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Lesson 5: Natural Hazard shaking or other rapid loading. It normally occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space What is an Earthquake?...

Lesson 5: Natural Hazard shaking or other rapid loading. It normally occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space What is an Earthquake? between individual particles is ❖ An earthquake (also known as a completely filled with water. quake, tremor or tremblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of 4. Earthquake-induced ground the Earth, resulting from the sudden subsidence and lateral spreading release of energy in the Earth's crust ❖ Subsidence or lowering of the that creates seismic waves. (US ground surface often occurs during Geological Science USGS) earthquakes. This may be due to downward vertical displacement on Geologists explain that an earthquake is a one side of the fault, and can hazard that depends on the strength of sometimes affect a huge area of land. seismic activity, along with factors such as ❖ Lateral spreading occurs where local topographic and built features, sloping grounds start to move subsurface geology and groundwater. downhill, causing cracks to open up that are often seen along hill crests and river banks. Potential Earthquake Hazards 5. Tsunami 1. Ground Shaking or Ground Motion ❖ A tsunami, also known as a seismic ❖ The Earth shakes with the passage of wave, is a series of waves in a water earthquake waves, which radiate body caused by the displacement of a energy "stored" in stressed rocks and large volume of water, generally in were released when a fault broke and an ocean or a large lake. the rocks slipped to relieve the pent-up stress. 6. Earthquake-induced landslides ❖ Landslides are frequently triggered 2. Ground or Surface Rupture by strong ground motion. They are ❖ Surface rupture is an offset of the important secondary earthquake ground surface when fault rupture hazards. The term landslide includes extends to the Earth's surface. Any a wide range of ground movements, structure built across the fault is at such as rock falls, deep failure of risk of being torn apart as the two slopes, and shallow debris flow. sides of the fault slip past each other. 3. Liquefaction Things to do BEFORE, DURING, ❖ Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in and AFTER an earthquake which the strength and stiffness of soil are reduced by earthquake What to do before an earthquake? quickly move to higher grounds in 1. Engage yourself in training activities anticipation of possible tsunamis. that promote safety and disaster preparedness. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology 2. Participate in government-initiated and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is a service earthquake drills and evacuation institute of the Department of Science and drills. Technology (DOST) that is principally 3. Some private companies provide mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise training on emergency response from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, skills. Participate. This is part of tsunamis and other related geotectonic your preparation. phenomena. 4. Share your acquired knowledge and skills with your family friends. 7. Those who are in a moving vehicle should stop and get out. Do What to do during an earthquake? not attempt to cross bridges, 1. Stay indoors if you are within a overpasses or flyovers which may structurally sound building or home. have been damaged. 2. If you feel the building is not safe, quickly open the door exit. What to do after an earthquake? 3. If you're caught inside a room ог 1. Take the faster and safest way out building, duck under a sturdy desk or of the building. table and hold onto it, or protect your 2. Do not use elevators. head with your hands or arms. 3. Do not enter damaged buildings. 4. Stay away from glass windows, 4. Do not use telephones unless shelves, cabinets and other heavy necessary. objects. 5. Most of all, do not panic. 5. Beware of falling objects. Be alert and keep your eyes open. 6. Meanwhile, those who are outside should move to an open area and Lesson 6: Theories of Life follow these safety measures (PHIVOLCS): and the Cell Stay away from trees, power lines, Theories of Life posts and concrete structures. Move away from steep slopes which Spontaneous generation may be affected by landslides. ❖ Is an archaic scientific theory which If near the shore and feeling an stated that living organisms could earthquake, especially a strong one, arise from nonliving matter and that such a process was regular in nature.  