Evolving Concept of Life
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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated age of the Universe?

  • 2.0 billion years
  • 1.2 billion years
  • 3.5 billion years
  • 4.6 billion years (correct)

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of life?

  • They move independently (correct)
  • They are made up of cells
  • They grow and develop
  • Capable of production

What is the term used for organisms that can produce their own food?

Autotrophs

Which of these is NOT a type of asexual reproduction?

<p>Sexual Reproduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term "homeostasis" refers to the process of maintaining a stable internal environment within an organism.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Muscular System?

<p>Movement, maintaining posture, and producing heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which line of defense in the immune system involves lymphocytes and antibodies?

<p>Third line defense (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest known time period in the evolution of life on Earth, as mentioned in the text?

<p>4.6 – 3.8 BYA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is believed to have been the first photosynthetic organism on Earth?

<p>Cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Mesozoic era was dominated by mammals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the era that constitutes the most recent lifeforms and paleontological evidence.

<p>Cenozoic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a unifying theme in the study of life?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of life?

<p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of heredity and variation in an organism?

<p>Gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system in the body plays a crucial role in fighting off invading microorganisms and diseases?

<p>Immune System</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the basic unit of a line?

<p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ________ cell or organism possesses a clearly defined nucleus.

<p>eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a thread-like structure that carries genetic information?

<p>Chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of creating a new organism by combining two genes from different parents?

<p>Hybridization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What system in the body is responsible for regulating body temperature?

<p>Muscular System</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prokaryote

Single-celled organism lacking a nucleus. Examples include bacteria.

Eukaryote

Organism with cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Stromatolites

Sedimentary rock formations where early prokaryotic life was discovered.

Cellular Respiration

Metabolic process where cells use oxygen to break down food and release energy.

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Cyanobacteria

Early photosynthetic organisms; blue-green algae.

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First eukaryotes

Complex cells with a nucleus evolved after prokaryotes.

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Paleozoic Era

Early period of the Earth's history where trilobites and cephalopods dominated oceans.

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Mesozoic Era

Era of reptiles; includes Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.

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Cenozoic Era

Recent life era, marked by the evolution of mammals, including humans.

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Characteristics of Life

Attributes shared by all living things; including growth, reproduction, response to stimuli and homeostasis.

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Growth

Increase in size and complexity of an organism, measurable change

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Development

Process of change in an organism as it matures. (changes within the development of an organism.)

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Metabolism

All chemical reactions that occur within an organism.

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

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Reproduction

The process by which organisms produce new organisms.

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Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving a single organism, creating offspring genetically identical to the parent.

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Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving two organisms, creating genetically diverse offspring.

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Evolution

Change in living organisms over long periods of time.

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Adaptation

A trait that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.

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Ecosystem

A community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment.

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Binary Fission

A form of asexual reproduction in which a single-celled organism divides into two identical cells.

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Photosynthesis

Process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy.

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Fossil

Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms.

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Zircon Crystal

A mineral formed in the early Earth's violent environment due to meteorites and volcanic eruptions. It provides evidence of the early Earth's conditions.

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Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes are organisms with a nucleus, while prokaryotes lack a nucleus. Eukaryotes are more complex, while prokaryotes are simpler, single-celled organisms like bacteria.

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Divine Creation

A belief that living organisms were created by a divine force or entity.

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Extraterrestrial Origin

A hypothesis suggesting that life on Earth originated from extraterrestrial sources, possibly carried by meteorites or asteroids.

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Origin from Non-Living Matter

The hypothesis known as abiogenesis, which proposes that life arose from inanimate matter through a series of chemical reactions.

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Alexander Oparin

A Russian biochemist known for his contribution to the theory of abiogenesis, proposing how life could have arisen from non-living matter.

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Life Science

A broad field encompassing various disciplines that study the structure, function, and interactions of living organisms.

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Bioscience

A term often used interchangeably with biology, encompassing all biological studies.

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Zoology

The branch of biology that specifically studies animals, their structure, function, behavior, and evolution.

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Botany

The branch of biology focused on plants, their structure, function, and evolution.

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Microbiology

The branch of biology that studies microscopic organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

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Cell

The basic unit of life, the fundamental building block of all living organisms.

