming system for plants and animals. His observations on the similarities in characteristics led him to his groupings of organisms. Thus, he was called as the “father of taxonomy”. Today, taxonomy reaches beyond naming and classifying organisms to clarify new methods and theories, which can explain the mechanism of evolution Source: By Alexander Roslin - Nationalmuseum, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/ Carolus Linnaeus Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of the famous Charles Darwin worked with the idea of a transmutation of species in 1796 and so did Jean-Baptiste Lamarck as documentary in his Philosophie Zoologigue in 1809. Both had ideas about evolution. It was only after the emergence of Charles Darwin‘s Theory that classifications showing common descent become popular and explored in scientific works. Fossils were grouped and used as evidence and basis for further classifications of living things. More fossils were found in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Paleontologist worked to understand the history and relationship of ancient and modern animals. Taxa are arranged in a hierarchal evolutionary tree. From then on, taxons were used in classifying and tracing ancestors of organisms. Earnst Haekel several trees of life in 1870’s as shown in his illustrations on his book, the Evolution of Man. It was during his time, “tree of life” was used as seen in the Genealogical Tree of Humanity. He presented the diversity of life forms on Earth in his time. It is important to note however, that some limitations such as the pace or tempo of evolution cannot be reflected from the length of the branches of evolutionary tree. Source: Unknown author -, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/ Earnst Haekel  All life on earth can be traced back to its evolutionary existence through a common ancestor. The tree of life concept proposed by Charles Darwin on his On the Origin of Species demonstrates how all the species originated from one or more species. Darwin imagined that organisms evolution could be represented by a branching tree with the more recently evolved organisms at outer branches while the ancestral ones at the base. The evolution tree of life become the basis for classifying organisms. In this regard, the relationship established by the phylogenetic systematics could describe an organisms’ evolutionary history or its phylogeny. Phylogeny is the modern way of taxonomy based on the many hypothesis of evolutionary history of organisms. Using modern scientific methods and technology, scientists were able to prove the evolutionary relationships of many organisms. Based on this concept, another classification schemed emerged to support the biological concepts in 1940s. The phylogenic species system of classification believed that classifying organisms should not rely on physical similarities and differences but also on ancestry and descent. The evolutionary relationship should be able to trace he possible origin of organisms and the development in their present form. Phylogenetic systematics is the field of biology that deals with the identifying the evolutionary relationships among the different kinds of life on Earth, both living (extant) and dead (extinct). Clade is a group whose members share none or more defining traits. Making a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among clades is called cladistics. A cladogram visually summarizes about how a group of clades are related. The underlying principle behind the evolutionary theory states that similarities among organisms are due to common descent or inheritance from a common ancestor. Source: KDS4444 https://commons.wikimedia.org/ Cladogram of Primates In the above cladogram of Primates, the various groups of primates being compared are listed on the top. The various nodes on the diagram represent the various common ancestors between the groups. The Apes, the group containing humans, and all the common ancestors (nodes) down to the lowest ape are considered a clade, or group of organisms with similar characters due to common descent. The clade could be extended to include everything except the Lemurs, Lorises, and the lowest node. If this were the case, the line leading to lemurs would be considered the outgroup, while the rest of the primates would be considered the ingroup.  Molecular phylogenetic is a branch of biology that studies the relationships of organisms based on their DNA and protein compositions using computer algorithms. Biologists map out the relationships of organisms through construction of a phylogenic tree. It is useful tool for tracing back the pathway by which species are related to each other or have diverge over time. The Philippine pangolin (Manis culionensis), however, has been named critically endangered. It was no surprise then that the nation recoiled in horror in 2013 when a Chinese vessel stranded in the Tubbataha marine national park was found with over 3,000 frozen pangolins on board. Barely a year later, Palawan officials confiscated even more of these from two residential buildings and a tricycle in Puerto Princesa City. While