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Class IX Communication Skills 1. What is Communication? Information by signs and signals speaking, writing or using some other medium and means is called communication. Learning objectives of Effective communication 1. Sending, receiving and understanding the message or...

Class IX Communication Skills 1. What is Communication? Information by signs and signals speaking, writing or using some other medium and means is called communication. Learning objectives of Effective communication 1. Sending, receiving and understanding the message or information. 2. Development of Interpersonal Skills 3. To express effectively & with maximum efficiency 2. Communication Cycle (Process) Communication Cycle is the process by which a message is sent by one individual and it passes through a chain of recipients. The timings and effectiveness of a communication cycle is based on how long it takes for feedback to be received by the initial sender Sender: the person or entity originating the communication Message: the information that the sender wishes to convey Encoding: how the sender chooses to bring the message into a form appropriate for sending Channel: the means by which the message is sent Receiver: the person or entity to whom the message is sent Decoding: how the receiver interprets and understands the message Feedback: the receiver's response to the message 1  A1 Activity (Paper folding activity) – To understand the importance of all components of communication Step 1- Teacher distributes half a sheet of paper to all students Step 2- Teacher instructs them not to ask any questions or look at others what they are doing. Teacher gives few instructions, like fold the paper (without telling which way),tear a corner( without telling which corner upper right/upper left/bottom right/bottom left) make a small hole( without telling where and how big) Step 3- After many incomplete instructions, teacher asks students to open the given papers Step 4- Students shall be surprised to see that all papers look different. Conclusion- Students understand the importance of clear, precise and complete instructions for effective communication. They understand the importance of two way communication, which allows the receiver to ask questions from sender for better clarity. 3. Communication Styles There are four main categories or communication styles including verbal, non-verbal, written and visual. 3.1. Verbal Verbal communication is the use of language to transfer information through speaking or sign language. It is one of the most common types, often used during presentations, video conferences and phone calls, meetings and one-on-one conversations. Verbal communication is important because it is efficient. It can be helpful to support verbal communication with both non-verbal and written communication. 2 3.2. Non-verbal Nonverbal communication is the use of body language, gestures and facial expressions to convey information to others. It can be used both intentionally and unintentionally. Non-verbal communication is helpful when trying to understand others’ thoughts and feelings. 3.3 Visual- Visual communication is the act of using photographs, videos, art, drawings, sketches, charts and graphs to convey information. Visuals are often used as an aid during presentations to provide helpful context alongside written and/or verbal communication. Since people have different learning styles, visual communication might be more helpful for some to consume ideas and information.. 3.4 Written Written communication is the act of writing, typing or printing symbols like letters and numbers to convey information. It is helpful because it provides a record of information for reference. Writing is commonly used to share information through books, pamphlets, blogs, letters, memos and more. Emails and chats are a common form of written communication in the workplace. Written communication has been proved to be a boon to regulate the daily operations of an organisation. This communication may include memos, letters, documents, and feedback results etc. The reliability proffered by written communication is indeed remarkable and phenomenal. However, as there are many advantages associated with this medium of communication, there are also multiple disadvantages associated with its being. In this connection, in order to equip a detailed insight, below mentioned are the pros and cons provided by the written communication. 3.5 Advantages of Written Communication: The major advantages of written communication are listed below: 3.5.1. A Permanent Record: A written communication helps to maintain a permanent record of the information exchanged or shared. 3.5.2. Meticulous Presentation: As a written document is a permanent record, people are very cautious to fulfil all the writing requisites to make the writing perceivable at the other end. Thus, every document curated covers all major information pointers necessary to be communicated. 3 3.5.3. Easy Circulation: A written document can easily be circulated in an organisation, unlike the oral communication medium. Thus, this attribute of written communication comes handy in equipping the masses with the necessary information. 3.5.4. Suitable for Statistical Data: Statistical charts and figures are difficult to be interpreted verbally, thus, circulating a document allow people to examine such intrinsic detail with ease. 3.5.5. Promotes Goodwill: When conducting business, a well-crafted written document speaks volumes about the competence of a particular organisation. Therefore, written communication helps to promote goodwill if performed wisely. 