EAPP Chapter I-III: Grade 12 Research Paper Guide PDF

**Writing The Research Paper** **Chapter I: The Introduction** In writing a research paper, the Introduction chapter is crucial as it sets the foundation for the entire study. It introduces the research topic, explains its significance, and outlines what the reader should expect in the rest of the...

**Writing The Research Paper** **Chapter I: The Introduction** In writing a research paper, the Introduction chapter is crucial as it sets the foundation for the entire study. It introduces the research topic, explains its significance, and outlines what the reader should expect in the rest of the paper. This chapter includes several key components: the background of the study, the statement of the problem, the significance of the study, the scope and delimitations, and the definition of terms. Understanding how to write this section properly is essential for Grade 12 students preparing to conduct academic research. The first part of Chapter I is the *Background of the Study*. This section provides context by discussing the general area of interest and then narrowing it down to the specific issue your research addresses. The background should also identify gaps in the existing literature that your study aims to fill. For example, if your topic is about the impact of social media on student productivity, you could start by highlighting the growing influence of social media in today's society. As of 2021, over 4.2 billion people worldwide were active on social media, with usage rates particularly high among young adults and students (We Are Social & Hootsuite, 2021). Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok have become key communication tools, but their role in influencing academic behavior remains a concern. Researchers such as Karpinski et al. (2013) have found that social media use can negatively affect academic performance, as students tend to spend more time online than studying. By citing relevant studies, you can help the reader understand why your research is necessary and what gaps in knowledge exist. For instance, you might point out that while some research has explored the effects of social media on university students (Junco, 2012), there is limited data on its impact on senior high school students in the Philippines, making your study particularly timely and relevant. After providing the background, the next section is the *Statement of the Problem*, which defines the specific issue your research will address. The problem statement is typically presented in declarative form or as a series of research questions. For example, continuing with the social media topic, you might write: \"This study aims to investigate how social media usage affects the academic productivity of Grade 12 students at Leyte National High School.\" Additionally, you could include sub-questions such as: \"What is the average time spent on social media by these students during study hours?\" or \"What are the students' perceptions of how social media affects their study habits?\" Well-crafted research questions guide your investigation and provide a clear focus for data collection and analysis. According to Creswell (2014), a well-defined problem statement is crucial because it serves as the foundation upon which the entire research project is built, ensuring that the research is both focused and manageable. The Significance of the Study explains why your research is important and who stands to benefit from it. In this section, it is essential to articulate both the practical and theoretical contributions of your research. For instance, if your study is on social media\'s impact on student productivity, you might argue that the findings could help educators develop strategies to promote better study habits among students. According to the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA, 2020), improving student academic performance is crucial to enhancing the quality of education in the Philippines, which in turn supports national development goals. Your research could also provide valuable insights for students, helping them become more aware of how their social media habits might be affecting their academic work. Furthermore, school administrators could use the findings to implement policies that balance students\' use of digital platforms with academic responsibilities. On a theoretical level, your study might contribute to the growing body of literature on the relationship between technology and education, particularly in developing countries like the Philippines. The next section, *Scope and Delimitations*, outlines the boundaries of your research. This section clarifies what the study will and will not cover. For example, your scope might specify that the research focuses on Grade 12 students at Leyte National High School during the first semester of the 2024--2025 academic year. This ensures that the reader understands that your findings may not apply to students from other grade levels or schools. According to Salkind (2010), clearly defining the scope of a study helps readers evaluate the applicability of your findings and prevents overgeneralization. The delimitations, on the other hand, refer to the choices you made to narrow the scope of your study, such as limiting your focus to social media use during study hours rather than including overall internet usage. By clearly stating these delimitations, you help readers understand the specific focus of your research. Finally, the *Definition of Terms* section clarifies any technical or unusual terms used in the study. This ensures that your readers, regardless of their background, can understand the key concepts discussed in the paper. For example, in a study on social media and student productivity, you might define "social media" as online platforms where users create and share content or participate in social networking, including Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. According to Kaplan and Haenlein (2010), social media are "a group of Internet-based applications that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content." You could also define "academic productivity" as the amount of schoolwork or study tasks a student completes within a specific period. Providing clear, operational definitions helps avoid ambiguity, allowing readers to interpret your findings accurately. In conclusion, Chapter I: The Introduction is a vital component of your research paper because it establishes the framework for your study. The background of the study provides context, the statement of the problem narrows down the research focus, and the significance of the study justifies the importance of your research. By defining the scope and delimitations, you outline the parameters of your study, while the definition of terms ensures clarity. Remember to include citations from credible sources to strengthen your discussion and support your arguments. Properly written, Chapter I will guide your research and set the tone for the rest of your paper, ensuring that your study is both clear and purposeful. References: 1\. