EAPP REVIEWER.pdf

EAPP REVIEWER Writing – The process of conveying ideas, thoughts, or information through the use of symbols, typically letters and words, arranged in a structured and meaningful way. It involves encoding language into a visual form, which can be read and interpre...

EAPP REVIEWER Writing – The process of conveying ideas, thoughts, or information through the use of symbols, typically letters and words, arranged in a structured and meaningful way. It involves encoding language into a visual form, which can be read and interpreted by others. Reading – The active process and understanding print and graphic text. Paragraph - Used to explain meaning. It must be a definition to give ideas. It must be correct and complete. If the idea is not yours, put or mention the source. Critical Reading – Reading academic texts requires focus and understanding. You have to interact with the text by questioning its assumptions, and connecting it to real life experiences and applications. Critical reading helps you to identify the key argument presented by the author and analyze concepts presented in the text. Academic Writing - Academic writing is a formal style of writing. It involves clear, concise, and well-structured communication to present ideas, research, or arguments in a logical and evidence-based manner. Examples: Articles, Thesis, Disertation Purposes: To inform, to argue a specific point, and to persuade. Features: - Formal: It uses professional and formal language, avoiding slang, contractions, or colloquial expressions. - Objective: Academic writing tends to avoid personal opinions and is focused on evidence and analysis. - Balanced: You must base your answer to research - Precise: It should be accurate. Always check the source - Critical: Academic writing often requires analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information from different sources. It is valid and reliable. - Evidence-based: Arguments and claims in academic writing must be backed by research, facts, and citations from credible sources. Always mention the source. - Structured: It follows a clear structure, often with an introduction, body, and conclusion. Citations and references are used to support claims and give credit to the sources of information. Non-Academic Writing – It is written for any audiences. It is an informal way of writing/mass writing. It includes newspapers and magazines. Outline – A structured plan or framework that organizes ideas and information before writing. - Mono-Level: Single layer; simple, straightforward. (Roman no., main topics) - Bi-Level: Two layers; basic hierarchy and organization. (Roman no.(main), Capital letters(subtopic) - Multi-Level: Multiple layers; complex, detailed organization. (Roman no.(main), Capital letters(subtopic), Arabic no.(minor details, small number(supporting details) Active Voice – The subject is the doer of the action. Passive Voice – The subject is the receiver of the action. Punctuation – Important because every punctuation mark means something. Even in your absence, your readers will understand. Sentence Structure - Declarative/Narrative: makes statements, ends in a period. - Interogative: stating for an answer, asks a question - Imperative: gives commands/requests, can end in a period or an exclamation point - Exclamatory: illustrates great emotions. It ends with an exclamation point. - Simple sentence: one complete idea - Compound sentence: 2 sentences becomes one, joined by a connector FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO. Subordinating- who, where, while, etc. - Complex sentence: 1 simple independent, 1 dependent clause - Dependent Clause: subordinating clause/conjunction(connectors)  4 types: Coordinating(correct words, equal rank), Correlative(pair), Subordinating(introduce dependent clause), Compound complex(compound and add dependent clause) Avoid choppiness: It creates confusion. Can disrupt the flow of ideas, making it harder for the reader to follow the argument or understand the points being made. Avoid repetition: Redunduncy, limited vocabulary Be concise: Should be straightforward, do not use unnecessary words. Use the vocabulary you know: Considered new to writing. Expand vocabulary: Evolve as time changes, update yourself with new informations. Language register – Also called linguistic register. The variation in language use based on context, purpose, and audience. It is the level of formality or informality with which we communicate, depending on factors like the situation, the relationship between speakers, and the topic being discussed. Different registers serve to adapt language to different social environments. Social language - The everyday language we use to interact with others in various social contexts. It encompasses how we communicate informally, build relationships, and participate in social activities. Types: - Intercultural social language – The language used when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other. This type of language focuses on bridging cultural differences and ensuring