3.6 Disadvantages of Written Communication: The main disadvantages encountered are: 3.6.1. Time Consuming: In order to craft an impeccable piece of document, one has to invest an ample amount of time which is indeed difficult in constrained timelines. 3.6.2. Non-flexible: A written document cannot be altered once circulated. This makes written communication non- flexible as every written word is concrete and final 3.6.3. No Scope for Clarification: If the document is not curated keeping the less informed person’s mind-set in check, the details cannot be perceived by such people via the formulated written document. 3.6.4. Demands Writing Proficiency: In order to deliver the message adequately across the other end, one should have competencies in the writing sector. 3.6.5. Probability of Wrong Interpretation: If there are complex words or difficult sentences included in the writing document, one may interpret a wrong/no meaning out of it. Thus, in order to use written communication, one should make use of easy language. 4. Introduction to Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication Verbal and non-verbal communication go hand in hand in day to day interactions. Let us understand this through an activity. 4  A2 Activity- Narrate a joke/funny incident Step 1- Teacher calls upon one student and asks him/her to tell a joke facing the black Board, without using non-verbal mode. Step 2-The same joke is narrated by the student, this time facing the class and with use of non-verbal modes like body language, gestures etc. Conclusion- Students observe the reaction of class in both scenarios and understand how non-verbal and verbal communication when used together makes the communication more effective. 4.1 Body language is an aspect of non -verbal communication where physical behaviour is used (as opposed to or in addition to words) to convey information. It’s important that our body language synergizes with our words. 4.1.1 Body language includes: Facial expressions Posture Gestures touch The use of space Eye movement It’s also known as “kinesics”. 4.2 The Dos and Don’ts of non- verbal messages and body language 4.2.1 DOs Make eye contact.... Have a firm handshake.... 5  Check your facial expression.... Be natural with your gestures Maintain a receptive posture.... Refrain from sending mismatched messages.... Watch for actions that can be taken for defensiveness.... Don't appear disengaged. 4.2.2. Don’ts Rubbing your hands together during an important meet up Leaning back while meeting with a friend or close colleague. Crossing your arms during an interesting conversation. Some Common Hand Gestures Not making eye contact. Making too much eye contact. Fidgeting. Touching your face too often. 4.3 Advantages of Verbal Communication Skill: 4.3.1. It saves time: The verbal form of communication gives you this facility to quickly send intended message thus saving you time. 4.3.2. It saves you money: No requirement of paper or designing a flyer etc 4.3.3. Feedback quickness: The distinct advantage of verbal communication is in the fact that the receiver can ask and clarifies his doubt on the spot without any delay. The sender can get quick feedback as to whether his intended message is received in its intended form or not and can clarify the receiver, in the case of any doubt. 4.3.4. Most convenient method: Verbal communication is the most widely adopted means of communication globally. People prefer more of verbal communication due to the convenience factor. While communicating verbally, you are more likely to convey matter simply in plain understandable language which is widely preferred 4.3.5. Ease of preparation: Oral communication is the easiest way of communication as it does not require preparation of any material. 4.4 Disadvantages of Verbal Communication: 4.4.1. Chances of distortion of meaning: Due to the presence of various barriers in effective communication, it happens that the intended meaning of the message changes for the intended person which causes a lot of problems in the future. 6 4.4.2. Not convenient for long messages: It is not at all convenient to convey long messages orally as it may happen that by the time message is completed, the receiver may forget the previously spoken important points leading to a chance of ineffective communication. 4.4.3. Irrelevant information: While having an important discussion, a lot of irrelevant information can creep in during a conversation leading to a waste of time and gap in the relevant information. This leads to unnecessary time waste and sometimes omitting or forgetting to converse on what is really important. Therefore it is always necessary to keep your communication process clear of any unwanted discussion that may lead to wastage of your precious time and energy. 4.4.5. Create a misunderstanding: Usually, when two individuals are having deep conversations, they can have some misunderstandings during the time. Sometimes subtle hints given or some words spoken with some intention get misinterpreted and a whole new different meaning comes out of it. Thus it becomes crucial to know that what you have has a crystal clear meaning with no indirect hints that could make a conversation difficult. 4.4.6. Communication cost: Sometimes verbal communication can be really expensive if you need to communicate in a language that you are not familiar with. You will need another person to play the part of translator for you. With advanced technology of hologram, translator may not be required but surely big cost is involved. 