Earth And Life Science 1 Q2 Past Paper PDF

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 1 SECOND QUARTER Plate tectonic- it is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of earth’s subterranean movements Earthquake-sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic...

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 1 SECOND QUARTER Plate tectonic- it is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of earth’s subterranean movements Earthquake-sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earth’s rocks Natural Hazards- these are extreme natural events that can cause loss of life, extreme damage to property and disrupt human activities. EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS-any type of physical phenomenon associated with an earthquake that may cause adverse damage or adverse effects of normal day to day activities of people. PRIMARY EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS  GROUND SHAKING- the ground motion as they pass through the area. The type of shaking you experience depends of how far you are from the fault and the soil under and around it.  LANDSLIDES- downward sliding of a dry mass of the earth either from mountains or cliffs  LIQUIFACTION- earthquake motion can turn loosely packed, water saturated soil to liquid  SURFACE RUPTURE- breaking of surface along the fault SECONDARY EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS -these are extreme natural events that can cause loss of life, extreme damage to property and disrupt human activities.  TSUNAMIS-is a giant wave or series of waves created by an undersea earthquake, volcanic eruption or landslide  SEICHE- (rivers, reservoirs, ponds and lakes) direct contrast from tsunamis, giant sea waves created by the sudden uplift of the sea floor often following an undersea earthquake  FLOODING- can result from broken dams and levees on rivers  FIRES-can cause release of flammable gases/liquids/combustible materials due to movement. Broken electrical and gas lines PRACTICAL WAYS OF COPING WITH GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKE LANDSLIDE- it is the movement of rock, earth or debris down a sloped section land VOLCANIC ERUPTION- is when lava and gas released from a volcano CAUSES Landslide Earth or rock might be weak or fractured Strength and stiffness of the layers Structure of the land Human activities a. Removal of vegetation e. Overloading slopes b. Interference with, or changes to the natural f. Mining and quarrying activities drainage g. Vibration from heavy traffic, blasting during c. Leaking pipes such as water and sewer road constructions of nearby mining activities d. Modification of slopes by construction of h. Excavation of rocks roads, railways, buildings, subdivisions Volcanic Eruption Increase pressure in the lid Found in the boundaries of the Earth’s tectonic plates Presence of magma HAZARDS Landslides Fatalities Damage and blockage to roads Damage to infrastructures Volcanic Eruption Lava flows Heavy ash fall Pyroclastic mixtures of hot gas and ash Pumice falls and release of toxic gases HOW TO SURVIVE Landslide 1. Wake up! Be alert and aware- many fatalities occur when people are sleeping 2. Listen to a local news station for updates 3. Evacuate if its safe to do so 4. Be cautious and alert VOLCANIC ERUPTION Before travelling to an area with volcanoes, research the risks. Identify evacuation routes and understand the local emergency alert systems. On hearing or seeing an eruption, protect your head and move to higher ground. As you move, periodically look up to identify falling projectiles and avoid them. Cover your nose and mouth to prevent inhaling noxious gasses. If inside, consider the roof design and structural integrity of the building. Wet volcanic ash is heavy and you might be buried alive if the building collapses. Hydrometeorological processes/phenomena -these are processes of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause the loss of life, injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. DROUGHT- prolonged dry period in the natural climate cycle that can occur anywhere in the world. TROPICAL CYCLONES- also called typhoon or hurricane, an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds and heavy rain. FLOOD- is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. TORNADO- a small-diameter column of violently rotating air developed within a convective cloud and in contact with the ground WILD FIRE- uncontrolled burns in the wildland vegetation, often in rural areas THUNDERSTORMS- a violent short-lived weather disturbance that is almost always associated with lightning, thunder, dense clouds, heavy rain and strong gusty winds. HAZARDS FATALITIES DAMAGE TO PROPERTY DISRUPT WATER PURIFICATION AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS AGRO-ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE DISRUPT TO SOCIAL-ECONOMIC LIFE Practical ways to cope up with hydrometeorological hazards TROPICAL CYCLONE Before Prepare an emergency supply kit. It must include non-perishable food, water, first aid kit, clothes, a battery-operated radio, flashlights and extra batteries, and a whistle. Make sure you have an adequate supply of non-perishable food and clean water at home. If you live in a place that is in the path of the cyclone or monsoon, close all doors and windows. Check your drainage system at home. An efficient drainage system will