effective communication across diverse cultural contexts. - Instructional social language - Used in educational or training settings to guide, teach, or provide information. This type of language is focused on clarity, direction, and facilitating learning or skill development. Difference between Social language and Academic Writing : Social language refers to the informal language used in everyday interactions and social situations. While, Academic language is used in formal educational and scholarly contexts to convey complex ideas, research findings, or arguments. It is characterized by its precision, formality, and adherence to specific conventions. Essay - An essay is a written work that presents an argument or a discussion on a particular topic, often with the aim of informing, persuading, or analyzing. Essays are a common format for academic writing and can vary in length, style, and complexity. It can be academic writing even if it is subjective because it still needs evidences. It is a short non-fiction. May be classified by tone and style as formal and informal. It has minimal colloquial. Has many purposes depending on what the writer wants to write. Types of Paragraphs - Description paragraph - Describe persons or things to help understand a story settings. - Process analysis paragraph - It should be written in chronological order, accounting for subsequently action or events. - Persuasion paragraph - Aimed to persuade the reader. Organization of idea: - Introduction: Introduces the topic, provides background information, and states the main argument or thesis statement. Thesis statement (A clear, concise statement of the main argument or purpose of the essay.) - Body: Develops and supports the thesis statement through detailed evidence and analysis. - Conclusion: Summarizes the main points, restates the thesis in light of the evidence presented, and provides a final thought or call to action. Summarizing (Abstract/Gist/Synopsis) – A short retelling of a story or text. The process of condensing a larger amount of information into a shorter form while preserving the main ideas and essential details. It focuses in main ideas. Not made with one sentence. In a present tense. Opinions are not allowed, stick to the main idea, can rephrase but the idea must be the same. – Rewrite, clarify, shorten, and avoid plagiarism. Various Techniques in Summarizing Texts: · Somebody, Wanted, But, So, Then · The SAAC method · 5W’s, 1 H · First, Then, Finally · Give Me the Gist We can summarize: (SWBST) – Strategy for stories · Somebody – Who is the story about? · Wanted – What does the main character want? · But – Identify a problem that the main character encountered · So – How does the main character solve the problem? · Then – Tell how the story ends. (SAAC Method) – Useful for any kind of texts. · State – Name of the article, book, or story. · Assign – Name of the author. · Action – What the author is doing (ex. Tells, explain) · Complete – Complete the sentence or summary with keywords and important details. (5W’s, 1 H) – Relies on 6 crucial questions to identify the main character, important details, and main idea. · WHO is the story about? · WHAT did they do? · WHEN did the action take place? · WHERE did the story happen? · WHY did the main character do what s/he did? · HOW did the main character do what s/he did? (First, Then, Finally) – Summarize events in chronological order, 3 words represent the beginning, main action, and conclusion of the story. · First – What happened first? Include the mc and main event/action. · Then – What key details took place during the event/action? · Finally – What were the result of the event/action? (Give Me the Gist) – What the story is about, summary-not retelling every details. Properties of a Well-written Text - To fully understand the message being conveyed. Paragraph development - Has 3 parts (Intro, body, conclusion) Topic sentence - Main idea of the paragraph. - Most important idea. Supporting sentences - Defining main idea. - Exist to make statements clear. Methods of Developing the Topic Sentence Definition - Meaning of the subject. - Most common. - More definition, the merrier. Analogy - Saying something is like something else to make some sort of explanatory point. - Point of comparison. Comparison and Contrast - Provides differences and similarities of two variables. - Establish a relationship between two ideas by comparing or contrasting them. This method can help highlight differences or similarities that will be explored in the paragraph. Exemplification - Provides examples and is clear. Problem and Solution - Present a problem and give solutions. Narration - Used in friction. - In sequential order/chronological order. Cause and Effect - A relationship between events or actions where one is the result of the other. - It explains why something happens (the cause) and what happens as a result (the effect). - This relationship is essential in both writing and thinking because it helps clarify how things are interconnected and how one thing leads to another. 