4.4.7 Conclusion: Verbal communication is the most efficient way of communicating between two personnel or groups. The verbal communication provides you the mean to handle the everyday task with ease and helps in getting a quick result as the feedback is quick and the message conveyed in verbal format is quick and direct to the point. Verbal communication forms a great chunk of our daily communication. 4.5 Advantages of non-verbal communication: 4.5.1. Complementary: Non-verbal cues complement a verbal message by adding to its meaning. 4.5.2. Easy presentation: Information can be easily presented in non-verbal communication through using visual, audio-visual and silent means of non-verbal communication. 4.5.3.Substituting: Non-verbal messages may substitute for the verbal message especially if it is blocked by noise, interruption, long-distance, language barrier etc. for example; gestures-finger to lips to indicate need for quiet, facial expressions- a nod instead of a yes. 4.5.4. Reducing wastage of time: The message of non-verbal communication reached the receiver very fast. For this reason, Non-verbal cues of communication like sign and symbol can also communicate some messages very quickly than written or oral messages. 7 4.6 Disadvantages or limitations of non-verbal communication: Despite of advantages of non-verbal communication, it is not free from its limitations or disadvantages which are: 4.6.1. Vague and imprecise: Non-verbal communication is quite vague and imprecise. Since in this communication, there is no use of words or language which expresses clear meaning to the receiver. No dictionary can accurately classify them. Their meaning varies not only by culture and context but by the degree of intention. 4.6.2. Continuous: It is possible to stop talking in verbal communication, but it is generally not possible to stop non-verbal cues. 4.6.3. Multi-channel: while watching someone’s eyes, you may miss something significant in a hand gesture. Everything is happening at once and therefore it may be confusing to keep up with everything. 4.6.4. Culture bound: Non-verbal communication is learned in childhood, passed on to you by your parents and others with whom you associate. A few other gestures seem to be universal. Evidence suggests that humans of all cultures smile when happy and frown when unhappy. However, most non- verbal symbols seem to be even further disconnected from any “essential meaning” than verbal symbols. Gestures seen as positive in one culture (Like the thumbs-up gesture in the USA) may be seen as obscene in another culture. 4.6.5. Long conversations are not possible: In non-verbal communication, long conversation and necessary explanations are not possible. A 3,A4,A5 Activities 1) Bulls-Eye ! How good are the students at spotting details? Students will watch a short video clip of any great character and identify all the body language gestures that help define the character’s personality. How does he/she demonstrate comfort and/or discomfort? Does he/she have open/closed body language? Consider watching the video clip first without sound and the students will identify what they think is being communicated through the dialogue. Afterwards, watch the video clip with sound and analyse predictions. Were the gestures and words congruent? Activity 2 – Who am I? Teacher tells students to depict their favourite cartoon Character/celebrity/Freedom fighter in non- verbal cues. Other students have to guess the character. 8  Activity 3- Act out this scene with your partner using as many appropriate gestures and body language as possible A: Hey you! B: Me? A: Yes. Come here B: Can I help you with something? A: Don’t you know me? B: Hmm Oh! We met last week at railway station.right? Your name….. A: That’s right. I am…………… How are you? B: Not good, sorry. I just lost my wallet. A: Oh No! Do you remember where did you leave it? B: That is the problem. I don’t remember and all my money was in that. A: Listen, I am running late. But I can help you. B: That is so nice of you. If you could lend me a little sum of money to reach my home. I shall return it tomorrow. 5. Perspectives in Communication perspective focuses on the way in which our shared meanings and practices are constituted through language and symbol, the construction of messages, and their dissemination through media, organizations, and society. We all come to each communication exchange with our own ‘filter’ through which we see the world, the person we are communicating with, and the situation or topic we are communicating about. These filters mean that we don’t always start with the same perspective as the person we are communicating with shall differ each time. 5.1 Visual perception Visual perception is the ability to see and interpret (analyse and give meaning to) the visual information that surrounds us. Activity – Give few pictures to the students that can have different perceptions. Let them discuss about their individual perceptions, how these differ from student to student Example: Do you see an old lady or young lady? 9  5.2. Language -The different perspectives we experience can be with language as well. 5.3 Past Experiences 5.4. Prejudices Prejudices occur when we take an isolated experience with one ‘type’ of person and then act as if all encounters in the future with people of the same ‘type’ or with the same characteristics will result in the same experience 5.5. Feelings There are actually two ways in which your feelings can influence your communication with another person. The first simply refers to the way that you feel on a given day; if you feel well, you’ll communicate in one way and if you feel ill you’ll communicate in another way The second aspect related to feelings refers to how you feel about a specific person 5.6 Environment The last area of influence on communication is your environment. All of us communicate differently in different environments.. Do you speak to our teachers the same way that you do to your friends? Do you talk to strangers with more or less formality than people you know well? Activity Group discussion on factors affecting perspectives in communication 6. Factors affecting Communication at Work place 8 Factors Influencing the workplace Communication are; 6.1 Cultural Diversity. When people from different cultural backgrounds communicate the chance of misunderstanding and wrong interpretation of the message is higher. 