EAPP Lesson 3 Reviewer PDF

LESSON 03: DEFENDING A STAND ON AN ISSUE BY PRESENTING REASONABLE ARGUMENTS of appeals? b) Emotional Appeals QUESTIONS ANSWERS...

LESSON 03: DEFENDING A STAND ON AN ISSUE BY PRESENTING REASONABLE ARGUMENTS of appeals? b) Emotional Appeals QUESTIONS ANSWERS c) Ethical Appeals How is a position paper similar The author must defend his stance by How do you practice “Logical This is the use of facts in order to support and to a debate? providing a reasonable argument. Appeals”? defend a position. This is done by providing your audience facts and statistics, or making What are the 5 steps to present 1) Make Issue Criteria historical and literal analogies. reasonable arguments supported 2) Collect Evidences from properly-cited by properly-cited factual sources Example: More than one hundred peer-reviewed evidence to defend a stand on an 3) Make an appeal to your audience studies have been conducted over the past issue? 4) Organize your own arguments decades, and none of them suggests that 5) Present your argument coconut milk is an effective treatment for hair loss. What does it mean to create an Keep in mind that you have to persuade others issue criteria? and make them believe in your claim. How do you practice This is the use of the audience’s feelings for the - It is determining which points you will “Emotional Appeals”? subject of the paper such as anger, pity, and tackle in your position paper. Like aversion in order to persuade. what issues or factors are heavily influenced by your topic. Example: How can you say that the government shouldn’t censor the internet? Think of the How do you collect evidence Do some research on the subject matter. Listing poor children who might be exposed to from properly-cited sources? the pro and con sides of the topic will help you inappropriate content. Why do we need to do this? examine the ability to support your counterclaims, along with the list of supporting How do you practice “Ethical This is done by convicting the audience through evidence for both sides. Appeals”? the credibility of the persuader, be it a notable or experienced figure in the field or even a How to make an appeal to your Appealing to your audience means you request popular celebrity. audience? Why should you do their attention. To convince a particular person this? that your own views are sound (valid), you have Example: As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you to consider the audience’s way of thinking. that this course of treatment will likely generate Upon considering, you will then attack them the best results. with their perspective in mind. This can help you strengthen your position or claim. How do you organize your own The argument you are making should be clear arguments? within your thesis statement. What are the three major types a) Logical Appeals You should have several reasons or LESSON 03: DEFENDING A STAND ON AN ISSUE BY PRESENTING REASONABLE ARGUMENTS points of discussion that help you to Ask yourself if there are other options support your argument. Afterwards, you will explain and support these Ex. It’s either chicken or steak! reasons. As with all academic writing, you’ll What is the appeal to ignorance An appeal to ignorance fallacy is when someone need to cite any information that you fallacy? claims something is true just because there's no used from a source. proof that it's false. "absence of evidence is not evidence of How should you present your Remember, the goal of presenting your absence" argument? argument is to persuade your audience to agree Ex. “I prefer chicken because there's no proof with you. Be confident, passionate, and that the steak is made of human flesh, so it must respectful, and you'll be more likely to succeed. be made of human flesh!” What is a stand? viewpoint What is a slippery slope fallacy? A slippery slope fallacy is when someone claims that one small action will lead to a chain of What is a claim? These are the statements that support the events that end in a big, bad outcome. author’s stand: Argument look for words like "if...then" or "leads to What are counterclaims? Arguments opposing a stand. think of a slide What are evidences? These are proofs or evidences to strengthen the Ex. “No! If you only eat chicken, you will be author’s claim. ignorant about steaks, if you’re ignorant about steaks people will think you’re poor!” What is a fallacy? A mistaken belief, especially on unsound arguments. What is a complex question A complex question is like a loaded question fallacy? that's trying to trick you into agreeing with A fallacy, is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty something you haven't agreed to. reasoning in the construction of an argument ask yourself if the question assumes that may appear to be well-reasoned if something that hasn't been proven unnoticed. Ex. “I thought you stopped being so judgemental? But really, just because of a What is false dilemma fallacy? A false dilemma fallacy is when someone tries to damned chicken…” trick you into thinking there are only two choices, when there are actually more. What is appeal to force fallacy? An