4 Essential Elements UNITY - All sentences only have one idea. EMPHASIS - Supports the topic sentence. - Gives strength to the idea. COHERENCE - How well the arrangement is. COHESIVE - Connection of paragraphs/sentences. Classification Multiple Levels: Semantic - Study of the meaning of words and sentences. Comparing different meanings of things. (compare/different) Linguistic - Using vocabulary to show contrast METHODS AVOIDING PLAGIARISM QUOTE/QUOTING - To repeat. - Direct speech to indirect speech. - Repeating or copying out in group of words from text or speech. Examples: Original Text - Direct speech - Comes from the source Quote Text - Indirect speech Long quotations - 40 or more words Direct quotations - Exact words taken from original source. Indirect quotations - Idea or fact taken from an outside source. SUMMARIZING - Someone elses words into your own words. - It shortens a much larger passage or source. PARAPHRASING - Equals roughly the same length as the original. - Someone elses words into your own words. Ways to Integrate sources: Direct quotation - Exact words from texts. - Quotation marks Indirect quotation - Ideas from a source written in your own words. - Shorter than original. Paraphrase - Used to simplify. Thesis statement - Supported or proven in the body of the essay. - Controlling idea/central argument. Parts of thesis statement: Topic - Main idea that your entire essay is about. Stance - Point of view/opinion that the writer has about the topic. Types of thesis statement: Making claim - Statement that is something true. Choosing sides - A thesis may state that the side, or one choice is better than another. Expressing an opinion or idea - Expresses the writers feeling about something. 3 CLAIMS: Fact - Something that is true. Value - Attempt to establish the overall worth, merit, or importance of something. Policy - Rules and regulations. - Attempt to establish, reinforce, or change a course of action. CRITICAL APPROACHES TO LITERATURE READER-RESPONSE - How the readers interprets the text. - The reader/readers interpretation is more important. Formalist - The text is more important than the readers interpretation. - Language used in the text is more important. Psychological (by Sigmund Freud) - Uses theories of psychology, particularly Freud’s theories, to analyze the unconscious desires, motivations, and conflicts of characters or authors. - How the mind function. - The character is more important. Sociological - Argues that social contexts must be considered when analyzing the text. - Focuses in the value of a society, how those views are reflected in a text. Marxist - Emphasizes economic and social conditions. - Political theory of Karl Max and Friedrich Engets. - It emphasizes the role of class conflicts and societal structures in shaping characters, themes, and narratives. Feminist - Concerned with roles, position, and influence of women. - It critiques patriarchal ideologies and explores female perspectives in literature. Biographical - Argues that we must take an authory life and background. - Considers the historical context in which the work was created and the author's life experiences. - Provides background information necessary to understand how literary texts were perceived in their time. New historicist - Provides background information necessary to understand how literary text reflect ideas and attitudes of the time in which they were written. - Argues that every literary work is a product of its time and its world. Archetypal - Interprets text by focusing archetypes (symbols, images, character types) in a literary work. - Argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary work. FORMAL VS. INFORMAL LANGUAGE Formal – Used when you want to make a good impression on people in respected positions. You speak in non-traditional way and use longer form of words when you want to be formal. Informal - A casual, conversational way of speaking or writing that is used in everyday communication with friends, family, and people in relaxed or familiar settings. Criticism – Involves carefully analyzing & evaluating literary or artisticworks. Critic – Person who gives assessment to a certain topic. Critique – Detailed analysis on something, everything or evaluated. Literary Analysis Essay - Type of argumentative essay in which you carry out in-depth investigation of novel, story, poem, play, or any other literary creation.\ Types of Literary Analysis Essay - Argumentative - Explanatory - Comparative - Character Analysis - Symbolism Analysis - Theme Analysis - Setting Analysis Concept Paper – A brief document that outlines an idea, project, or proposal, typically used to gain approval, support, or funding from stakeholders such as decision-makers, sponsors, or research committees. Concept papers provide a clear and concise overview of what the project aims to achieve, why it is important, and how it will be carried out. Parts of Concept Paper · Title · Background of the study · Preliminary Literature Review · Statement of the Problem · Methodology · Timeline · References