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Response to Environment

The ability of living organisms to react and adjust to changes in their surroundings.

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Body System

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function in an organism.

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Organ System

A complex level of organization involving multiple body systems working in coordination to maintain life functions.

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Ecology

The study of interactions between organisms and their environment, including how they influence each other.

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Autotrophs

Organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis, using sunlight as an energy source. (plants, algae)

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Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms, relying on chemical energy from food. (animals, fungi)

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Anatomy

The study of the structure of an organism, including its parts and their arrangement.

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Physiology

The study of the functions of an organism's parts and how they work together to maintain life.

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Study Notes

Evolving Concept of Life

  • Earth formed 4.6-3.8 billion years ago (BYA), experiencing violent meteorites and volcanic eruptions. Zircon crystals formed during this period.
  • Life on Earth initially appeared 3.5 BYA, beginning with prokaryotes. Stromatolites, sedimentary rock formations, are where these were discovered.
  • Photosynthetic organisms, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), thrived 3 BYA.
  • Eukaryotes, more complex organisms, appeared 2 BYA, and multicellular organisms evolved 1.2 billion years ago.
  • The Paleozoic era (500 MYA) saw trilobites and cephalopods dominate the oceans, particularly during Cambrian and Ordovician periods.
  • The Mesozoic era (251-65.5 MYA), the age of reptiles, included Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.
  • The Cenozoic era (250 TYA) is the recent era, with the evolution of Homo erectus.
  • The universe is approximately 4.6 billion years old.
  • Prokaryotes are the common ancestor of all life.
  • Eukaryotes have a true nucleus.

Growth and Development

  • Growth is the appearance and measurable development of living organisms.
  • Divine creation suggests some divine power as the source for life on earth.
  • Extraterrestrial origin and non-living to living matter are aspects of the question of how life began on Earth.

Evidences for Life's Origin

  • Fossils provide evidence of life forms through time.
  • Rock layers and geological events (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and erosion) offer clues about the history of the Earth.
  • Life science is composed of various disciplines, including theories explaining the structure and function of living things.
  • Bioscience is the study of living things, encompassing biology.

Characteristics of Life

  • Organisms are made up of cells.
  • Growth and development are characteristic of life.
  • Metabolism (energy processes) is vital for life functions.
  • Organisms are responsive to their environment.
  • Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal balance.

Types of Organisms

  • Eukaryotes possess a defined nucleus.

Additional Notes (from the second page)

  • Biology and Society: Biological science influences society.
  • Unifying Themes in Biology: Interrelated aspects such as biological systems, cell structure, interactions with the environment, energy, form and function, reproduction/inheritance, regulation, adaptation and evolution are studied.
  • Cell as basic unit of life: The cell is the smallest unit of life.
  • Perpetuation of Life: Asexual (single-parent) and sexual (double-parent) reproduction processes sustain life. Methods include fragmentation, binary fission and budding.
  • Important Organ Systems and their functions
    • Muscular system: movement and posture.
    • Circulatory System: blood circulation
    • Digestive System: food breakdown
    • Respiratory System: gas exchange
    • Endocrine System: hormone control
    • Immune System: body defense
    • Nervous System: control and coordination.

Additional Notes (from the third page)

  • Characteristics of Life (continued): form and function, reproduction, heredity, homeostasis, adaptation and evolution are discussed.
  • Molecular Biology: DNA, genes, genotype, and phenotype are discussed.
  • Engineering Techniques: Selection breeding, hybridization, inbreeding, cloning and Gene Splicing/Gel Electrophoresis/Recombinant DNA technology.
  • Organ Systems: A variety of systems are discussed.

Additional Notes (from the fourth page)

  • Organ Systems (continued): The Integumentary, Urinary, Lymphatic, and Reproductive systems are discussed.
  • Defense Mechanisms: Physical and Chemical barriers, and Immune cells are mentioned.
  • Macrophages and Antigen Presenting Cells: Immune responses and phagocytic cells discussed.

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Earth and Life Science 2nd Semester PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating timeline of life on Earth, from its formation over 4.6 billion years ago to the emergence of complex organisms. This quiz covers key milestones including the evolution of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and various geological eras. Test your knowledge on the major developments that shaped the life we see today.

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