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. 2\. Junco, R. (2012). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers & Education, 58(1), 162-171. 3\. Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. 4\. Karpinski, A. C., Kirschner, P. A., Ozer, I., Mellott, J. A., & Ochwo, P. (2013). An exploration of social networking site use, multitasking, and academic performance among United States and European university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1182-1192. 5\. National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). (2020). Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022. 6\. Salkind, N. J. (2010). Encyclopedia of Research Design. SAGE Publications. 7\. We Are Social, & Hootsuite. (2021). Digital 2021: Global Overview Report. Retrieved from https://wearesocial.com/digital-2021 **Chapter II: Review of Related Literature** Review of Related Literature is a crucial section in any research paper. It provides a detailed overview of existing studies, theories, and relevant information related to your research topic. This chapter not only gives credit to prior research but also helps identify gaps in the literature that your study aims to address. For Grade 12 students, writing a comprehensive review of related literature ensures that your study is grounded in existing knowledge while also demonstrating its originality. The first task in writing Chapter II is to gather and review scholarly sources that are directly related to your research topic. These sources could be books, academic journal articles, government reports, and credible online resources. For example, if your study focuses on the impact of social media on student productivity, it is important to explore previous research that examines the relationship between technology and education. Studies like that of Junco (2012), which investigated the impact of Facebook usage on student engagement, offer a solid foundation for understanding the broader context of your study. In this chapter, you will need to discuss how these existing studies contribute to your understanding of the research problem. A well-organized literature review often starts with broader theoretical frameworks and gradually narrows down to studies that are more closely aligned with your research topic. For instance, in the case of a study on social media's influence on student productivity, it might be useful to first explore general theories on student engagement and academic performance. One such theory is Tinto's (1993) Student Integration Model, which suggests that students' academic and social integration into the school environment plays a key role in their persistence and performance. By examining such theories, you provide a theoretical foundation for your research. This helps readers understand the framework from which your study operates. Next, you should narrow your review to specific studies that have investigated the link between social media usage and academic performance. For example, Karpinski et al. (2013) conducted research on how social networking site usage impacts students\' academic outcomes. Their findings suggest that heavy use of social networking sites, such as Facebook, can lead to lower academic performance, particularly when students multitask between social media and their schoolwork. This study is directly relevant to your research, as it highlights how social media can become a distraction for students. Furthermore, it shows the need for further exploration into the relationship between these variables, especially in different contexts, such as high school environments in the Philippines. Another critical part of the literature review is identifying gaps in the current research. For example, while studies like Junco's (2012) focus on university students in the United States, fewer studies have been conducted on senior high school students in the Philippines. This is where your research becomes significant. You can point out that, although there is evidence suggesting that social media affects university students' productivity, little is known about how it impacts younger students, particularly in the unique educational and cultural setting of the Philippines. Identifying such gaps not only emphasizes the importance of your study but also helps justify why it is needed. In reviewing related literature, it is also important to critically evaluate the sources. Not all studies are of equal quality, and part of your job as a researcher is to assess the credibility, relevance, and limitations of the research you are citing. For example, while Karpinski et al.'s (2013) study provides useful insights, it may have limitations regarding sample size or methodology. Discussing these limitations shows that you have a deep understanding of the field and helps you build a stronger case for your own research. Moreover, by acknowledging the shortcomings of existing studies, you can explain how your research will address these limitations, further strengthening the rationale for your study. A literature review should not be a mere summary of previous studies; it should also show the relationships between these studies and your research question. This is often done through synthesis, where you combine findings from various sources to identify trends or patterns in the literature. For example, you might notice a consistent trend across several studies showing that students who spend more time on social media report lower levels of academic productivity (Junco, 2012; Kirschner & Karpinski, 2010). By synthesizing these findings, you can create a clearer picture of how social media use correlates with student performance. Additionally, synthesis allows you to point out conflicting findings, which may require further investigation. For instance, while some studies argue that social media negatively impacts academic performance, others suggest that moderate use of social media for academic purposes can enhance student engagement (Wheeler, Yeomans, & Wheeler, 2008). Highlighting such contradictions can help justify why further research---like yours---is necessary. Finally, after reviewing the relevant literature, you need to summarize