everyone feared that Palawan-endemic Philippine pangolins were the ones involved, this proved difficult to confirm visually. Endemism is the condition of being endemic, or restricted in geographical distribution to an area or region. The area or region can vary in size, and is defined or identified in different ways. Endemism is an ecological classification in that it describes the range or distribution of a species, or group of species. For instance, entire families of different species of birds are endemic to the island of Madagascar. The term endemism can applied to many things, including diseases and natural phenomenon. As pangolins are hunted primarily for their scales, which are made of keratin (the same as that found in human hair and nails) and meat, they are typically skinned after being smoked out, bludgeoned to death, and boiled beyond recognition. For justice to be served, what was needed here was a scientifically credible system to ascertain the exact pangolin species found in these shipments. Luckily, a team from the University of the Philippines Institute of Biology led by Dr. Ian Kendrich Fontanilla, Mr. Adrian Luczon and the late Dr. Perry Ong had been working to perfect such a system. The geneticists and the conservation biologist joined forces with fellow experts to pioneer a method called DNA barcoding. DNA barcoding uses the molecular fingerprint of DNA found in even processed remains to accurately determine the specific species. This is done by reading selected genes like product barcodes against a database of samples collected, to aid both science and law enforcement. Together with a close- knit group of institutions, Fontanilla is working to help this database include all endemic species in the country and be a frontline tool against illegal wildlife exploitation. A common ancestor is usually found at the base of all the branches of the tree known as the “root,” meaning this is the source in which all species are derived from. A simple phylogenic representation of the five-kingdom system shows that the monerans are the most primitive group of living organisms giving rise to the Protista. In the six-kingdom system, a common ancestor to the three domains of life gave rise to the present forms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Today, almost two million species have been classified and may remain to be discovered. The enormous task to reconstructing a comprehensive tree of life based on morphological, evolutionary, and molecular characteristics to create an accurate picture of the relationship of all life forms on Earth requires the skills and cooperation of many taxonomist in the world. Advances in genetics have expanded the understanding of classification and enriched Darwin’s original ideas on evolutionary relationships. To explore more the how the present system of classification of organisms is based on evolutionary relationships take place, do the different activities below and on the following pages.  ACTIVITIES Endemic Animal in the Philippines Activity 1 Direction: Choose an endemic animal in the Philippines. Conduct a research and trace its probable ancestors. Make a diagram about the animal’s ancestral line. Answer the guide questions on the following page. Guide Questions 1. What are endemic animals? __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Based on the endemic choice of animal that you have, are there same characteristics you observed from other animals? Cite the names of animals and its same characteristics. __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How do pattern of evolution help you understand the many pathways of descent over time? __________________________________________________________________________________  The Kingdoms of Organism Activity 2 Direction : Give examples and write down the distinct characteristics of the organisms based on the five kingdom system. Answer the guide questions below. Kingdoms Distinct Characteristics Examples Guide Questions 1. Aside from five kindom system as the common way of grouping living things, what are the other modern classifications systems that are already available nowadays? __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Illustrate phylogenic trees showing the five- and six- kingdom system of classifications. How those classification systems differ from each other? Five-kingdom system Six-kingdom system __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How does evolution define diversity, complexity, and relationships among organisms? __________________________________________________________________________________  Corona Virus Phylogeny Activity 3 Direction: Make an essay about the the topic below. Show, illustrate or mention a research study or phylogenic tree of the corona virus evolutionary descend and outbreak. Write it in extra sheet of paper. Topic: Phylogeny helps us study the spread of corona virus through human populations. To summarize the lesson, do the fill in the blanks wrap-up activity. WRAP-UP Direction: Read the paragraphs below and carefully fill in the blanks with correct words or phrases. 1. ___________________ known as the “father of 2.