Molecular Level Diagnostic Techniques in Biomedical Tests PDF

# Molecular Level Diagnostic Techniques in Biomedical Tests and Equipments ## Objective To get the information of the molecular level diagnostic techniques related to biomedical tests and equipment. ## Topics 1. **Introduction**: - Comparison of enzymes available for enzyme immunoassays, c...

# Molecular Level Diagnostic Techniques in Biomedical Tests and Equipments ## Objective To get the information of the molecular level diagnostic techniques related to biomedical tests and equipment. ## Topics 1. **Introduction**: - Comparison of enzymes available for enzyme immunoassays, conjugation of enzymes. - Solid phases used in enzyme immunoassays. - Homogeneous and heterogeneous enzyme immunoassays. - Enzyme immunoassays after immuno blotting. - Enzyme immuno histochemical techniques. - Use of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies in enzymes immuno assays. - Applications of enzyme immunoassays in diagnostic microbiology. 2. **Molecular methods in clinical microbiology**: - Applications of PCR, RFLP, Nuclear hybridization methods. - Single nucleotide polymorphism and plasmid finger printing in clinical microbiology. - Laboratory tests in chemotherapy. 3. **Susceptibility tests**: - Micro-dilution and macro-dilution broth procedures. - Susceptibility tests: Diffusion test procedures. - Susceptibility tests: Tests for bactericidal activity. - Automated procedures for antimicrobial susceptibility tests. 4. **Automation in microbial diagnosis**: - Rapid diagnostic approach including technical purification and standardization of antigen and specific antibodies. - Concepts and methods in idiotypes. - Antiidiotypes and molecular mimicry and receptors. 5. **Advance Techniques**: GLC, HPLC, Electron microscopy, flow cytometry and cell sorting. ## Exam Questions ### Section 'A' (1*5=5) 1. How does enzyme immunohistochemistry differ from other enzyme immunoassay techniques? 2. What is the principle behind homogeneous enzyme immunoassays? 3. Write two examples of fluorochromes used in nuclear hybridization methods. 4. A new antibiotic shows varying efficacy in broth dilution and diffusion tests. Which test will you perform to analyze this discrepancy? 5. What is the purpose of solid-phase support in the EIA? ### Section 'B' (2*5=10) 6. Write a short note on the enzymes used in the enzyme immunoassays. 7. How does plasmid fingerprinting contribute to bacterial identification in diagnostic microbiology? 8. How does PCR contribute to rapid diagnosis in clinical microbiology? 9. A researcher observes unexpected forward scatter results in a flow cytometry experiment. Write potential causes of this. 10. Briefly discuss the mechanism of chemotherapy. ### Section 'C' (5*2=10) 11. Explain the concept of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. How is it determined using the broth dilution method? 12. A new strain of multidrug-resistant bacteria has emerged in a hospital site. Design a comprehensive study to characterize and identify the bacteria at the molecular level.