your findings and explain how they relate to your own research. This section of Chapter II should bring together the various strands of literature you have reviewed and link them directly to your study's objectives. For instance, after reviewing studies on social media usage and student performance, you could conclude that while there is significant evidence suggesting a negative correlation, there is still a lack of data regarding high school students in the Philippines. This conclusion will help set the stage for the next chapter, where you will outline the methodology of your research. In summary, Chapter II of your research paper---the Review of Related Literature---is critical in establishing the foundation for your study. It situates your research within the broader academic conversation by reviewing relevant theories, studies, and gaps in the literature. By critically evaluating previous research, synthesizing findings, and identifying areas for further study, you demonstrate the originality and necessity of your research. Furthermore, by connecting your review of the literature to your research question, you provide a clear rationale for why your study is important and how it contributes to the field. References Junco, R. (2012). The relationship between frequency of Facebook use, participation in Facebook activities, and student engagement. Computers & Education, 58(1), 162-171. Karpinski, A. C., Kirschner, P. A., Ozer, I., Mellott, J. A., & Ochwo, P. (2013). An exploration of social networking site use, multitasking, and academic performance among United States and European university students. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1182-1192. Kirschner, P. A., & Karpinski, A. C. (2010). Facebook® and academic performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1237-1245. Salkind, N. J. (2010). Encyclopedia of Research Design. SAGE Publications. Tinto, V. (1993). Leaving College: Rethinking the Causes and Cures of Student Attrition (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. Wheeler, S., Yeomans, P., & Wheeler, D. (2008). The good, the bad and the wiki: Evaluating student-generated content for collaborative learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(6), 987-995. **How to Write the Review of Related Literature: A Step-by-Step Guide** Writing the Review of Related Literature (RRL) is a crucial part of a research paper because it helps situate your study within the context of existing research. For students, it can be challenging to know how to begin and organize this section. Here's a step-by-step guide to writing the first few paragraphs, including examples. **Step 1: Begin with an Overview of the Topic** The first paragraph of your Review of Related Literature should introduce the broader topic or field of study. This gives your readers a sense of the general area in which your research fits. Avoid jumping straight into detailed studies; instead, provide a broad context. For example, if your research is about the impact of social media on academic performance, your opening paragraph might look like this: ***Social media has become an integral part of daily life for millions of people around the world, particularly young adults and students. Platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter offer users the ability to connect, share information, and engage in virtual communities. As of 2024, studies show that more than 90% of students in both high school and college use social media on a daily basis (Smith, 2023). Given its widespread use, researchers have begun to investigate the potential effects of social media on various aspects of student life, particularly academic performance.*** Tip: Make sure to cite at least one relevant source in this overview. You could use recent studies or statistics to support your point. **Step 2: Narrow Down to Specific Themes** After introducing the general topic, you'll want to narrow down your focus by identifying key themes or subtopics that are directly related to your research. Each theme could correspond to a specific question or area of your study. Continuing with the example of social media and academic performance, the next few sentences might shift toward studies focusing on the impact of social media on student productivity: ***Several studies have explored the relationship between social media usage and student productivity. Junco (2012) found that frequent use of social networking sites like Facebook had a negative impact on students' grades. The study noted that students who used Facebook while studying or doing homework were more likely to have lower GPAs compared to those who refrained from social media multitasking. Similarly, Kirschner and Karpinski (2010) concluded that excessive social media use can detract from time spent on academic work, further affecting overall academic performance.*** Tip: When narrowing down, it's important to not just list studies but also connect them to one another. Notice how the example uses phrases like "similarly" to show the relationship between the studies. **Step 3: Synthesize and Analyze the Literature** The key to a good Review of Related Literature is synthesis, not just summarizing each study individually. You should analyze the findings of the studies you mention, pointing out trends, patterns, or contradictions in the literature. This will help you build an argument for your research. Here's how you might synthesize the studies discussed above: ***While these studies provide valuable insights into the negative effects of social media on academic performance, other researchers have presented contrasting findings. For instance, Wheeler, Yeomans, and Wheeler (2008) argued that when used appropriately, social media can enhance collaborative learning and student engagement in educational activities. This suggests that the impact of social media on academic performance may depend on how it is used, rather than its overall frequency of use.*** Tip: Use transitions like "however" or "in contrast" to show opposing viewpoints. This not only demonstrates your understanding of the literature but also highlights gaps or areas of debate, which you can address in your own research. **Step 4: Identify Gaps in the Literature** One of the main purposes of the literature review is to identify gaps---areas where previous research has not fully addressed your specific research question. This is where your study comes in. By pointing out these gaps, you justify why your research is necessary. Here's how you might begin to identify a gap in the literature about social media and academic performance, specifically for high school students: ***Although much research has been conducted on university students, relatively few studies have focused on the effects of social media on high school students\' academic performance. Additionally, while Junco (2012) and Kirschner and Karpinski (2010) examined general usage patterns, they did not consider the role of social media in specific cultural and educational contexts, such as the Philippines. This gap highlights the need for further investigation into how Filipino high school students\' use of social media may influence their academic productivity.