________________” was a Swedish botanist who formally classified some organisms and revolutionized modern taxonomy and implemented a standardized binomial naming system for plants and animals. 3. _______________ imagined that organisms evolution could be represented by a branching tree with the more recently evolved organisms at outer branches while the ancestral ones at the base. 4.____________ is the modern way of taxonomy based on the many hypothesis of evolutionary history of organisms. 5._________________is the field of biology that deals with the identifying the evolutionary relationships among the different kinds of life on Earth, both living 6. (____________) and dead 7. (_____________). A 8.________________ visually summarizes about how a group of clades are related. 9. ___________________ is a branch of biology that studies the relationships of organisms based on their DNA and protein compositions using computer algorithms. A common ancestor is usually found at the base of all the branches of the tree known as the 10. “_____________” meaning this is the source in which all species are derived from.  VALUING Reflect on the following statements. 1. Speaking of a tree of life, let us associate it with our family tree. Ask your parents or grandparents information about your great grandparents or great ancestors and identify some of the valuable characteristics and traits that they have that still significant to have in this present generation. Share those traits that you inherited from them. Our ancestors are the key to understand the past. 2. Did man really evolve from monkeys? Contrary to what others say, scientists do not believe that humans evolved from monkeys. Instead they discovered that humans and chimpanzees have similarities in structure, thus, they most likely to have common ancestors. Humans do belong to the taxonomic tree as the apes, however, it is not true that humans came from monkeys. If in a certain instance, somebody is calling you “monkey” or other names of forms of animals, how will you react on this situation? POSTTEST Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following is a grandfather of a great naturalist and worked with the idea of a transmutation of species in 1796? a. Charles Darwin c. Carolus Linnaeus b. Erasmus Darwin d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 2. What is a kind of genealogy that follows a lineage’s evolutionary relationships through time? a. Phylogeny c. Fossil Records b. Cladistics d. Radioactive dating 3. In simple phylogenic representation of the five-kingdom system, what are the most primitive group of living organisms give rise to the Kingdom Protists? a. Fungi b. Plants c. Animals d. Monerans 4. What concept is proposed by Charles Darwin on his On the Origin of Species that demonstrates how all the species originated from one or more species? a. Tree of life c. The evolution of Man b. Animal Classification d. The classifications of Mammals 5. Which of the following is true about viruses? a. Viruses belong to the Kingdom Fungi. b. Viruses belong to the Kingdom Plantae. c. Viruses belong to the Kingdom Animalia. d. Viruses does not belong to any kingdom because it’s not a living thing.  KEY TO CORRECTION Pretest What's More Post test 1. b For Activity 1-3 1. b 2. c answers may vary 2. a 3. d depending on the 3. d 4. c views of the students. 4. a 5. d 5. d You may consult your Wrap-up Science teacher 1. Carolus Linnaeus Recap through your class 2. Taxonomy 1. F 6. T group chat 3. Charles Darwin 2. F 7. F 4. Phylogeny 3. T 8. F 5. Phylogenic Systematics 4. T 9. T 6. Extant 5. T 10. F 7. Extinct 8. Cladogram 9. Molecular Phylogenetic 10. Root References Books Olivar II, Jose Tolentino and Anna Cherylle Morales-Ramos. Exploring Through Science Series: Earth and Life Sciences Series Phoenix Publishing House Inc., 2016 Peterson, James F., Robert E. Gabler, Dorothy Sack et al Earth and Life Sciences Rex Book Store, Inc. 2016 Sia, Shiela Rose D. and Leah Amor S. Cortez.SCIENCE in Today’s World for Senior High School: Earth and Life Science Sibs Publishing House Inc., 2016 Images/Pictures KDS4444 English: Cladogram of modern groups. Extinct groups not shown June 14, 2017 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Primate_cladogram.svg Roslin, Alexander - Nationalmuseum, Public Domain, 1775 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52119229 By Unknown author - Quelle: nach einer alten Postkarte unbekannter Herkunft + http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/portrait-of-the-german-biologist-ernst- heinrich-haeckel-news-photo/141551169, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=372653 Websites Biologydictionary.net Editors. “Cladogram.” Biology Dictionary. Biologydictionary.net, January 13, 2017. https://biologydictionary.net/cladogram/. Biologydictionary.net Editors. “Endemism.” Biology Dictionary. Biologydictionary.net, May 17, 2018. https://biologydictionary.net/endemism/. Encarnacion, Andre DP, Using DNA Barcodes against the Wildlife Black Market. Research and Breakthroughs June 4, 2019 https://www.up.edu.ph/using-dna-barcodes-against-the- wildlife-black-market/