6.2 Misunderstanding of Message. 6.3 Emotional Difference. Emotions and feelings of the parties involved in communication significantly affect the meaning of communication. For example, physicians are usually less emotional to the patient than those of the relatives of the patients. 10 6.4 Past Experiences. 6.5 Educational and Intellectual Difference. The difference in the informal educational and intellectual level of the sender and receiver also influences the meaning communication If they have similar educational qualifications, communication will be effective because they are likely to hold similar perceptions, understanding ,feeling, thinking ,view,etc 6.6 Group Affiliations. 6.7 Positional Differences among the Personnel. If the sender and receiver hold different positions in the hierarchy, communication between them may fail. For example, superiors usually pay less attention to any message from their subordinates. Also, subordinates try to avoid any instruction from the superiors to avoid the workload and responsibilities. 6.8 Functional Relationship between Sender and Receiver. The functional relationship between the sender and receiver significantly affects the meaning of communication in business. If the sender and receiver belong to different functional departments or areas, the receiver may not understand the sender’s message. 7. Basic Writing Skills Writing is a form of communication that allows students to put their feelings and ideas on paper, to organize their knowledge and beliefs into convincing arguments, and to convey meaning through well- constructed text. In its most advanced form, written expression can be as vivid as a work of art. You must have read novels and story books in which the writer writes a scene in such a way that reader can visualize that clearly. 7.1 Kinds of sentences A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses. The above figure represents 4 types of sentences The following link will further help to build up the concept) (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuDSRs_lZBk) 11  Activity 2 Reinforcement: Real World Application of Four Sentence Types For reinforcement, students will use their new knowledge and skills of sentence types by using four different highlighters and finding the sentence types in one of their writing compositions. The students will choose one of their narratives in their writing notebook. They must choose a highlighter colour to represent each type of sentence. Then, they highlight sentences in their composition, color- coding them by type. Once they are have completed ,the teacher will see if they were able to identify the different types in their own writing. Activity Four Types of Sentences Exit Slip Pass out the Exit Slip featured below and students use a color-coded system to write their punctuation and sentence-type names. Example: a) Declarative – orange b)Imperative – yellow c)Interrogative – blue d)Exclamatory – red 7.2 Types-of-Sentences-Decoding-Sheet To further augment the concept, worksheets can be done in the class. One of the examples is listed below Name: ________________________ Date: ______________ There are four kinds of sentences in the English language. 1. Imperative- gives a command (.) 2. Declarative- makes a statement (.) 3. Interrogative- asks a question (?) 4. Exclamatory- expresses strong feeling (!) 12 Identifying Four Kinds of Sentences Worksheet Directions: Read each sentence and add the correct punctuation mark. Then, label it; imperative, declarative, interrogative or exclamatory. Example A: You did an excellent job Answer: You did an excellent job. Declarative 1. How was your day in school 2. Do your assignments in class on time 3. I’m so excited I passed the test 4. Walking up that mountain is dangerous 5. Who is the most popular singer 6. You need to get with the program 7. He is the leader of the group 8. Which is your favourite magazine 9. Congratulations on your achievement 10. That was a physical game 11. Can you cancel the concert 12. What chapter are we reading Activity- Self Introduction. Step 1 – Teacher tells few students to introduce themselves to the class in whichever way they know Step 2-Stuents identify the mistake or areas that can be improved. Step 3- Teacher gives them a structure and sequence of self-introduction Example Good morning madam ,my name is I am ___________ years old. I live in ____________ I am a student at _________________ There are ______people in my family. They are ________________ My favourite subject is ___________ My hobbies are ____________ I would like to be a/an _________ 13  Activity – Construct a paragraph using the set of pictures given Step 1- Teachers randomly takes print out of some pictures and distribute among students who are divided in groups of 3 to 4 each. Step 2- Students in groups discuss and weave a story out of those pictures and write in down. Step 3-Students narrate that story in front of class using verbal and non-verbal cues A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single topic. Activity 7 The following activity is a way to make opinion or discursive essay writing lessons more interesting and learner-centred. The activity focuses on