It also explained the origin of life Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1670) from the nonliving subjects. Dutch Microbiologist ❖ According to that theory, a piece of Study new approaches for creating bread and cheese wrapped and left in lenses to observe cloth a corner could give rise to mice in a Created a microscope more powerful few weeks, or maggots could rise than Hooke's compound microscope from dead flesh. First scientist to refer to living cells when he observed an abundant Cell Theory number of single-celled organism, ❖ Fundamental scientific theory of which he called "Animalcules” biology according to which cells are held to be the basic units of all living Matthias Schleiden (1838) tissues. ❖ This theory was the basis of how German Botanist cells originate. Focused on the observation of plant cell through a compound microscope Cell Theory-Postulates Discovered that plants are made up 1.All living organisms are made up of an abundant of cells of one or more cells. Observed that different parts of 2.In organisms the cell is the plants are composed of cells fundamental unit of organization. structure and Theodor Schwann (1839) 3.Pre-existing cells give rise to new German Physician, Physiologist cells. Was fascinated with the study that animals are made up of abundant cells. People Involved in the Cell Theory Due to the discovery of both Schleiden and Robert Hooke (1665) Schwann. Both animal and plants are English Polymath comprised of an abundant number of cells in Used a compound microscope to their structures observe a cork He observed that a cork was filled This led to both scientist to come with the with hollow compartments, which first and second postulates: prompted him to think that they are 1. All living organisms are made up small rooms (cells) in a monastery. of cells. Gave the term "Cells" from this 2. Cells are the fundamental structure discovery, which has started the and organization of an organism. formulation of the cell theory. Rudolf Virchow (1855) Physician Eukaryotic Cell - Are the cells that Based on his investigation and contain a membrane bound nucleus experiments, he stated that all cells and organelles. come from pre-existing cells, which was the 3rd postulate of the cell What is an organelle? theory. ❖ A subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in Cell and its Organelle the body. What is a cell? ❖ Cell is the basic unit of life. The cell can perform basic life function ❖ Cell is Microscopic ❖ A Cell can only be observed under the microscope Cells carry out functions required for life: Nucleus 1. Respiration - Set of metabolic ❖ The repository of genetic reactions and processes which take information and as the cell's control place in the cells center. DNA replication, 2. Regulation - Control and transcription, and RNA processing coordination of body activities all take place within the nucleus, through the nervous system with only the final stage of gene 3. Reproduction - Production of expression (translation) localized to new organisms through sexual and the cytoplasm. asexual processes 4. Excretion - Removal of waste Ribosome products by cellular activities ❖ is an intercellular structure made of 5. Growth - Increase in size of both RNA and protein, and it is the organisms as a result of increase in site of protein synthesis in the cell. number and size The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a There are two types of cell: specified string of amino acids, Prokaryotic Cell - Are single-celled which grow into long chains that fold organisms that have no nucleus and to form proteins. lack membrane-bound organelles. Vesicle is used to fuel various other cellular ❖ Are small cellular containers that processes. perform a variety of functions. They can be used to move molecules, Vacuole secrete substances, digest materials, ❖ To handle waste products, and by or regulate the pressure in the cell. handle, mean take in waste products and also get rid of waste products. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ❖ Is an organelle that where in protein Cytoskeleton folding, sorting, and transporting the ❖ Is a structure that helps cells proteins outside the cell to their maintain their shape and internal proper destinations happens. organization, and it also provides ❖ With ribosome mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like Golgi Apparatus division and movement. ❖ As a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further Cytoplasm processed and sorted for transport to ❖ Is responsible for holding the their eventual destinations: components of the cell and protects lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or them from damage. It stores the secretion. molecules required for cellular processes and is also responsible for Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum giving the cell its shape. ❖ Functions in many metabolic ❖ Jelly-like structure processes. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma Cell Membrane membranes, and steroids. ❖ Serve as barriers and gatekeepers. ❖ Detoxified They are semi-permeable, which ❖ Without ribosome means that some molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer but Mitochondria others cannot. Small hydrophobic ❖ Known as the "powerhouses of the molecules and gases like oxygen and cell", mitochondria produce the carbon dioxide cross membranes energy necessary for the cell's rapidly. survival and functioning. Through a series of chemical reactions, Lysosome mitochondria break down glucose ❖ Function as the digestive system of into an energy molecule known as the cell, serving both to degrade adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which material taken up from outside the  cell and to digest obsolete Animal reproduction components of the cell itself. ❖ In this type of reproduction, an individual produces offspring that Centriole are genetically identical to itself ❖ Is an organelle organizing since the genetic makeup is not microtubules that serve as the