lessen the chance of flooding and leaks. Check to see if there is a need to fix roofs, ceilings, doors, and windows. Frequently listen to the weather reports. Charge up emergency lights, electronic communication devices such as cellphones, and power banks. There is a high probability of power outage due to strong winds and heavy rainfall. Identify a safe area for evacuation. During Closely monitor weather reports for updated information on the tropical cyclone (storm signal numbers or storm surge advisory) or monsoon. If you are in an area being directly hit by the hazard, stay indoors as much as possible. Evacuate when necessary and bring your emergency supply kit. In case of a threat of a storm surge, evacuate to a place higher than 500 meters from the coast. After If your house was heavily damaged, ask for the advice of authorities regarding its safety and stability. Do not go inside the house if you are uncertain of its condition. Check gas, water, and electrical lines for any damage. Beware of animals such as snakes that may have entered your house. Wear protective gears when cleaning up debris.  Some roads may be closed due to flood. If you come upon a barricade or flooded road, turn around and use another route FLOOD Before Create a family disaster plan. Designate a contact person who can be reached and discuss where you will meet if family members are separated. Closely monitor weather reports for information on the possibility of flooding. Identify a safe place for evacuation and alternative routes that are not prone to flooding. If a flash flood warning is issued in your area, evacuate to a safe place immediately. If flood alert is issued in your area, move valuables and furniture to higher levels and disconnect electrical appliance. Prepare and emergency kit and supplies like food and water. During If you see any signs of flood, turn off the main source of electricity and go to a higher place such as the second floor or attic. Do not wade along flooded areas to keep yourself from having water-borne diseases. In case you need to pass through the flood, wear protective gears such as boots and raincoats. Follow any evacuation orders. Watch out for live wires or any electrical outlet submerged in water. If you are inside a vehicle and water rises around it, leave it immediately. Climb to higher ground as quickly as possible. If you see someone falls or is trapped in flood water, do not go after the victim. Throw the victim a floatation device such as tire, large ball, or ice chest. Then ask help from a trained rescuer. After Have an electrician inspect your house wiring and electrical outlets before using them. Clean up your house. Dispose of things that may be used by mosquitoes to breed like water vase and anything that can hold stagnant water. Boil water before drinking because it may have been contaminated. Do not go or return to flooded areas until the authorities say that it is safe to do so. TORNADO/IPO-IPO Before Know the safe places where you can hide when there is an ipo-ipo. The safest place is underground. If your house does not have a basement, a small room in the middle of the house away from the windows is best. Pay attention to weather reports about the possible occurrence of an ipo-ipo. Familiarize yourself with the warning sign. An ipo-ipo is often accompanied by strong typhoons. Watch out for clouds that begin to rotate in a circular pattern. Create a family disaster plan. Designate a contact person who can be reached and discuss where you will meet if family members are separated. Prepare and emergency kit and make sure that there is an ample supply of food and water. During If you are inside a house, move to a safe place. Get under a steady piece of furniture, such as a heavy table. Hold onto it and protect your head. If you are inside a vehicle, get out and seek a safe shelter. If you are outdoors and there is no shelter to hide, lie down in a low area with your hands over your head and neck. Always watch out for flying debris. If you are inside a high-rise building, move to a room on the lowest floor. After Check yourself for injuries.  Check for injured or trapped persons. Help if you can, but do not move them unless they are in immediate danger of further injury. Wear protective gears when walking and working through the debris. THUNDERSTORM Before Discuss thunderstorm safety and lightning safety with all members of your household Pick a safe place in your home for household members to gather during a thunderstorm This should be away from windows, skylights and glass doors that could be broken by strong winds or hail Make a list of items to bring inside in the event of a severe thunderstorm During Listen to local new for emergency updates. Postpone outdoor activities if thunderstorms are likely to occur. Many people struck by lightning are not in the area where rain is occurring. Shutter windows and close outside doors securely. Keep away from windows. If you are outside and cannot reach a safe building, avoid high ground; water; tall, isolated trees; and metal objects such as fences or bleachers. Picnic shelters, dugouts and sheds are NOT safe. After Stay away from storm-damaged areas to keep from putting yourself at risk from the effects of severe thunderstorms. Continue to listen to your local news station for updated information and instruction. Stay away from downed power lines and report them immediately.