DS Quiz 3 Notes PDF

How We Move Planes of Motion - Transverse: Rotation - Frontal: Side to Side - Sagittal: Front to back Axes of Motion - Sagittal - Flexion and Extension (knee and elbow) - Frontal - Abduction and Adduction (Ab= away from center, ad=into center) - Transverse...

How We Move Planes of Motion - Transverse: Rotation - Frontal: Side to Side - Sagittal: Front to back Axes of Motion - Sagittal - Flexion and Extension (knee and elbow) - Frontal - Abduction and Adduction (Ab= away from center, ad=into center) - Transverse - Internal Rotation and External Rotation (In=towards, Ex=away) - Supination and Pronation (palm of hand, bottom of foot) Anatomical Directions - Superior= higher on the body to inferior=lower (head to elbow) - Medial= closer to center than lateral= further away (side to side) - Proximal= closer to center than distal=farther away (along extremities) - Dorsum=top side, plantar=bottom side (think feet) - Deep=closer to center than superficial=more surface (think layers) Your Skeleton - Bones - Wolff’s Law: Internal/external shape of bone determined by static loading (constructed for their functionality) - Roux’s Law: Local stress determines opposition and resorption of bone (Function and load determines shape and size of bone) - Wolff is more genetic, Roux is more development based on application - Function & load determines shape & size - Bones are vascular. Bone marrow makes new cells, and therefore heal faster - Cartilage - Hyaline: articular surfaces, ends of joints - Fibrous: Compressive joints, shock absorption, not as liquidy - Function & Load -> Type, Shape, Size - Avascular, Overworking w/o proper stabilization=injury - Joints - Immovable vs. Articulating - Bones can’t be touching each other (need joints) - Synovial fluid (more cartilage=more SF) - Osteokinematics- outside perception of joint movement - We can see flexion and extension - Joint capsule  - Stability: Fibrous- periosteum ligaments - Mechanics: Arthokinematics (internal happenings to move joints) - Range of Motion: Hypo, normal, and hypermobility (bones/joints) - Nourishment: Provide an environment for synovial fluid - Avascular - Types of Synovial Joints - Ball & Socket: hip, shoulder. Triaxial (all 3 planes) - Hinge: knee elbow. Uniaxial (sagittal plane) - Plane/gliding: spine, wrists, thumb. (2 or more planes) - Pivot: Neck. Uniaxial (transverse plane) - Connective Tissue - Ligaments: bone to bone - Inelastic, creep, avascular - Nourishment (cartilage, so synovial fluid) - Tendon: muscle to bone - Inelastic to varying degrees (different than ligament) - Creep, avascular - Nourishment (tendon sheath, also synovial fluid) - Creep can stretch, but reaches point of stress where it snaps - Blood as transportation (O2, Immune system) - Synovial fluid produced by cartilage and tendon sheath - Bursa: pillow sacs filled with fluid, found in joints - Decreases friction b/t tendons and ligaments when gilding over bone - Fascia: non-contractile collagen based tissue - B/t muscles and skin, connects muscle and skin for cohesive motion - Casing used to being contracted, can be hard to stretch in recovery - Muscles - Muscles are your worker and move your bones - Shape & fiber arrangement are specific to function - Connection points are very important - Skeletal muscle - Governs voluntary movement - Contractile due to sliding proteins - Muscles have a happy spot of contracted and lengthened - Motor unit: all muscle cells connected to one nerve - All or None Law: All muscle cells contract or do not contract the same amount - Peripheral nervous system - Afferent neurons: Messages from body to brain, back to CNS (central nervous) - Efferent neurons: From brain back to body, Reaction to sensory info - A before E - Reflexes - Stretch reflex: 2 neuron synapse, reactionary - Reciprocal inhibition: 3 neuron synapse, protective - Something contracted to make something else release - Contractions - Isometric: force production w/o changing length (squeeze fist) - Concentric: Force production while shortening, easiest quickly (bicep curl) - Eccentric: Force production while lengthening, most challenging, most common functional movement - Force production goes down the shorter the muscle gets - Working more slowly gets more work out of the muscle - Pathology - Traumatic: rare, accidents (prepare to better weather the accident) - Balance, proprioception, stability - Repetitive: very common, from choreo, blocking, traveling - Comprehensive training for muscle imbalances, cross training, conditioning - Overuse: most common, overtime due to muscle imbalance - Well rounded training program specific to functional, modify as production stress changes - Fracture: Traumatic or degenerative bone break - Stress fracture: slow bone break from overload - Sprain: ligaments or tendons (stretch to tear) - Strain: muscle, easier to heal (stretch to tear) - Anything -itis: (inflammatory response) - Injury Rehab - Fracture: immediately immobilize and unload, soon after load (strengthen) bone - Sprain: immediately immobilize and unload, soon load location and associated muscles - Strain: immediately rest and unload, soon load muscle - Itis: immediately rest fromm aggravation, soon load muscles and tendons - Stress reaction/fracture: immediately unload aggravated tissue, soon load bone and stabilize muscle - Reduction of Risk - LOAD EVERYTHING!