mistakes made at paragraph level in a text. Description Students will be instructed to write paragraphs on some topics chosen by teacher eg-any of the current affairs, social issues etc. These samples will be studied carefully followed by healthy discussion on mistakes done. Next, a handout will be designed in which there is a copy of the paragraph with a table including two columns, comments and examples. Leave the "examples" column blank. Put your comments for the chosen paragraphs in the comments column. For example, 'Wrong word - register' or 'use a conjunction here' or 'spelling' or 'poor topic sentence'… In class give out the handouts and ask students to work in pairs to find examples to support the comments made by the teacher. This activity aims to help students to recognise their own problems with paragraph construction and to identify errors, which improves their own re-drafting skills. 14 Burger Chart Directions: Write your topic at the top. Follow it with three supporting details and a concluding sentence The colourful straw In this creative writing exercise students will change a given instruction to a hilarious statement. It is a good exercise for writing short instructions to be used in public places. Setup An example image will be shown above to students Students will be asked to find about popular statements used in public places or think of any they might have come across before which is suitable for this exercise. Ask the students to turn the original statement to something funny to increase involvement. Ask the student to consider two instructions and make two statements. Students can use Google for reference. Ask one student at a time to present their statements. Summary::A classroom environment relies heavily on the quality of communication taking place within it. As an instructor, taking steps towards improving the communication skills of your students will contribute positively towards your classroom climate. Students with effective communication skills will be more likely to contribute to class discussions, will be more productive members in group projects, and will ultimately gain more from their experience in the class. Learning and practicing writing skills help students to handle professional and social tensions. References : Google : You tube : British council Library 15 16 17 Class IX Self-Management Skills 1. Introduction Self-Management refers to management of or by oneself; taking of responsibility for one's own behavior and well-being. It also means managing yourself with the people and resources around you. It aims at conducting oneself for the greater good of the individual, family and the society. A Self- managed person not only manages himself well but also behaves responsibly towards people around. Self- Management is needed by everyone around us and it is needed in all stages and walks of life. Self-managed person is like a tree who is taking care of itself and is also helping others to lead a comfortable life. The reasons behind promotion of self-management are as follows: 1. We do not want the individual to be dependent on anybody else, when life poses dilemmas or difficult situations. 2. Self-management instills self-confidence in individual to deal with his or her life and develop ways to tackle his or her own problems. 3. Self-management provides a long term and sustainable mechanism of handling personal life. Self-management is exhibited by our habits, manners, knowledge, intentions and our deeds. Good habits like brushing teeth, taking bath, eating balanced diet and getting up and sleeping at right time every day, helps us maintain good health and Knowledge physique. Good manners like being kind and friendly, helping others, being a good Manners Intention listener, respecting, sharing, saying please and thank you, are key to maintaining good relations with others. Being responsible for knowledge acquisition and learning Self- increases self-esteem and develops an Management Deeds Habits inquisitive mindset and curious approach. Good intentions guide us to do the right things. They help us identify the right path and right approach to handle situations. A good deed done to help others is worth more than a Fig 1: Exhibitors of Self-Management million good words spoken. All these elements together exhibit, how well an individual manages himself. 18  2. Positive Results of Self-Management Parents, teachers and guardians are not always along the child to guide him/ her. In that case principles of self-management guide the individual day in and day out, on how to respond to the environmental forces. These environmental forces for students can be the class schedule, assignments, competitions, exams, different students and their behavior etc. Students can sail through various situations in life comfortable by taking following benefits from self-management… It guides individuals to self-monitor their conduct and behavior Students, once become aware that they are responsible for their behavior, they become pro- active. o Prepares individual to complete the task independently. o Instills ownership to the task and the consequences amongst individuals. It helps in self-evaluation Self- monitor Self-management makes individuals realize that they need to do course correction by themselves if they do not get desired goals. Once the goals are achieved as desired, it also motivates individuals. Self- Self- o Helps in setting individual goals evaluation reinforcement o Directs evaluation of performance, objective resetting and enhances self-esteem. It leads to self – reinforcement of positive behavior Self-management reinforces appropriate behavior of students as per the time, situation and people involved. It motivates individuals to take up right things and refrains from getting indulged into negative things, keeping long term consequences in focus. o Enforces self-learning for goal achievement o Self-reliance is enhanced and which reinforces the behavior. 