Kinesiology: Planes and Axes of Motion

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Questions and Answers

Which type of joint allows movement in all three planes of motion?

Hinge joint

Plane/gliding joint

Pivot joint

Ball & Socket joint (correct)

What defines Wolff's Law in relation to bone structure?

Bone density increases with inactivity.

Bone shape changes with every movement of the joints.

Bones are designed based on their functionality and loading. (correct)

Bone shape is primarily determined by local stress.

In anatomical directions, which term describes a location that is closer to the body's center?

Distal

Superior

Proximal (correct)

Lateral

Which joint movement is characterized by flexion and extension?

Flexion and Extension Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of fibrous cartilage?

It is designed for shock absorption. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of motion occurs in the frontal plane?

Adduction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of synovial fluid?

It nourishes cartilage due to its avascular nature. Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of a uniaxial joint?

It enables flexion and extension only. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ligaments?

Connect bone to bone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tendons?

Highly vascularized Signup and view all the answers

What role does synovial fluid play in the joints?

Reduces friction in the joint Signup and view all the answers

Which contraction type involves force production while the muscle lengthens?

Eccentric Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of bursa in the body?

Reduce friction between tendons and ligaments Signup and view all the answers

What is the All or None Law in terms of muscle contractions?

All muscle fibers contract fully or not at all Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron carries messages from the body to the brain?

Afferent neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of repetitive stress on muscles?

Muscle imbalances and overuse injuries Signup and view all the answers

What is the best approach to initial treatment for a strain?

Rest and immobilization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about fascia is incorrect?

Fascia is contractile tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Planes of Motion

Transverse plane: Involves rotation.
Frontal plane: Involves side-to-side movements.
Sagittal plane: Involves front-to-back movements.

Axes of Motion

Sagittal axis: Responsible for flexion and extension (e.g., knee, elbow).
Frontal axis: Responsible for abduction and adduction (ab = away from the center, ad = towards center).
Transverse axis: Responsible for internal and external rotation (in = towards the center, ex = away from center).
Supination and pronation relate to hand and foot positions.

Anatomical Directions

Superior: Higher position; inferior: lower position (e.g., head to elbow).
Medial: Closer to the center; lateral: further from the center.
Proximal: Closer to the center of the body; distal: farther from the center along extremities.
Dorsum: The top side; plantar: the bottom side of the feet.
Deep: Closer to the center; superficial: on the surface.

Your Skeleton

Bones: Adapt shape based on functional loading; Wolff’s Law focuses on genetic influence, while Roux’s Law addresses developmental response to stress.
Cartilage: Types include hyaline (smooth surfaces) and fibrous (shock absorption); it's avascular and overexertion leads to injury.
Joints: Differentiated into immovable versus articulating; require synovial fluid and have observable movement patterns like flexion and extension.
Joint Capsule: Provides stability via fibrous tissues, allows for range of motion (hypo, normal, hypermobility), and nourishes synovial fluid.

Types of Synovial Joints

Ball & Socket: Capable of movement in all three planes (e.g., hip, shoulder).
Hinge: Allows movement in one direction (e.g., knee, elbow).
Plane/Gliding: Facilitates movement in multiple planes (e.g., spine, wrists).
Pivot: Allows rotation around a single axis (e.g., neck).

Connective Tissue

Ligaments: Connect bone to bone, characterized as inelastic and avascular; they help nourish cartilage.
Tendons: Connect muscle to bone; tendons vary in elasticity and also lack blood supply.
Bursa: Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between tendons and ligaments over bones.

Muscles

Govern voluntary movement and specific to their functions based on shape and fiber arrangement.
Skeletal Muscle: Contracts due to sliding protein mechanisms; has optimal lengths for contraction.
Motor Unit: Comprises all muscle cells connected to a single nerve.
All or None Law: All muscle fibers within a motor unit contract maximally or not at all.

Peripheral Nervous System

Afferent neurons send messages from the body to the brain.
Efferent neurons bring responses from the brain back to the body, facilitating reflex actions.

Reflexes

Stretch Reflex: A protective, quick two-neuron response.
Reciprocal Inhibition: A more complex three-neuron response allowing one muscle to relax while its antagonist contracts.

Contractions

Isometric: Force production without length change (e.g., squeezing a fist).
Concentric: Force while muscle shortens (most straightforward).
Eccentric: Force while muscle lengthens, requiring more effort and common in functional movements.

Pathology

Traumatic Injury: Rare and caused by accidents; focus on enhancing proprioception and stability.
Repetitive Injury: Common from consistent activity; necessitates well-rounded conditioning for muscle imbalances.
Overuse Injury: Develops over time due to imbalances; training program should adapt to load stresses.
Types of Injuries: Includes sprains (ligament injury), strains (muscle injury), and fractures (either traumatic or stress-induced).

Injury Rehab

For fractures, immobilization and gradual loading are crucial.
Sprains require rest, immobilization, and progressive loading of the affected area.
Strains benefit from rest followed by gradual loading.
Manage inflammatory injuries (itis) by resting and then gradually loading affected muscles and tendons.

Reduction of Risk

Emphasizes the necessity of proper loading to prevent injuries and improve overall functionality.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of kinesiology, focusing on the different planes and axes of motion. This quiz covers transverse, frontal, and sagittal movements, along with anatomical directions. Test your knowledge on how these motions apply to the human body.