appeal to force fallacy is when someone tries Look for words like "either/or" or "only to get you to agree with them by threatening you. LESSON 03: DEFENDING A STAND ON AN ISSUE BY PRESENTING REASONABLE ARGUMENTS it’s a bully trying to scare you steak makes you fat.” Ex. “I’ve never been judgemental! Now eat this steak or else I’ll kick your ass!” What is the anonymous It is when someone claims something is true authority fallacy? because they heard it from an unnamed expert What is the appeal to pity An appeal to pity fallacy is when someone tries or source. fallacy? to get you to agree with them by making you Who is the source exactly? feel sorry for them. Ex. “Oh really? But a wise philosopher once A puppy dog wanting you to feel sorry said, "One steak a day keeps the loneliness for them away!” Ex. “But I’ll feel sick in the heart, don’t you have a conscience? Don’t you feel sorry for me?” What is the hasty generalization It is when you make a big conclusion based on a fallacy? small amount of information. What is an appeal to When someone tries to convince you that Stereotypes consequences fallacy? something is true or false based on the good or Jumping to conclusions bad consequences of believing it. Ex. “You eat steak when you are sad so all people You’ll get scared due to consequences who eat steak are depressed…” and end up giving in Ex. “If you don’t eat steak, you'll suffer from What is the false analogy fallacy? Is when you compare two things that are not energy loss.” really alike in the way you think they are. Apples and oranges What is a bandwagon? It is when someone tries to convince you to do Ex. “Refusing to eat steak is like refusing the gift something because everyone else is doing it. of God. Steak is heavenly and so is the gift of Ex. “Everybody likes steak so much, so I should God.” eat it, huh?” What is the accident fallacy? A general rule is applied to a specific case. The What is attacking the person It is when someone attacks the person making specific case is an exception to the general rule. fallacy? an argument instead of the argument itself. All birds can fly, so a penguin can. Ex. “Yes that’s right! You’re the only one who Exception to the rule doesn’t like steak because you’re a weirdo.” Ex. “Being a glutton is a sin you know, so you shouldn’t eat steak even if you’re dying of What is the appeal to authority It is when someone tries to convince you that hunger.” fallacy? something is true just because a famous or important person said it. What is the post hoc fallacy? It's when you think that just because one thing Celebrity endorsement happened after another, the first thing caused Ex. “But according to the actress of the century, the second thing. LESSON 03: DEFENDING A STAND ON AN ISSUE BY PRESENTING REASONABLE ARGUMENTS Ex. *eats chicken* poisoned, then you must be a bad person.” “Urgh..I ate a piece of chicken and now I feel sick! This chicken must have been poisoned!” What is Denying the antecedent It is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone fallacy? assumes that if the initial condition (P) is not What is the wrong direction Reversed cause and effect. met, the expected result (Q) won't occur either. fallacy? Ex. “What? That couldn’t be, maybe you were Ex. “A good person means not being poisoned. poisoned beforehand and poisoning leads to So not being a good person means being eating chickens!” poisoned…” What is the complex cause It is when you think there's only one simple Affirming the consequent vs Affirming the consequent is agreeing while fallacy? reason for something that's actually caused by denying the antecedent denying the antecedent is denying: many different things. Affirming the Consequent oversimplification Structure: Ex. “It must have been my luck! Yes, it is the If P, then Q. only thing to blame for this damned poisoning.” Q is true. Therefore, P is true. What is the irrelevant They're trying to prove one thing, but they end You think that they always come in conclusion fallacy? up talking about something else. “Missing the pairs. Like when one of them is true, point” both of them are always true. Ex. “You know I think I’m the most righteous Denying the Antecedent person in the world because you got poisoned Structure: instead of me.” If P, then Q. P is false. What is the strawman fallacy? It is when someone misrepresents or exaggerates Therefore, Q is false. another person's argument, and then attacks the You think that if statement 1 is false, distorted version of the argument instead of statement 2 will also be false. You also refuting the original point. think they come in pairs, but in a Ex. “So you think that I’m a devil because I got negative way. poisoned?” What is affirming the An affirming the consequent fallacy is when Either way, you forget that statement 2 can be consequent fallacy? someone assumes that if one thing is true, then independent from statement 1 and vice versa. another thing must also be true, even though What is an inconsistency fallacy? Contradictory claims that's not always the case. Ex. “I like all birds, but I hate chickens.” Ex. “Bad people get poisoned. So if you were