3. Self-Management Skills Following are the self-management skills that individuals should possess to enjoy the fruits of self- management. 3.1 Self Confidence It refers to trusting one capabilities and potentialities to achieve the necessary goals, objectives and challenges in life and being worthy of leading a happy life. o Initiating a new activity, like writing a blog can boost your confidence 3.2 Stress Management It refers to a state of psychological tension and discomfort originating from unforeseen, difficult, confusing and challenging situations. 19  o Doing homework well in time, will give you more free time which you can enjoy without the shadow of homework hanging on you. 3.3 Independent Working This typically means is when an individual is assigned a task(s), he/she takes ownership and doesn't require constant assistance or supervision to complete that task(s). o Preparing for a test, a competition or learning something new on your own shall help enhance self-reliance. 3.4 Team Player A person who conforms well with norms of a team and contributes to the attainment of the common goals in an efficient and effective way is called as a team player. o While doing a group project, you can develop your team work skills as well as you can learn from someone else 3.5 Time Management It is conscious effort to prioritize task according to the time at hand to increase productivity, efficiency and effectiveness. o While studying, you need to plan for sports and relaxation activities. Proper time management for all of them will leave you with more positive energy. 3.6 Self-Motivation Motivation is defined as a driving force responsible to do something. The students who are motivated to achieve their academic goal, their future is much better than others. o Making lists and study notes in advance 3.7 Personality management General neatness, grooming, appropriate dressing, apt verbal and non-verbal communication are components of good personality. o Dressing in a prim proper way for school, friend’s place or for playground creates good and favorable impression. 4. Self-Confidence Realistic belief and trust of an individual in one’s own judgement, capabilities and worthiness is self- confidence. Factors that help in building self confidence Social Interactions with family and social environment, like friends, relatives, teachers and media influences self-confidence of individuals. Development of confidence on self is a process which results from the experiences of individuals while interacting with others. Cultural Cultural factors comprise of values, beliefs and customs. Indians give higher importance to family values, believe in the philosophy of “Vasudhev Kutumbhkam” and follow custom of celebrating Diwali. Conforming to cultural values, beliefs and customs enhances self- confidence. 20  Physical Physical self-efficacy, physical activity and social physique anxiety are found to be influencing self-confidence of individuals. Physical activity is found to be directly related to self- confidence. Physical self-efficacy refers to physical potential to complete a given task. Social physique anxiety is a concern amongst individuals about perceived evaluation of one’s physical self by the society. 5. Self-Confidence Building Tips Mind is like a fertile land, if you do not plant good thoughts there, weeds are bound to grow. Getting rid of negative thoughts Going away from negative thoughts takes individuals closer to a peaceful positive mind. To travel away from negative thoughts, individuals need to involve themselves in an activity – take a walk, draw, sing, dance, chat, watch, read or talk. Thinking positively Positive thinking brings brain to a peaceful stance and increases productivity and performance. When individuals start thinking positively, they feel happy from within and their self-confidence boosts up. Staying happy with small things An individual who is full of gratitude for every small blessing in his life feels contended. Being thankful towards people and the world, instills confidence in individuals. Staying clean, hygienic and smart Personal hygiene is the first key to a confident person. Keeping hair, teeth, fingers, body and skin clean and well maintained is an easy and effective way to be at best. Chatting with positive people Interacting with positive people brings forth a fresh and progressive perspective to life. People in similar stages of life go through similar issues. Some positively handle these situations, and interacting with them shall help boost confidence. 21  A 1, A2 Lets’ Do It !! Hands on exercises to understand the concept better 2 sessions Session A. Identification of self-management Skills(Strength and Weakness Analysis) Strengths Weakness Steps taken to overcome Steps planned weakness for overcoming weakeness Session B. Skit on building self confidence a. Using positive metaphors/words b. Positive stroking on wake up and before going to bed c. Helping others and working for community Suggested topics: a) The day my mother/ parents/teacher felt proud of me b) One beautiful/memorable day of my life 22 23 Class IX ICT Skills Unit 1. Role of ICT in Day-to-Day Life 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ICT Information Technology means creating, managing, storing and exchanging information. It includes all technologies that can be used to deal with information. ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology which deals with the use of electronic media like computer, smart phone, iPad, etc. to store process, and retrieve data or information. Nowadays, ICT is one of the basic requirement of modern society. Even mobile devices, like, iPad, smart phones with Internet connectivity can be used to perform daily life tasks. 1.2 ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF ICT IN PERSONAL LIFE AND AT WORKPLACE Information Technology has become a part of everyday life. ICT applications are found in every field – education, health, business, design, manufacturing, science, environment. You can create a project report, do office work, send messages, read books, manage daily planner, play games, listen to music, watch movies, pay bills, book tickets, buy products, and the list in endless. 1.2.1 ICT at Home A computer can be used at home to play games, search information, listen to music, watch movies, send or receive email, maintain household accounts. A device with internet connection can be used to do online shopping, pay bills, do e-banking etc. 24  1.2.2 ICT in education ICT for education refers to the development of information and communications technology specifically for teaching/learning purposes. ICT has also become integral to the teaching- learning process. ICT, to some extent, has replaced traditional chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards. It is used for teaching-learning and assessment. Teach resources for the teachers are available. Students are also using their own smart phones or other devices for learning during class time. Online assessment is also helpful for students. The concept of “flipped classroom” is becoming popular in many countries where students watch lectures at home on the computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises. Using ICT tools can lead to higher order thinking skills provide creative and individualized options for students to express their understandings Students are better prepared to deal with ongoing technological change in society and the workplace. Some of the advantages of ICT in education are: Complex topics can be easily explained to the students with the help of pictures, videos, presentations, etc. Images and videos used for teaching improves the retention memory of the students. Presentations can make the lessons interesting. Practical demonstration can be given to the students. If the teaching process in the class is interactive, it will make the lesson more enjoyable. An e-learning program allows students to learn at their own pace, at any convenient time, and from any place. 1.2.3 ICT in Healthcare ICT plays an important role in healthcare. Some of the uses of ICT in health care are: Through the right communication media, a doctor can easily deliver treatment and care to the patient who is located far away. Doctor can also continuously monitor the patient’s history, diagnostic report, and track the current health 25  condition. The Doctor can also interact with patient, recommend to take medical examination and prescribe medicine. Using the ICT tool or a suitable communication system, government can make efforts to create awareness among the public about the communicable diseases, prevention measures and various current diagnostic & etc. ICT in healthcare research helps to find the possible prevention measures to eradicate and reduce the spread of diseases. Through ICT, the traditional healthcare systems can be eliminated and new models can be formed for effective quality care. Hospitals can use different electronic media to store medical data. This helps to retrieve the information easily. This data can be transferred to the patient or to the Doctors for consultation. Computer based machines are used for MRI, CT-scan, ultrasound are done in hospitals, diagnostic centres, to diagnose the diseases. Life support systems are provided to the patients You can search information on any disease, medicines, etc. on the internet. 1.2.4 ICT in Governance ICT in governance means using Internet, other electronic media buy the central and state governments, by local administrative bodies to improve the efficiency, transparency, efficiency of the government. Many government services are available online. Electronic voting for elections has replaced the traditional voting slip. ICT in governance can be help: Deliver government services efficiently E-governance sites enable people to perform various tasks such as filling a form, applying for passport, paying bills, property tax, etc. even sitting at home. 1.2.5 ICT in Business ICT in business can be used for the following purposes: Keep records of the stock Prepare accounts and balance sheets Maintain database of staff and customers E-commerce enables people to buy and sell products online. This service is available 24 x 7. E-banking facility helps to make banking transactions at any time of the day. 1.2.6 Impact of ICT on society ICT has affected the society in both positive and negative way. We have already discussed the use of ICT in various fields. 26 ICT has divided the society into two groups: 1. Persons who can do their personal and professional work efficiently. They are efficient in using services like, e-banking, e-learning, e-governance sites, etc. 2. People who do not have access to a computer and internet. They also do not have knowledge to use facilities available on the internet. This has resulted in digital divide, which refers to the gap between people who have access to latest information technologies, like, computer, smart phones, internet, ipad, etc. and have knowledge to use them and people who do not have access to use these devices. 