*** Tip: When identifying gaps, be specific. Avoid vague statements like "there is little research on this topic." Instead, point out exactly what has not been explored and explain how your research will fill that gap. **Step 5: Transition to Your Research** Finally, your last paragraph in the opening section of the Review of Related Literature should briefly explain how your study addresses the gaps you've identified. This helps link the literature review to the objectives of your research, providing a clear rationale for your study. Example: ***In light of the limited research on high school students in the Philippines, this study aims to examine the specific ways in which social media usage affects academic performance among senior high school students. By focusing on a younger age group within a Filipino context, this research seeks to contribute to the growing body of literature on the educational implications of social media use.*** **Final Tips for Writing the Review of Related Literature** Use Proper Citation: Always cite your sources properly, whether using APA, MLA, or another style. This not only gives credit to the original authors but also strengthens the credibility of your own research. Use Transitions Between Ideas: Link different studies and ideas using transition words like \"similarly,\" \"in contrast,\" or \"additionally\" to ensure your literature review flows logically. Stay Organized: Group studies by theme or subtopic, not by individual authors. For example, if you're writing about social media, you could have sections on "negative impacts," "positive impacts," and "factors influencing effects." Be Critical, Not Just Descriptive: Don't just summarize the literature---analyze it. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the studies you're reviewing? How do they relate to your research? Stay Focused on Your Research Question: Make sure that every study or theory you include is directly relevant to your own research. If it doesn\'t contribute to answering your research question, leave it out. By following these steps and keeping these tips in mind, students can write a clear, well-organized, and thoughtful Review of Related Literature. The key is to balance between summarizing relevant studies and critically analyzing how they relate to your research. **Chapter 4: Writing the Methodology Section of a Research Paper** In any research endeavor, the Methodology section is indispensable. It serves as the blueprint for how the study was conducted, providing the reader with a clear understanding of the procedures and approaches used to gather and analyze data. This chapter will guide students through the essential components of writing a comprehensive Methodology section, with detailed examples and references to key research writing textbooks. 4.1 Research Design The research design outlines the strategy employed to address the research problem. It dictates the overall approach to the study, whether it be qualitative, quantitative, or a combination of both (mixed methods). Selecting the appropriate design is essential to ensure that the research question is addressed in a systematic and valid manner. 4.1.1 Qualitative Research Qualitative research is used to explore social or human problems in depth. Unlike quantitative research, which seeks to measure phenomena, qualitative research is interpretive and focuses on understanding meaning. According to Denzin and Lincoln (2018), \"qualitative research involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world, aiming to make sense of phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.\" Researchers using a qualitative approach often act as the primary instrument for both data collection and analysis (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). For instance, in a study examining teachers\' use of technology, interviews might be conducted to gain insight into their experiences and challenges. 4.1.2 Quantitative Research Quantitative research, by contrast, seeks to quantify the problem by generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics. As Creswell (2014) notes, \"quantitative research seeks to establish generalizable facts through objective measurement and statistical analysis.\" This type of research often involves tools such as surveys or experiments designed to gather large amounts of data from participants. Muijs (2010) emphasizes that \"the hallmark of quantitative research is the emphasis on objectivity, measurement, and testing hypotheses derived from theory.\" 4.1.3 Mixed Methods Mixed methods research integrates both qualitative and quantitative techniques within a single study. This approach is increasingly popular because it provides a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem by capitalizing on the strengths of both methods (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2017). For example, a study on students\' study habits might involve distributing a questionnaire to gather quantitative data and conducting follow-up interviews to explore students\' attitudes in greater depth. 4.2 Participants or Sample The methodology must clearly describe the participants involved in the study or the sample selected. This section provides details on how participants were chosen, the criteria for their selection, and the size of the sample. According to Palinkas et al. (2015), \"purposive sampling allows researchers to select individuals who are particularly knowledgeable about or experienced with the phenomenon of interest.\" When choosing a sample, it is essential to ensure that the selection process aligns with the research objectives and that the sample size is appropriate to yield meaningful results. Maxwell (2013) explains that \"sampling involves decisions not only about which people or settings to study but also about how many people or settings are sufficient to provide answers to research questions.\" 4.3 Data Collection Methods Data collection methods are the techniques used to gather information. These methods vary depending on the research design and objectives, and they must be described in detail to allow replication of the study by other researchers. 