cell's changed. skeletal system. They help determine ❖ Several types of invertebrates, such the locations of the nucleus and other as sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, organelles within the cell. Another annelids and echinoderms can function of the centriole is to help reproduce asexually. with cell division in animal cells. Vertebrate - with backbone Invertebrate - with exoskeleton Lesson 8: Proliferation of Fission Life-Animal and Plant ❖ Can be seen in unicellular organisms Reproduction such as bacteria. The content of the parent cell divides into 2, 4, or 8 daughter cells. Reproduction ❖ Accordingly, fission may be called ❖ The process by which an organism binary (2) or multiple (4 or more) produces offspring; thereby allowing Each daughter cell that is newly the propagation and continuation of formed grows into a new organism. species. ❖ Single-celled organisms (Amoeba, paramecium, euglen which use asexual reproduction can do so Types of Reproduction simply by dividing into two equal halves. Asexual Reproduction ❖ In the asexual mode of reproduction, Budding offsprings are produced from the unit A. Budding is a bud-like growth formed produced by the parent without any on one side of the parent cell. As fusion of sex cells or 2 gametes soon as the bud separates from the ❖ In addition to this, only a single parent cell, it becomes a whole new parent is involved and the offspring organism. produced are genetically identical to B. In yeasts the cell does not divide the parent. equally in two halves; instead, there is a large mother cell and a smaller daughter cell. Fragmentation Diploid - 46 chromosomes ❖ Occurs in filamentous algae. It Haploid - 23 chromosomes occurs as a result of accidentally breaking off a filament into many fragments. Each new fragment may 2 types of sexual reproduction give rise to a new organism through cell division (e.g. Spirogyra). ❖ Autogamy or ❖ Undergo subsequent regeneration self-fertilization, refers to the ❖ In this form, the body of the parent fusion of two gametes that breaks into distinct pieces, each of come from one individual. which can produce an offspring. ❖ Allogamy - cross-fertilization 1. Pieces of coral broken off in is the fertilization of an ovum storms can grow into new from one individual with the colonies. spermatozoa of another. 2. A new starfish can grow from one detached form Fertilization among animals take place: External and Internal Parthenogenesis ❖ Virgin birth, or parthenogenesis, Autogamy reproduction from an ovum without ❖ Defined as a type of self fertilization, especially as a normal pollination that is mainly process in some invertebrates and observed in flowering plants, lower plants. where the pollen grains of an ❖ Common in many species of anther of a flower are arthropods. deposited on the stigma of ❖ Some species are exclusively the same flower. parthenogenic (all female), while others switch between generations. Geitonogamy ❖ Defined as a type of pollination (self) in which the Sexual Reproduction pollen grains of the anther of ❖ Involves the fusion of female and a flower get matured and male reproductive cells (gametes). deposited on the stigma of ❖ These gametes are haploid, which another flower of the same means that they contain only half the plant. genetic material (chromosomes) for a new organism to exist. The fusion of gametes is also called fertilization Hermaphroditism and it results in the production of ❖ Another variation in the diploid zygote. reproductive strategies used  by animals is eggs from predation and harsh hermaphroditism. This is the environment. case when one individual has both testes and ovaries. 3 types of internal Fertilization ❖ Tapeworms are hermaphroditic, and it is able Oviparity to fertilize itself. However, ❖ Retain the fertilized eggs inside the there are also some deep sea body where development occurs and fish which are nourishment received from the hermaphrodites, meaning that yolk-laying eggs. they are both male and ❖ Reproductive method of most birds, female at the same time. reptiles, amphibians and insects Viviparity Determination of Sex ❖ Retention and growth of the Numerous species of fish can change their fertilized egg within the maternal sex, a process which is called sequential body until the young animal, as hermaphroditism. newborn, is capable of independent existence. The growing embryo ❖ The change from female to male is derives continuous nourishment from protogyny, while the change from the mother, usually through a male to female is protandry. placenta or similar structure. Allogamy Oviviparity ❖ or xenogamy, is the transfer of ❖ Ovoviviparity, or aplacental gametes from one individual to viviparity is a mode of reproduction another, genetically different in animals in which embryos that individual. develop inside eggs remain in the ❖ Cross pollination mother's body until they are ready to hatch. External Fertilization ❖ When the eggs hatch within the ❖ Release of both sperm and eggs into mother, the offspring stay within the an external environment (water), for mother for some time, eating example aquatic animals like fishes unfertilized eggs in the womb for and amphibians. nourishment. ❖ Frog, Clownfish, and Tadpole Internal Fertilization ❖ The sperm fertilizes the egg within the female. It protects the fertilized