1.3 ICT in our daily life (examples) ICT has a great impact in our daily life. Some of the uses of ICT in our daily life are given below: We can read newspapers online. We can get connected with our friends, relatives or even family members far away from us using email, messenger, video conferencing etc. With the introduction of video conferencing, business meetings are now easier. Nowadays people use mobile phone apps to meet and connect with new and old friends. Social networks like Facebook.com have played a big role in connecting both old and new relationships. We can access a full library of educational material via a mobile app or website on any smartphone or iPad. Technology has also made the buying and selling of goods and services flexible and a lot safer. Most banks now offer online banking facilities. People make use of this service daily to manage their finances. Most businesses use online banking facility to pay employees and transfer money. Lets Try It Discuss the role of ICT in different fields. Worksheet 1. Name any three latest information technologies. 2. What do you mean by digital divide? 3. How is ICT helpful in education? 4. What is the use of ICT in business? 5. What is the role of ICT in e-governance? 27 1.4 ICT Tools ICT tools are devices that are used in Information and communication technology. For example, computer, smart phone, radio, television, iPad, tablets, etc. Some of these are discussed below: 1.4.1 Mobile Mobile phones are the easiest and simplest way of communication. It is small in size, lightweight and portable. You can stay in touch with your friends, relatives, anytime and anywhere. Mobile phones are useful in studies. Students can access the internet on their mobile phones and get knowledge on any topic. You can even create documents, make presentations, etc on your smart phones as you do on your computer. 1.4.2 Tablets Tablets are small personal computers with a touch screen. Tablets allows user to input data and instructions through keyboard or mouse. Learning software called apps can be downloaded onto tablets. You can also watch videos relevant to your subject. 1.4.3 Radio Radio is the oldest tool used to provide entertainment and information to people. You can listen to music, radio shows, etc. on radio. 1.4.4 TV Television is another important ICT tool. You can watch music, view programs, etc. on television. 1.4.5 Newspaper Newspaper is another most important ICT tool. News related to all the issues , national, international, sports, space, etc, are printed in newspapers. 1.4.6 Email Email is the most common way of communication in today’s world. It is the official way of communication. Some of the advantages of using email are: 28  You don’t have to pay anything extra for sending or receiving email. You just pay for the internet connection. You can send bulk mails The receiver may not be online when you send the email. You can send documents, presentations, images, videos, etc. as an attachment to email. When you send an email, it reaches, the receiver at any part of the world in few seconds. 1.4.7 Interactive White Boards (Smart Boards) These boards a allow to project computer. Also handwritten notes can be taken on the board and saved for later use. 1.4.8 E-readers E-readers are electronic devices that can hold hundreds of books in digital form. E-readers are portable, have a long battery life. Lets try it 1. Discuss the role and importance of ICT in personal life and at workplace. 2. Discuss use of various ICT tools. Worksheet 1. Name any three ICT tools. 2. Name the electronic device that can hold hundreds of books in digital form. 3. Mention any three advantages of email. 4. Mention use of tablets. Session Prepare poster or collage to show the role of ICT at workplace 29 Unit 2. Identify the Various Components of Computer System 2.1 BAISC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM A computer is an electronic device that has devices to enter data, store data and process raw facts and figures according to the given instructions and give the desired result on an output device. Data: Data refers to raw facts and figures. For example, 123, “English”, etc. Information: Information refers to processed data. For example, total marks and percentage of a student. 2.2 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE A computer system comprises of hardware and software. Computer hardware – Physical parts of a computer such as Input devices, output devices, central processing unit and storage devices are called computer hardware. Computer software – Software are the programs or applications that run on computer. For example, MS Word, MS PowerPoint, Operating systems, etc. 2.2.1 Computer hardware The physical components of a computer system are called hardware. A computer basically consists of following physical components: Input unit Processing unit Storage unit Auxiliary storage Output unit Input Devices Input devices are used for entering data or instructions into the computer. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) The Central Processing Unit is the brain of the computer system. Functions of Central Processing Unit are: It controls the sequence of operations within the computer It gives commands to other parts of the computer It controls the use of main memory for storing data and instructions 30 It consists of the following main units: Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU) Control Unit (CU) Main Memory Unit Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) All the calculations and comparisons are done in this unit. The ALU performs all the following arithmetic operations: + (addition) - (subtraction) *(multiplication) /(Division) ^(Exponent) The ALU also performs the following logical operations: < (less than)