4.3.1 Interviews Interviews are commonly used in qualitative research to explore participants\' thoughts, feelings, and experiences. Semi-structured interviews, in particular, offer flexibility, allowing the researcher to ask follow-up questions while maintaining a focus on the research themes. As Edwards and Holland (2013) explain, \"semi-structured interviews allow for a guided conversation in which the researcher can explore responses in depth.\" Additionally, Kvale and Brinkmann (2009) argue that \"interviews are particularly useful for gaining insights into people\'s experiences, thoughts, and feelings.\" 4.3.2 Surveys/Questionnaires Surveys and questionnaires are often used in quantitative research to gather data from a large sample. These tools are effective for collecting structured responses that can be easily quantified. De Vaus (2014) notes that \"questionnaires are one of the most widely used methods of collecting data in social research,\" and Fowler (2014) emphasizes that \"surveys provide a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population.\" 4.3.3 Observation Observational methods are employed when researchers need to collect data on behaviors as they naturally occur. This method is particularly valuable in qualitative research, where the researcher might observe participants in their natural settings. Angrosino (2007) explains that \"observation provides direct evidence of actions, behaviors, and processes as they occur naturally.\" Additionally, Spradley (2016) suggests that \"in participant observation, the researcher immerses themselves in the setting, observing and participating in the daily life of the people being studied.\" 4.4 Data Analysis Methods After data has been collected, it must be analyzed systematically. The methods for data analysis depend on the type of data collected and the research design. 4.4.1 Qualitative Data Analysis In qualitative research, data analysis typically involves identifying themes or patterns in the data. Braun and Clarke (2006) describe thematic analysis as \"a method for identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns within data.\" Qualitative data is often rich and complex, and as Patton (2015) notes, \"qualitative data analysis involves examining, categorizing, and interpreting data to uncover patterns and themes.\" 4.4.2 Quantitative Data Analysis Quantitative data analysis involves applying statistical techniques to summarize the data and draw conclusions. Tools such as SPSS are commonly used for this purpose. According to Field (2013), \"quantitative data analysis involves the application of statistical techniques to describe and make inferences about relationships in the data.\" Pallant (2020) emphasizes that \"SPSS is a widely used software for the analysis of quantitative data, particularly in social sciences.\" 4.5 Ethical Considerations Ethical considerations are essential in research, particularly when human participants are involved. Researchers must ensure that participants\' rights are protected through processes such as informed consent and confidentiality. Resnik (2015) underscores the importance of \"informed consent as a cornerstone of ethical research involving human subjects.\" Similarly, Israel and Hay (2006) highlight that \"anonymity and confidentiality are essential components of ethical research, ensuring that participants\' identities are protected.\" Example: A Sample Methodology Section Methodology This study employed a qualitative research design to explore teachers\' experiences with using technology in the classroom (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). Five teachers from Leyte National High School were selected using purposive sampling, based on their experience and willingness to participate (Palinkas et al., 2015). Data were collected through semi-structured interviews that allowed participants to share their experiences while ensuring key themes were addressed (Kvale & Brinkmann, 2009). Each interview lasted approximately 45 minutes and was recorded with the participants\' consent. The interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis, a method used to identify and report patterns within the data (Braun & Clarke, 2006). The analysis revealed three key themes: challenges in access to technology, ease of use, and impact on student engagement. Throughout the study, informed consent was obtained from all participants, and their responses were anonymized to protect their identities (Resnik, 2015). 4.6 Summary The Methodology section is a crucial part of a research paper, detailing how the research was conducted and ensuring the validity and reliability of the study. By clearly explaining the research design, sample, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and ethical considerations, students can produce a well-structured Methodology section that meets academic standards. **References** 1\. Angrosino, M. V. (2007). Doing ethnographic and observational research. SAGE Publications. 2., Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. 3\. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. 4\. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. 5\. De Vaus, D. A. (2014). Surveys in social research (6th ed.). Routledge. 6\. Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2018). The Sage handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). SAGE Publications. 7\. Edwards, R., & Holland, J. (2013). What is qualitative interviewing? Bloomsbury Academic. 8\. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. 9\. Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey research methods (5th ed.). SAGE Publications. 10\. Israel, M., & Hay, I. (2006). Research ethics for social scientists: Between ethical conduct and regulatory compliance. SAGE Publications. 11\. Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. 12\. Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications. 13\. Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass. 14\. Muijs, D. (2010). Doing quantitative research in education with SPSS (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. 15\. Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS survival manual (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. 16\. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533-544. 17\. Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. 18\. Resnik, D. B. (2015). What is ethics in research & why is it important? National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 19\. Spradley, J. P. (2016). Participant observation. Waveland Press.